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C H A P T E R
complete testing: Testing of entire crack: (1) Break, fissure or rupture, usually
production lot in prescribed manner. V shaped and with a relatively high
Sometimes complete testing entails depth-to-width aspect ratio. A
inspection of only critical regions of discontinuity that has a relatively
part. One hundred percent testing large cross section in one direction
requires inspection of the entire part and a small or negligible cross section
by prescribed methods. Compare when viewed in a direction
sampling, partial.8,10 perpendicular to the first.2,10
confidence level: Level of assurance for (2) Propagating discontinuity caused
detecting a specified discontinuity size by stresses such as heat treating or
with a specified probability. grinding. Difficult to detect unaided
contact time: See dwell time. because of fineness of line and pattern
contaminant: Any foreign substance (cracks together may have a radial or
present on the surface of a part, in the latticed appearance).6,10
cracks or in the inspection materials crack contaminant: Material that fills a
that will adversely affect the crack and that may prevent liquid
performance of liquid penetrant penetrants from entering or from
materials. forming indications.2,10
continuous casting: Casting technique in crack, base metal: Cracks existing in base
which an ingot, billet, tube or other metal before a manufacturing or
shape is continuously solidified while welding operation or occurring in base
being poured so that its length is not metal during the operation.2,10
determined by mold dimensions.3,10 crack, cold: Cracks that occur in a casting
contrast: Difference in visibility after solidification, due to excessive
(brightness or coloration) between an stress generally resulting from
indication and the surrounding nonuniform cooling.2,10
surface.13 crack, cooling: Cracks in bars of alloy or
control: See in control, process control and tool steels resulting from uneven
quality control.10 cooling after heating or hot rolling.
cooling stresses: Residual stresses They are usually deep and lie in a
resulting from nonuniform longitudinal direction, but are usually
distribution of temperature during not straight.2,10
cooling.2,3,10 crack, crater: Multisegment crack in a
corrosion: Deterioration of a metal by weld crater. Segments radiate from a
chemical or electrochemical reaction common point, often called star
with its environment. Removal of cracks.10
material by chemical attack, such as crack, fatigue: Progressive cracks that
the rusting of automobile develop in the surface and are caused
components.2,10 by the repeated loading and unloading
corrosion, crevice: Type of galvanic of the object.2,10
corrosion caused by differences in crack, forging: Crack developed in the
metal ion concentrations in forging operation because of forging at
neighboring portions of the too low a temperature, resulting in
corrodent.8,10 rupturing of the steel.2,10
corrosion embrittlement: Severe loss of crack, grinding: Thermal crack caused by
ductility of a metal, resulting from local overheating of surface being
corrosive attack, usually intergranular ground.2,10
and often not visually apparent.2,10 crack, hot: Crack that develops before
corrosion fatigue: Fatigue cracking casting has completely cooled, as
caused by repeated load applications contrasted with cold cracks, which
on metal in a corrosive develop after solidification.2,10
environment.2,10 crack, longitudinal: Crack parallel to
corrosion, fretting: Corrosion facilitated length of the test object.2,10
by fretting, particularly where a crack, machining: Crack caused by too
protective surface has been chafed in a heavy a cut, a dull tool or chatter.
corrosive environment.8,10 Typically called machining tear.2,10
corrosion, poultice: Corrosion occurring crack, pickling: Crack caused by
under a layer of foreign material (e.g. immersing objects with high internal
under mud in automobile rocker stresses in an acid solution.2,10
panels).8,10 crack, plating: Crack similar to pickling
corrosion-erosion: Simultaneous cracks, but occurring during plating
occurrence of erosion and when the object is immersed in a
corrosion.8,10 strong electrolyte.2,10
coupon: Piece of metal from which a test
object is prepared, often an extra
piece, as on a casting or forging.3,10