Tutorial 4

1. Express each of these statements using quantifiers. Then form the negation of the state-
ment, so that no negation is to the left of a quantifier. Next, express the negation in
simple English. (Do not simply use the phrase “It is not the case that.”)

a) Some old dogs can learn new tricks.

b) No rabbit knows calculus.
c) Every bird can fly.
d) There is no dog that can talk.
e) There is no one in this class who knows French and Russian.

2. Find a counterexample, if possible, to these universally quantified statements, where the

domain for all variables consists of all integers.

a) ∀x(x2 ≥ x)
b) ∀x(x > 0 ∨ x < 0)
c) ∀x(x = 1)

3. Express each of these statements using predicates and quantifiers.

a) A passenger on an airline qualifies as an elite flyer if the passenger flies more than
25, 000 miles in a year or takes more than 25 flights during that year.
b) A man qualifies for the marathon if his best previous time is less than 3 hours and
a woman qualifies for the marathon if her best previous time is less than 3.5 hours.

4. Translate these specifications into English where F (p) is “Printer p is out of service,” B(p)
is “Printer p is busy,” L(j) is “Print job j is lost,” and Q(j) is “Print job j is queued.”

a) ∃p (F (p) ∧ B(p)) → ∃j L(j)

b) ∀p B(p) → ∃j Q(j)
c) ∃j (Q(j) ∧ L(j)) → ∃p F (p)
d) (∀p B(p) ∧ ∀j Q(j)) → ∃j L(j)

5. Determine whether ∀x (P (x) → Q(x)) and ∀x P (x) → ∀x Q(x) are logically equivalent.
Justify your answer.

6. Show that ∃x P (x) ∧ ∃x Q(x) and ∃x (P (x) ∧ Q(x)) are not logically equivalent.

1
 7. What are the truth values of these statements?

a) ∃!x P (x) → ∃x P (x)

b) ∀x P (x) → ∃!x P (x)
c) ∃!x ¬P (x) → ¬∀x P (x)

8. What rule of inference is used in each of these arguments?

a) Alice is a mathematics major. Therefore, Alice is either a mathematics major or a

computer science major.
b) Jerry is a mathematics major and a computer science major. Therefore, Jerry is a
mathematics major.
c) If it is rainy, then the pool will be closed. It is rainy. Therefore, the pool is closed.
d) If it snows today, the university will close. The university is not closed today.
Therefore, it did not snow today.
e) If I go swimming, then I will stay in the sun too long. If I stay in the sun too long,
then I will sunburn. Therefore, if I go swimming, then I will sunburn.

9. Determine whether the argument given here is valid and determine whether its conclusion
must be true because of the validity of the argument.

√ √ √
“If 2 > 23 then ( 2)2 > ( 32 )2 . We know that 2 > 32 . Consequently,
√
( 2)2 = 2 > ( 23 )2 = 94 .”

10. Show that the argument with premises “The tooth fairy is a real person” and “The tooth
fairy is not a real person” and conclusion “You can find gold at the end of the rainbow”
is a valid argument. Does this show that the conclusion is true?

11. Show that the hypotheses (p ∧ q) ∨ r and r → s imply the conclusion p ∨ s.