1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

According to Nkoa, R. et. al. (2015). Understanding the abundance and distribution

of species inside the panorama of an agroecosystem is a critical goal for science.

Abundance is a measure of the number or frequency of individuals in an area.

Distribution is a measure of the geographical variety of a species. They have a look at

the populace’s abundance and distribution is helpful in determining how a populace

modification over the years in response to selective pressures applied via our

agronomic practices. Accurate estimates, however, of those two key variables are

essential in controlling agricultural land both for productiveness and for biodiversity.

In addition to this, the plant life grows within the groups inside the surroundings.

Each community is characterized by means of its species diversity, increase forms,

and structures, dominance successional traits, and so on. The numerical information

gives attention to the species which are dominant within the communities. (Mahajan,

M. and Fatima, S., 2017).

Biodiversity, a combination of the phrases biological and variety, refers to the

variety of forms of life in an area. Ecologists define 3 ranges of biodiversity: genetic

biodiversity, species biodiversity, and surroundings biodiversity. Genetic biodiversity

refers to variability inside the gene pool of a network. Species biodiversity, which is

the shape of biodiversity most customarily discussed, refers to the number of species

living in a place. Ecosystem biodiversity refers to the number of ecosystems in a sure

2

vicinity. Ecosystems are all the animals, flora, microorganism, and fungi in addition

to the physical additives of the place. An environment may be as massive as an entire

wooded area or as small as a clump of moss that offers a habitat for plants, microscopic

invertebrates, and microorganism. Biodiversity is critical to humans for some reasons.

It represents a large aid of chemical and biological products such as metals, fibers, and

medication. It produces clean air, smooth water, and fertile soils. Ecologically,

biodiversity contributes to atmosphere stability, which permits ecosystems to correctly

resist environmental perturbations. (Environmental Science: In Context, July 2019).

According to Swanton, C.J. (2015). Weed species which can live on these

agronomic selective pressures are ecologically nicely tailored and invariably come to

be harder to manipulate. In addition, low plant variety inside an agroecosystem can

bring about the agroecosystem turning into more liable to invasion through new

species. Thus, with the intention to cope with agronomic or ecological hypotheses

regarding weed species abundance and distribution, area experiments need to be

carefully designed and analyzed with a view to lessen the opportunity of a Type 1

blunders. Equally crucial, but, is an understanding of the restrictions of all

experimental designs and analyses when growing quantitative records primarily based

on discipline experiments. Limitations along with logistics, time and funding always

will have an impact on the processes for records series, in addition to the geographical

scale at which field experiments are conducted.

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Objectives of the Study

Generally, the study aims to determine the diversity and abundance of weed species

in Aurora National Science High School. Specifically, the researchers aim the following:

a. Identify different weed species.

b. Evaluate abundance of weed species present in the area.

c. Compute and evaluate the diversity of each weed species.

d. Determine the factors that might affect and contribute to the diversity of weed

species.

Statement of the Problem

Weed is a plant that grows where it is not desired, also called the “unwanted plant”

and particularly grows among agricultural plots that is a problem amongst all farmers for

they have needed to fight the invasion in areas chosen for vegetation. Etymologically the

word “weed” derives from the vintage word for “grass” or “herb”. American writers even

grew an increasing number of awareness that calling a plant “weed” turned into an arbitrary

human judgment, as there may be no natural category of weeds. Some unwanted plants

were later found to have virtues not originally from the category of weeds and taken under

cultivation. Now, biologists generally tend to proportion that opinion, for the reason that a

number of the vegetation which might be detailed as weeds are, in reality, carefully related

to crops. Others were cultivated, transplanted to new climates, escaped cultivation and

became weeds invasive plants. Certainly, “weed” has fallen out of usage among biologists,

despite the fact that folks that look at agriculture still locate the term useful in discussions

of weed manage and management. (Encyclopedia, n.d).

4

Weeds are commonplace incidence in lawns and gardens. Weeds are competitive,

fighting garden vegetation or garden grass for water, mild, nutrients and space. Most are

quick growers and will take over a number of the areas in which you find them. While

maximum styles of weeds thrive in favorable situations, native sorts may be determined to

grow nearly anywhere the ground has been disturbed. (Tilley, N., 2019)

Problems on weeds in the Philippines have been a major concern throughout the years.

Its impact on agriculture, humans and the environment led to increasing demand for

research studies. Weed literature, including ecological and taxonomic studies, were

collected to determine if weed problems were assessed and addressed the holistic way. In

this study, the researchers identified the species of weed that are available in the zone of

Aurora National Science Highschool and evaluated the number of weed species and its

diversity present in the said area.

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Significance of the Study

The research aimed to answer if there is abundance and diversity pattern on weeds

in Aurora National Science High School. The analysis of abundance and diversity pattern

will be significant to the following.

a. The Students – This study will be beneficial to students by making them learn

about the abundance and diversity of weeds that has the possibility to be controlled and

manipulate the growth of weeds.

b.The Future Researchers – This research will serve as a guide to the future

researchers who will conduct their own study. The result will give them information that

could be used as their related literature.

c. The Agriculturists – This research will already give them a background to the weed

species that are present, abundant, and diverse to the said location they can also use this as

an information and reference for future studies.

