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The second chapter of the study presents some of the literature and
studies that are related to the Independent (Oyster Shells) and Dependent
(Chalk) Variables.
RELATED LITERATURE
On Oyster Shells
Foreign
option for construction purposes because they are easy to acquire and
Recent studies have shown that crushed oyster shells can perform as
variable aggregate or grit in concrete mortars. Not only that, oyster grit
Oysters are a seafood delicacy that can aid local ecosystems in many
filter impurities from more than 2 gallons of water per hours and their
reefs provide habitat for fish, shrimp, crabs, and other sea life while
reproducers.
According to Chen et al. (2018), the use of crushed waste oyster shells
production.
across the United States. Oysters, a kind of shellfish, are native to U.S.
waters on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. Now, more than 20 eateries
and other seafood businesses have joined together on a project to help the
environment. Their goal is to collect old oyster shells and use them to grow
new oysters. Project organizers say the recycled shells can also act as a
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the marginalized fisherfolks there. Rabadon, the focal person for the city’s
oyster development program, said they give materials needed for culture
Oysters are more than just a popular appetizer. Their reefs provide
habitat for a variety of aquatic species,and they break storm surges that
could otherwise devastate coastline. Oysters also help clean the water.
They are filter-feeders so they also help remove nitrogen from sewage and
incorporate it into their shells and tissues. The Philippine Star (2019)
which can reach a 20-30cm size. Although highly variable, the two valves
are sold but unequal in size and shape. The left valve is slightly convex
and the right valve is quite deep and cup shaped. Shells are sculpted with
shaped shell. Piccio (2013) Some kinds of oysters are cooked or can be
consumed raw. You can’t identify the oysters by examining the shells if it’s
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has numerous sites suitable for oyster farming. The cultivation of oysters
in the country started in Bacoor Bay in Bacoor and Kawit towns in the
because it grows at faster rate to a larger size and has straight shell
On Chalk
Foreign
some still in their original circular groupings called coccoliths. Nearly all
temperatures and pressures, which means that most chalk has been
Black boards which are also commonly known as chalkboards are one
interaction between teacher and students easier. But what makes this
piece even more useful is the writing material that goes with it and that is
found in almost every part of the world. West (2012) Its most common
over millions of years. Chalk has been used from very early on and natural
chalk rock was used to create some of the earliest cave drawings that man
knows of. This mineral is extremely abundant, and it is widely mined all
whole area occupied by the chalk formation of the globe. Chalk occurs in
Syria, and may be traced as far as the shores of the Sea of Aral, in Central
Manchester and The University of Leeds report that they have successfully
combining calcite crystals with polystyrene particles and have found that
this makes the material more ductile compared to its original brittle form.
They report that the polystyrene also acts as a toughening agent, assisting
the prevention of the growth of cracks. Scientists also observed that when
the reinforced material cracked, the polymer lengthened within the cracks,
Researchers say their method allows the properties of the new material to
over the structure and control the spread of cracks.” Calcium carbonate is
the main ingredient of chalk, which is very brittle and breaks easily when
force is applied. But shells are strong and resistant to fracturing, and this
the crystals together, like bricks in a wall, to make the material stronger
Local
agar-agar juice. Dozal (2012) The chalk from grind seashells can be
compared with the commercial ones in terms of its firmness and odor but
Chalk comes from limestone. Most of the chalk you can get today was
carbonate. The porous sedimentary rock naturally deep under the sea
limestone. In its natural form chalk can be found in colors ranging from
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white, grey, and yellow. The different colors occur due to various
impurities in the chalk. Chalk is mostly pressed into white sticks which
are then used for a variety of purposes from scribbling on the blackboard,
outlining designs on fabrics for tailors and making art works on sidewalks.
Some of the different uses of chalk and their types include blackboard
made from calcium carbonate and calcium oxide. Chalk also has a variety
of other uses, it was originally used to draw those white lines that define
the court boundaries in sports like tennis, badminton and other such
sports. It is used in agriculture to treat soils that are too acidic in nature.
You can use it if you are a gymnast or rock climber to remove the
perspiration in your hand. Did you know even your toothpaste has a small
Holy Spirit in Quezon City. Leah, a classmate who’s also good in our art
start of the school year. But the screeching sound of the chalk unnerves
me! In my high school days in Angelicum, I always tried to get the chalk off
my navy blue skirt. There’s something about the tetoron fabric that
brave the greatest direct risk: "During teaching, entry of chalk dust in the
for some time before settling on the floor and body parts of the teachers
and pupils". The scientists acknowledge that chalk and chalkboards these
more modern, less intrinsically dusty technology. But chalk still enjoys
persons and may cause lacrimation and breathing troubles in the long
the course was to use pieces of chalk, specifically the possibilities of their
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RELATED STUDIES
On Oyster Shells
Foreign
that are usually disposed are used as an alternate for making cement,
since the shell is made up of calcium. The study conducted presents the
phosphate was prepared from phosphoric acid and oyster shells. The
reactivity of the oyster shells with phosphoric acid was discussed from the
thus creating a need for additional alkali agent or calcined oyster shells.