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Scope and Limitations

The research study covers the weed abundance and diversity in Aurora National

Science High School. The study focused only on finding the abundance and diversity of

weed. The quadrats were picked by Quadrat Sampling transect line method accomplished

by the researchers. The research study was conducted at Aurora National Science

Highschool, from the month of July to October 2019.

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Definition of Terms

For the purpose of clearer understanding of the study the following terms were

defined:

Abundance - is the totality of the species in a specific area.

Species - a group of organisms that belongs to one group and shares specific

characteristics

Biodiversity - is the existance of different species of plants and animals in an

ecosystem

Environment - is the set of circumstances and conditions that influences and

affects the growth and other process of organisms living in an area.

Ecosystem - is a community having biotic and abiotic factors which co exists in

an environment.

Weed - is a plant that outgrows more useful or desirable plants.

Distribution - is the measure of geographical variety of the weed species.

Pattern - is the range of the vicinity of the weed on the field

Ecology - the group of the weeds on the environment.

Agronomic geography - The method how the weed is developed in a specific

place.

Agroecosystem - is the place where the weeds is growing.

Range - the set of data in a specific area.

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Topography - the study and description of species and shape of the land.

Economy - the shape or condition of economic lifestyles in a rustic, region or

duration.

Variety - any of various corporations of plant life or animals ranking underneath

a species.

Frequency - the quantity of times that a periodic feature repeats the identical

collection of values throughout a unit variant of the independent variable.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Abundance

Abundance is an ecological idea referring to the relative representation of a species in

an ecosystem. How species abundances are disbursed within an ecosystem is referred to as

relative species abundances. Abundance is contrasted with, however usually correlates to

incidence, that is the frequency with which the species occurs at all in a pattern. Whilst

high abundance is followed via low incidence, its miles considered domestically or

sporadically abundant. A ramification of sampling strategies is used to degree abundance.

For massive animals, these might also moreover consist of highlight counts, music counts,

and roadkill counts, in addition to a presence at monitoring stations. In lots of plant

communities, the abundances of plant species are measured by way of plant cover, i.e. The

relative vicinity protected through one-of-a-kind plant species in a small plot. Relative

species abundance is calculated by dividing the number of species from one organization

by using the entire variety of species from all agencies. (STANDS, 2019)

The abundance of any species is expressed as a percent of the whole number of species

present in the community and therefore it is far a relative measure. In sampling, the

abundance of species is counted instead of simply noting their presence or absence changed

at the same time as reading the frequency of species. (M. Mahajan, S. Fatima, July 2017)

According to Elsevier (2012), in ecology, nearby abundance is the relative

representation of a species in an environment. It is also measured as the wide variety of

individuals determined in line with the pattern. The ratio of abundance of 1 species to at

least one or a couple of other species residing in surroundings is called relative species
10

abundances. Each sign is applicable for computing biodiversity. Abundance is in best

phrases generally measured by using figuring out and counting each person of each species

in a given sector. It is common for the distribution of species to be skewed in order that a

few species soak up most people amassed. Relative species abundance is calculated by

means of dividing the number of species from one organization by using the total range of

species from all organizations.

Biodiversity

Biodiversity, a mixture of the words biological and variety, refers to the variability of

forms of life in a region. Ecologists define three ranges of biodiversity: genetic

biodiversity, species biodiversity, and atmosphere biodiversity. Genetic biodiversity refers

to variability within the gene pool of a community. Species biodiversity, that is the shape

of biodiversity most usually mentioned, refers to the range of species living in an area.

Environment biodiversity refers to the range of ecosystems in a positive region.

Ecosystems are all the animals, flowers, bacteria, and fungi as well as the physical

components of the place. An environment may be as huge as an entire woodland or as small

as a clump of moss that gives a habitat for vegetation, microscopic invertebrates, and

bacteria. Biodiversity is important to people for some motives. It represents an extensive

aid of chemical and organic products which include meals, fibers, and medicinal drug. It

produces easy air, easy water, and fertile soils. Ecologically, biodiversity contributes to

ecosystem balance, which lets in ecosystems to successfully resist environmental

perturbations. (Encyclopedia, 2016)

In addition to this, biodiversity refers to the range or abundance of different species

living within a place. It represents the wealth of biological assets. Approximately

11

maintaining the natural place made from the community of flora, animals, and different

residing things begin to decrease at a steady charge as we plan human activities this is

being reduced with the aid of habitat destruction. (Conserve Energy Future, n.d.)

The species range is most absolutely measured via counting. More complicated

measures, which keep in mind the relative abundance of the species, were derived from

records theory or from parameters of statistical distributions suited to the census

information. The data concept formulae also can be used to measure habitat variety and

differences between groups or habitats. Through this way, changes in the pattern of species

diversity may be as compared with adjustments in the surroundings. Small or remote

islands and islands with uniform topography have fewer species than big or complex

islands or islands nearer the source of colonization. For birds and some orders of bugs, it

appears that the price of colonization of recent species is balanced by the rate of extinction,

in order that the number of species would reached equilibrium. For different organisms,

including mammals, and for all organisms at the maximum far-flung islands, this

equilibrium has likely now not been reached and further increases within the fauna can be

anticipated. The comparison of impoverished island faunas with the mainland faunas

whence they have been derived suggests the impact of comfortable opposition. General

species diversities, from areas composed of many sorts of habitat, are typically, however

no longer constantly, a whole lot more in the tropics than in temperate areas. That is

accomplished by way of a finer subdivision of habitats (habitat selection) extra than with

the aid of a marked increase in range inside habitats. This overall range may nonetheless

be increasing and may have not reached saturation. (J. Wiley and Sons, 2019)
12

Weed

According to Encyclopedia (n.d.), etymologically, "weed" derives from the vintage

English word for "grass" or "herb," however all through the middle means has modified to

suggest an unwanted plant that grows where it is not wanted, in particular amongst

agricultural plots. This has traditionally been the number one that means of the phrase,

although within the nineteenth century, American writers grew an increasing number of

awareness that calling a plant a "weed" turned into an arbitrary human judgment, as there

may be no natural category of weeds. Within the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson, a weed

"is a plant whose virtues have now not yet been discovered”. Nowadays, biologists

generally tend to proportion that opinion, for the reason that a number of the vegetation

which might be detailed as weeds are, in reality, carefully related to famous crops.

Certainly, "weed" has fallen out of usage among biologists, even though folks that look at

agriculture still locate the term useful in discussions of weed manage and management.

According to N. Tilley (2019), weeds are an all too commonplace incidence in lawns

and gardens. Weeds are competitive, fighting your garden vegetation or garden grass for

water, mild, nutrients and space. Most are quick growers and will take over a few the areas

in which you find them. While maximum styles of weeds thrive in favorable situations,

native sorts may be determined to grow nearly anywhere the ground has been disturbed.
13

Weed Control, Management, and Minimization

According to Carlos, Gibson, and Weston, (2014). Weeds are undesirable plant life

which can have unfavorable consequences on both the economy and surroundings

(Richardson et al. 2000; NRMMC 2006). They invade the agricultural, city and herbal

systems (Richardson et al. 2000). They have a huge variety of ecological results however

first-rate documented are their poor outcomes on local flowers, which includes reduction

of their abundance, diversity, recruitment, pollination and species survival (Randall 1996;

Gibson 2010). It can alternate soil properties (Neira et al., 2007). Weeds are insect’s food

source (Lawrie, 2002); which provide habitat for breeding (Nias, 1986), roosting and

perching (Fisher and Goldney, 1997); and refuge or hiding from predators (Brown et al.,

1991; Sanderson and Kraehenbuehl, 2006). Weeds grow to be especially essential for

wildlife when alternative native habitat is constrained (Sutter et al. 1995; Graves and

Shapiro 2003), particularly for threatened species (Date et al. 1996; Sanderson and

Kraehenbuehl 2006; Schmidt et al. 2009).

In addition to this, weeds are unwanted plants that can have detrimental effects on both

the economy and the environment (Richardson et al. 2000; NRMMC, 2006). They invade

agricultural, urban and natural systems (Richardson et al., 2000). They have a wide range

of ecological effects but best documented are their negative effects on native plants, such

as reduction of their abundance, diversity, recruitment, pollination and species survival

(Randall 1996; Gibson ,2010). It can change soil properties (Neira et al., 2007). Worldwide,

weeds are considered to be one of the most important threats to biodiversity conservation

(Hobbs and Humphries 1995; Rodriguez 2006; Bremner and Park 2007; Funk and Vitousek
14

2007) and so extensive resources have been allocated to their management (Ewel and Putz

2004; Sinden et al., 2004; Pimentel et al. 2005). Despite their negative effects, globally,

there is growing evidence that weeds benefit wildlife under certain circumstances. Weeds

may represent a food source (Lawrie, 2002); provide habitat for breeding (Nias, 1986),

roosting and perching (Fisher and Goldney, 1997); and refuge from predators (Brown et

al. 1991; Sanderson and Kraehenbuehl, 2006). Weeds become particularly important for

wildlife when alternative native habitat is limited (Sutter et al. 1995; Graves and Shapiro,

2003), especially for threatened species (Date et al., 1996; Sanderson and Kraehenbuehl

2006; Schmidt et al. 2009). For example, in areas of southern Australia, weeds characterize

14key habitat of the threatened southern brown bandicoot Isoodon obesulus obesulus

(Schmidt et al. 2009). It is therefore evident that removal of these weeds could adversely

impact the bandicoots (Schmidt et al., 2009), yet weed management is required by law in

these areas (Sindel, 2000).