Chiou et al. (2014) “Using Oyster Shell Foamed Bricks to Neutralize the
out. The left and right valves of the oyster shell Crassostrea gigas differ in
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and socio-economic factors. Only 32% were frequent (daily to more than
once a week) consumers of oysters and mussels during peak season. The
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gender, household size and those who indicated to have been to the
culture sites.
The demand for agricultural lime is high, considering its various uses
(Mangrove clam shell) as a promising raw material for lime industry in the
agricultural lime. The Hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and the lime
will lessen the problem in garbage disposal for discarded oyster shells and
both waste and native materials in making cement blocks, which is low
compared to lime which are both highly preferential for the reaction of
calcination of oyster shells to drive off the carbon reduces CaCO 3 to CaO
oyster shells are discarded with no further use once the flesh is stripped
off, except that a small amount is used for art creation. As result, shell
It takes months or even years to get rid of this so called styro. While the
shells take days or weeks. Using them as raw materials for concrete tiles
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could solve the problem of disposal. Tiles should be made hard and strong,
which makes oyster shells very compatible with this project. These shells
help a lot in making the tiles to be rigid and firm. And styrofoam can help
gasoline. Our Lady of Perpetual Succor College (2017) “Oyster Shells with
Styrofoam Tiles”
Chalk
Foreign Studies
Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Si and Pb. Since blackboard chalk is used as writing
tool by teacher, the amount of inhaled total dust, inorganic dust, non-SiO
and recurrent pulmonary tract infections and also its relationship with
pulmonary fibrosis. All of these may lead to airway narrowing and this
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may be cause for smaller PEFR in teachers than control patients just like
presented cased.
Chalks that are mainly made out of eggshells is now being marketed
They used 100% of the eggshells left over from eggs used in the processes
material for blackboard chalk. Their was the first attempt to produce
many of schools and school teachers opt for dustless chalk to keep hands
Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI), this choice in chalk may cause allergy
Chalks that are labeled as being anti-dust or dustless still release small
particles into the air, our study or research has found, when the particles
Chalk”, drawing Chalk is made from various soft stones, There are three
main types of natural chalk, the first one is Black chalk, made from stones
made from red ochre, and last is White chalk its made from various
prehistoric times. Chalk are made from powdered pigments mixed with a
diagnosis into the form commonly seen. Pring (2010) “Commercial Chalk”
Local Studies
contaminated the water and the soil itself. It could affect the economic
status of a city because farmers could not deal with this kind of problem
due to lack of ideas and resources. It would be a great help to the farmers
including all people in the whole world in growing and taking care of
plants, especially above all, to sustain their businesses and their health
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that the plant itself will not harm the consumer. It could greatly help our
used chalks will be pulverized in mortar and pestle and will be measured
in different amount and will be placed in same amount of soil. There will
have costless neutralizer for acidic soils. They can use chalks that are
Caldea (2015) She weighed each pieces of chalk before and after using it.
She collected chalk dust from the air, and also the dust that fell on to a
long sheet of paper laid over the base of the blackboard. The experiment
spectrometer to measure and record the amount of dust floating in the air
and a Cilas model 1180 particle size analyzer. She tried to ensure
maximally pure conditions for the measurements. All the windows and the
only door were closed airtight, the fans present in the classroom were not
the floor.
layer, cross lamellar and foliate layer from outside to inside that are all
made of CaCO. The study on the production of chalk out of seashells were
with the standard existing commercialized chalks if there are any, which
are sold in the market. The chalk out of seashells are for local or non-local
into different sizes and according to your will. I used the seashells to
recycle and transformed it into a useful product that will be used in our
developing community.
Shells washed up onto a beach empty and clean, the animal which is
already dead, and the soft parts having rotted away or having eaten by
collected alive (often in bulk) and then killed and cleaned, specifically for
thoroughly the topic that the teacher teaches. These are some of the
problems that our country is currently experiencing: chalks are not well
chalk out of oyster shells because of the properties found in oyster shells
such as calcium carbonate and chalks are mostly made of this compound.
product because this chalk is made out of oyster shells which are mostly
thrown away after eating oyster shells. Oyster shells are also attainable,