In California, USA, weeds provide some butterflies with vital resources so that

unplanned weed management would result in the disappearance of the butterflies (Graves

and Shapiro, 2003). Thus, managers face complex decisions as to when and how to manage

weeds. Covering more than 200,000 sq. km, the state of Victoria, Australia, represents a

jurisdiction where weeds, such as African boxthorn Lycium ferocissimum Miers., are a

significant management issue. Expenditure on weed management is among the highest in

the continent (CES, 2008). The primary objective of managing weeds in the natural

environment of Victoria is to maintain or promote indigenous biodiversity (EWWG, 2007).

Government guidelines developed to monitor biodiversity changes associated with weed

invasion (Ainsworth et al., 2008) involve monitoring native vegetation but overlooks the
15

wildlife component. Wildlife is a prominent component of biodiversity and often attains

iconic status among the general public (Martin-Lopez et al., 2007). An understanding of

how their needs are incorporated in weed management planning and implementation is,

therefore, desirable. To assist with this, it is important to consider the types of weeds and

methods of management that are undertaken so we can better understand and assess any

interaction and impacts involving wildlife. (Carlos et. al., 2014).

It is difficult to define a weed. The dictionaries tell us it is a useless plant, but the utility

of any species depends on its special environments. A plant which in one country may be

of extreme value is in another a pest and nuisance. Weed may be characterize any plant

whatsoever that grows where it is not wanted. The meanest fleck of a flower has beauty

incomparable after nature has touched our poor blind eyes and bid us see and all the tangle

of weeds and flowers, creeping, ascending, erect, are as vigorous again as it had tried to

grow. They grow as they were designed to, with an occasional sport, perhaps, but if so, one

which is vigorously held to an account. For in-plant nature, conservatism is the rule.

Innovations are looked upon with disfavor. Dangerous doctrines are examined, and the law

is made, not to benefit an individual or a class, but to advance the race. (W. Bailey, n.d.)

Related Studies

According to Nkoa, Owen, and Swanton, (2015), abundance is a degree of the variety

or frequency of people in an area. Distribution is a measure of the geographical variety of

a weed species. The examiner of the weed population’s abundance and distribution is

beneficial in figuring out how a populace modification over the years in response to

selective pressures implemented by our agronomic practices. Correct estimates, but, of

16

those key variables are very essential if we are to manage agricultural land both for

productivity and for biodiversity. Biodiversity is generally the concept of in terms of a

number of species and their relative share within the plant network. Usually, agronomic

practices, along with the usage of available technology which includes herbicides, limit

plant diversity within our cropping structures. Weed species which might be able to live to

tell the tale these agronomic selective pressures are ecologically well-adapted and always

end up extra tough to manipulate.

In relation to this, weeds inside the meals chain flowers are key additives of terrestrial

ecosystems, offering the number one manufacturing upon which food chains are built. The

conversion into sugars of solar power, CO2 and water with the aid of photosynthesis in

plant life is the idea for plant boom. Or even in agroecosystems, so-called non-crop flowers

or weeds may additionally play a role inside the character of the surroundings and in

helping many different species. The effect of weed manipulate on biodiversity in the crop

has been confirmed with the aid of some researchers. Numerous tasks, substantially for

incorporated crop management, indicate there are implications for organic range within

fields from unique strategies to weed manipulate. The protection of the farmers’ funding

and avoidance of risk have been the driving forces for green weed management inside the

beyond. But an emerging new paradigm is to match crop production with conservation of

biological sources and the development of greater sustainable systems. (Marshall, 2007).
17

Conceptual Framework

TOOLS and
STEPS TECHNIQUES

Maps; air-photo/satellite.
Site Identification

Quadrats; sampling
Field Mapping
techniques

Shannon-Weiner and
Simpson Diversity
Index

RESULTS

Weed Abundance and Diversity in Aurora

National Science High School

Figure 1.0
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Figure 1.0 Conceptual Framework

In describing the conceptual framework of the study, the Connective Process model

was used, which explained the process involved in this research. The main purpose of the

study was to determine the abundance and diversity of weeds.

In the steps, the researchers were able to identify the factors that are needed to

complete the research which is the site identification and field mapping. The site was

identified by maps: air photo and satellite and field mapping were identified by quadrats

and sampling techniques. These data were used in the process to come up to the expected

result in the Results. The data gathered were analyzed using different statistical tools such

as Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and Simpson Diversity Index.

With these, the researchers were able to determine the Weed Abundance, Diversity,

and Patterns of Aurora National Science High School, as stated in the Results.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Site

The study was conducted at the vast field area of Aurora National Science High School

at 15o 45’ N 121o 33’ E as shown in figure 2. The study area was geographically mapped

using Airbus Maxar Technologies with a dimension of 50m by 45m parameter. With great

exposure to sunlight since it is an open field. Many species of weeds were situated at some

parts of the study site especially to those parts that are not covered with rocks.

Figure 2. Aurora National Science High School showing the study area
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Data Analysis

The researchers obtained the abundance and diversity of weed using the formula of

Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index, and Simpson Diversity Index which is shown below:

Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (H’) is an index that is commonly used to

characterize species diversity in a community. Shannon's index accounts for both

abundance and evenness of the species present. The proportion of species i relative to the

total number of species (pi) is calculated and then multiplied by the natural logarithm of

this proportion (lnpi). The resulting product is summed across species and multiplied by -

1. (M. Beals, L. Gross, and S. Harrell, 2000).

Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index:

𝐻 ′ = − ∑ 𝑝𝑖(ln 𝑝𝑖)
i=1

Wherein:

H’ = the number derived from the Shannon diversity index

-∑ = negative summation

pi = proportion of individuals of one particular species found

ln = natural logarithm

s = species
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Simpson Diversity Index (D) is a measure of diversity which takes into account the

number of species present, as well as the relative abundance of each species. As species

richness and evenness increase, so diversity increases. The value of D ranges between 0

and 1. With this index, 1 represents infinite diversity and 0, no diversity. (Barcelona Field

Studies Centre S.L., 2019).

Simpson Diversity Index:

∑ 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)
𝐷 = 1−
𝑁(𝑁 − 1)

Wherein:

∑ = summation

N= total species found

n =number of individual species

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Research Design

The study used a Descriptive – Classification Research Design to be able to define

and explain the results clearly and objectively. A Systematic Sampling - belt transect

method was utilized in which the researchers categorized the whole aimed population into

different subgroups. The source of data that the researchers used was from the Shannon-

Weiner Diversity Index and the Simpson Diversity Index. Which calculate the dominance

of species and proportion.

Quantification of weeds was done from one open field with 45m by 50m area where

eight 50m transects were positioned with 5m intervals perpendicularly. Each of the eight

transects has seven 1m2 quadrats with 5m interval from the other quadrats as shown in

figure 3.
Flagpole

50 m

5m
5m
45 m

5m

5m

Legend: Transect Line 1m2 quadrat

Figure 3. The establishment of Transects and Quadrats in the study area

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Variables that were included to describe the species number were tabulated. The

information corresponding to each of these variables was presented in tables and discussed

accordingly.

Table 1.0 Quantification of all Megathyrsus maximus

Transect
Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 8 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0
6 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 0

The table above shows the data gathered by the researchers. It presents that transect

and quadrat which had the greatest number of species in the study site was transect 1 on

quadrat 3 which contains 8 Megathyrsus maximus. Among the other transects and quadrats,

it can be extrapolated that this site is abundant in the said species, whereas, some got zero

which mean that the species was not existing in those transects and quadrats.
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Table 1.1 Quantification of Chrysopogon aciculatis

Transect
Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 1 9 0 8 0 0 0 0
2 6 14 0 1 0 0 0 0
3 9 0 2 3 0 0 0 1
4 22 2 29 3 0 0 0 0
5 1 20 0 1 0 0 0 0
6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 4 0 0 1 0

Table 1.1 presents the data gathered by the researchers. It shows that almost all of

transect and quadrat had zeroes which means rarely of Chrysopogon aciculatis were

gathered in the study site. Otherwise, transect 3 on quadrat 4 have the greatest number of

species which contains 29 Chrysopogon aciculatis. It can be inferred that this study site

contains rare number of the said species.

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Table 1.2 Quantification of Cynodon dactylon

Transect
Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 0 9 100 15 306 256 72 0
2 85 8 300 83 235 100 1 0
3 107 21 30 100 181 286 9 162
4 234 43 50 132 2 40 90 81
5 0 144 100 280 162 106 39 25
6 0 0 98 200 1 162 84 0
7 0 0 0 0 21 0 95 0

The table above shows the data gathered by the researchers. It presents that transect

and quadrat which had the greatest number of species in the study site was transect 3 on

quadrat which contains 300 Cynodon dactylon. Among the other transects and quadrats, it

can be extrapolated that this site is abundant in the said species, whereas, some got zeroes

which means that the species was not existing in those transects and quadrats.
26

Table 1.3 Quantification of Dichondra repens

Transect
Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 0 100 78 0 5 0 0 3
2 46 161 0 0 3 32 0 0
3 5 0 20 2 81 3 0 0
4 2 19 67 0 92 81 48 3
5 0 396 94 0 42 5 6 9
6 0 0 135 2 25 162 2 3
7 0 0 10 4 162 0 36 0

The table above shows the data gathered by the researchers. It presents that transect

and quadrat which had the greatest number of species in the study site was transect 2 on

quadrat 5 which contains 396 Dichondra repens. Among the other transects and quadrats,

it can be extrapolated that this site is abundant in the said species, whereas, some got zero

which mean that the species was not existing in those transects and quadrats.
27

Table 1.4 Quantification of Festuca arundinacea

Transect
Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 178 28 41 20 48 0 0 12
2 75 29 25 9 5 3 3 0
3 12 79 46 9 4 8 0 0
4 55 21 60 8 6 7 5 0
5 10 0 21 16 4 19 3 6
6 3 0 21 33 0 9 3 4
7 0 0 10 7 2 14 6 0

The table above shows the data gathered by the researchers. It presents that transect

and quadrat which had the greatest number of species in the study site was transect 1 on

quadrat 1 which contains 178 Festuca arundinacea. Among the other transects and

quadrats, it can be extrapolated that this site is abundant in the said species, whereas, some

got zero which mean that the species was not existing in those transects and quadrats.
28

Table 1.5 Quantification of Digitaria sanguinalis

Transect
Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 27 6 1 19 31 0 0
2 4 11 9 7 7 14 1 6
3 5 2 30 5 10 7 0 1
4 3 1 4 2 4 13 17 7
5 0 3 3 21 11 11 0 12
6 0 0 3 14 2 17 0 0
7 6 0 0 4 3 4 0 2

The table above shows the data gathered by the researchers. It presents that transect

and quadrat which had the greatest number of species in the study site was transect 6 on

quadrat 1 which contains 21 Digitaria saguinalis. Among the other transects and quadrats,

it can be extrapolated that this site is abundant in the said species, whereas, some got zero

which mean that the species was not existing in those transects and quadrats.
29

Table 1.6 Quantification of Poa pratensis

Transect
Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 0 0 2 6 24 3 0 7
2 0 3 0 12 8 11 8 13
3 1 0 8 6 14 2 14 0
4 0 0 0 0 4 4 1 12
5 14 0 0 8 16 32 12 5
6 9 17 16 23 15 6 1 1
7 3 3 3 7 7 58 21 0

The table above shows the data gathered by the researchers. It presents that transect

and quadrat which had the greatest number of species in the study site was transect 6 on

quadrat 7 which contains 58 Poa pratensis. Among the other transects and quadrats, it can

be extrapolated that this site is abundant in the said species, whereas, some got zero which

mean that the species was not existing in those transects and quadrats.
30

Table 1.7 Quantification of Dactyloctenium aegyptum

Transect
Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 62 94 43 2 24 3 0 9
2 0 24 0 9 19 18 1 16
3 17 8 2 8 49 27 9 32
4 99 41 16 8 17 39 34 18
5 35 94 19 7 25 23 13 2
6 17 7 51 0 15 39 34 20
7 30 16 119 20 23 11 11 11

The table above shows the data gathered by the researchers. It presents that transect

and quadrat which had the greatest number of species in the study site was transect 3 on

quadrat 7 which contains 119 Dactyloctenim aegyptum. Among the other transects and

quadrats, it can be extrapolated that this site is abundant in the said species, whereas, some

got zero which mean that the species was not existing in those transects and quadrats.
31

Table 1.8 Quantification of Bellis perennis

Transect
Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 0 0 7 1 0 0 0 0
2 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
4 3 4 0 0 1 0 0 0
5 1 7 53 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 1
7 0 0 0 6 0 0 4 0

The table above shows the data gathered by the researchers. It presents that transect

and quadrat which had the greatest number of species in the study site was transect 3 on

quadrat 5 which contains 53 Bellis perennis. Among the other transects and quadrats, it can

be extrapolated that this site is abundant in the said species, whereas, some got zero which

mean that the species was not existing in those transects and quadrats.
32

Table 1.9 Quantification of Sorghum aciculathum

Transect
Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 0 0 0 10 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 1.10 presents the data gathered by the researchers. It shows that almost all of

transect and quadrat had zero which mean rarely of Sorghum aciculathum. were gathered

in the study site. Otherwise, transect 4 on quadrat 1 had the greatest number of species

which contains 10 Sorghum aciculathum. It can be inferred that this study site contains rare

number of the said species.

33

Table 1.10 Quantification of Sporobolus fertilis

Transect
Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 7 22 3 6 7 1 0 2
2 7 6 0 0 16 6 1 0
3 3 0 0 0 5 5 0 1
4 3 8 2 0 1 7 0 2
5 0 3 34 0 12 19 0 2
6 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 13
7 0 0 0 4 1 0 2 2

The table above shows the data gathered by the researchers. It presents that transect

and quadrat which had the greatest number of species in the study site was transect 3 on

quadrat 5 which contains 34 Sporobolus fertilis. Among the other transects and quadrats,

it can be extrapolated that this site is abundant in the said species, whereas, some got zero

which mean that the species was not existing in those transects and quadrats.
34

Table 1.11 Quantification of Euphorbia hirta

Transect
Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 25
2 0 0 1 0 0 2 24 0
3 0 3 34 0 0 0 17 0
4 0 0 0 0 1 0 22 0
5 0 0 7 0 0 4 38 0
6 0 0 0 2 27 1 12 2
7 0 0 5 4 11 2 44 1

The table above shows the data gathered by the researchers. It presents that transect

and quadrat which had the greatest number of species in the study site was transect 7 on

quadrat 7 which contains 44 Euphorbia hirta. Among the other transects and quadrats, it

can be extrapolated that this site is abundant in the said species, whereas, some got zero

which mean that the species was not existing in those transects and quadrats.
35

Table 1.12 Quantification of Paspalum conjugatum

Transect
Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 232 3 41 0 0 0 0 5
2 196 0 0 28 2 0 2 0
3 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 144 0 0 0 169 8 50 0
5 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 10
6 0 0 3 0 0 0 11 1
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0

The table above shows the data gathered by the researchers. It presents that transect

and quadrat which had the greatest number of species in the study site was transect 1 on

quadrat 1 which contains 232 Paspalum conjugatum. Among the other transects and

quadrats, it can be extrapolated that this site is abundant in the said species, whereas, some

got zero which mean that the species was not existing in those transects and quadrats.
36

Table 1.13 Quantification of Pyrrhopappus carolinianus

Transect
Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 1.13 presents the data gathered by the researchers. It shows that almost all of

transect and quadrat had zero which mean rarely of Pyrrhopappus carolinianus were

gathered in the study site. Otherwise, transect 2 on quadrat 3 had the greatest number of

species which contains 11 Pyrrhoppapus carolinianus. It can be inferred that this study site

contains a rare number of the said species.

37

Table 1.14 Quantification of Eleusine indica

Transect
Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 1
5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 1.14 presents the data gathered by the researchers. It shows that almost all of

transect and quadrat had zeroes which mean rarely of Eleusine indica were gathered in the

study site. Otherwise, transect 5 on quadrat 4 had the greatest number of species which

contains 2 Eleusine indica. It can be inferred that this study site contains rare number of

the said species.

38

Table 2.0 Quantification of all weed species found in the study site

Transect
Quadrat 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 482 293 321 69 433 294 72 63
2 419 260 337 149 295 188 41 35
3 177 126 172 133 344 338 50 197
4 565 144 228 153 299 199 268 124
5 61 667 343 333 272 221 111 71
6 31 24 341 274 85 396 148 45
7 39 19 147 61 231 222 223 15

Table 2 displays the data gathered by the researchers. It shows that transect and

quadrant which had the greatest number of species in the study site was transect 2 on

quadrant 5 which contains 667 weed species. Many of transects and quadrants have a large

number of species while some have few. From the data, it can be concluded that weeds are

abundant in the study site.

39

Table 3.0 Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index of Weed Species in Aurora National

Science High School (AREA A)

Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (AREA A)

Shannon Index Variable Name Shannon Index Calculation
Megathyrsus maximus -0.02103387
Chrysopogon aciculatis -0.082146431
Cynodon dactylon -0.366447185
Dichondra repens -0.308073651
Festuca arundinacea -0.263281269
Digitaria sanguinalis -0.097957695
Poa pratensis -0.084367085
Dactyloctenium aegyptum -0.26848363
Bellis perennis -0.063236571
Sorghum aciculatum -0.01098816
Sporobolus fertilis -0.070107041
Euphorbia hita -0.041627919
Paspalum conjugatum -0.23593023
Pyrrhopappus carolinianus -0.01098816
Eleusine indica -0.001375478
=N 1.926044374

The table above presents the evenness and abundance of the different types of weed

species found in Aurora National Science High School (Area A). It is a measure of diversity

which takes into account the number of species present, as well as the relative abundance

and evenness of the species. As species richness and evenness increase, so diversity

increases. The standard value of H’ ranges between 3.5 and 1.5; with this index, 3.5

represents high diversity and 1.5, low diversity. In that case, since the computed value for

SWDI is more than 1.5 (1.926044374), the species in the study site is considered to be

diverse and abundant.

40

Table 3.1 Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index of Weed Species in Aurora National

Science High School (AREA B)

Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (AREA B)

Shannon index Variable Name Shannon Index Calculation
Megathyrsus maximus -0.006595173
Chrysopogon aciculatis -0.002985281
Cynodon dactylon -0.353172845
Dichondra repens -0.306326865
Festuca arundinacea -0.111115624
Digitaria sanguinalis -0.123592562
Poa pratensis -0.162634866
Dactyloctenium aegyptum -0.23372713
Bellis perennis -0.00983988
Sorghum aciculatum 0
Sporobolus fertilis -0.077377569
Euphorbia hita -0.137745647
Paspalum conjugatum -0.148687027
Pyrrhopappus carolinianus 0
Eleusine indica -0.006595173
=N 1.680395643

The table above presents the evenness and abundance of the different types of weed

species found in Aurora National Science High School (Area B). It is a measure of diversity

which takes into account the number of species present, as well as the relative abundance

and evenness of the species. As species richness and evenness increase, so diversity

increases. The standard value of H’ ranges between 3.5 and 1.5; with this index, 3.5

represents high diversity and 1.5, low diversity. In that case, since the computed value for

SWDI is more than 1.5 (1.680395643), the species in the study site is considered to be

diverse and abundant.

41

Table 3.2 Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index of Weed Species in Aurora National

Science High School (AREA A and B)

Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index (COMBINED)

Shannon Index Variable Name Shannon Index Calculation
Megathyrsus maximus -0.014929353
Chrysopogon aciculatis -0.05255831
Cynodon dactylon -0.366540625
Dichondra repens -0.307286031
Festuca arundinacea -0.209167387
Digitaria sanguinalis -0.110003658
Poa pratensis -0.123769111
Dactyloctenium aegyptum -0.253706513
Bellis perennis -0.042135156
Sorghum aciculatum -0.006578486
Sporobolus fertilis -0.073441765
Euphorbia hita -0.091724902
Paspalum conjugatum -0.201312672
Pyrrhopappus carolinianus -0.006578486
Eleusine indica -0.003900545
=N 1.863633

The table above presents the evenness and abundance of the different types of weed

species found in Aurora National Science High School (Combined Area). It is a measure

of diversity which takes into account the number of species present, as well as the relative

abundance and evenness of the species. As species richness and evenness increase, so

diversity increases. The standard value of H’ ranges between 3.5 and 1.5; with this index,

3.5 represents high diversity and 1.5, low diversity. In that case, since the computed value

for SWDI is more than 1.5 (1.863633), the species in the study site is considered to be

diverse and abundant.

42

Table 4.0 Simpson Diversity Index of Weed Species in Aurora National Science

High School (AREA A)

Simpson (AREA A)
Species (n) n(n-1)
Megathyrsus maximus 24 552
Chrysopogon aciculatis 136 18360
Cynodon dactylon 2139 4573182
Dichondra repens 1141 1300740
Festuca arundinacea 816 665040
Digitaria sanguinalis 173 29756
Poa pratensis 141 19740
Dactyloctenium aegyptum 848 718256
Bellis perennis 96 9120
Sorghum aciculatum 11 110
Sporobolus fertilis 110 11990
Euphorbia hita 56 3080
Paspalum conjugatum 665 441560
Pyrrhopappus carolinianus 11 110
Eleusine indica 1 0
TOTAL 6368 7791596
D 0.192171297
1-D 0.807828703

The table above presents the diversity and abundance pattern of the different types

of weed species found in Aurora National Science High School (Area A). It is a measure

of diversity which takes into account the number of species present, as well as the relative

abundance of the species. As species richness increase, so diversity increases. The standard

value of D ranges between 0 and 1; with this index, 1 represents infinite diversity and 0,

no diversity. (Barcelona Field Studies Centre S.L., 2019). In that case, since the computed

value for SDI is more than 0 (0.807828703), the species in the study site is considered to

be diverse and abundant.

43

Table 4.1 Simpson Diversity Index of Weed Species in Aurora National Science

High School (AREA B)

Simpson (AREA B)
Species (n) n(n-1)
Megathyrsus maximus 5 20
Chrysopogon aciculatis 2 2
Cynodon dactylon 2516 6327740
Dichondra repens 933 869556
Festuca arundinacea 171 29070
Digitaria sanguinalis 199 39402
Poa pratensis 299 89102
Dactyloctenium aegyptum 542 293222
Bellis perennis 8 56
Sorghum aciculatum 0 0
Sporobolus fertilis 104 10712
Euphorbia hita 233 54056
Paspalum conjugatum 261 67860
Pyrrhopappus carolinianus 0 0
Eleusine indica 5 20
TOTAL 5278 7780818
D 0.265525609
1-D 0.734474391

The table above presents the diversity and abundance pattern of the different types

of weed species found in Aurora National Science High School (Area B). It is a measure

of diversity which takes into account the number of species present, as well as the relative

abundance of the species. As species richness increase, so diversity increases. The standard

value of D ranges between 0 and 1; with this index, 1 represents infinite diversity and 0,

no diversity. (Barcelona Field Studies Centre S.L., 2019). In that case, since the computed

value for SDI is more than 0(0.734474391), the species in the study site is considered to

be diverse and abundant.

44

Table 4.2 Simpson Diversity Index of Weed Species in Aurora National Science

High School (AREA A and B)

Simpson (COMBINED)
Species (n) n(n-1)
Megathyrsus maximus 29 812
Chrysopogon aciculatis 138 18906
Cynodon dactylon 4655 21664370
Dichondra repens 2074 4299402
Festuca arundinacea 987 973182
Digitaria sanguinalis 372 138012
Poa pratensis 440 193160
Dactyloctenium aegyptum 1390 1930710
Bellis perennis 104 10712
Sorghum aciculatum 11 110
Sporobolus fertilis 214 45582
Euphorbia hita 289 83232
Paspalum conjugatum 926 856550
Pyrrhopappus carolinianus 11 110
Eleusine indica 6 30
TOTAL 11646 30214880
D 0.217654591
1-D 0.782345409

The table above presents the diversity and abundance pattern of the different types

of weed species found in Aurora National Science High School (Combined Area). It is a

measure of diversity which takes into account the number of species present, as well as the

relative abundance of the species. As species richness increase, so diversity increases. The

standard value of D ranges between 0 and 1; with this index, 1 represents infinite diversity

and 0, no diversity. (Barcelona Field Studies Centre S.L., 2019). In that case, since the

computed value for SDI is more than 0(0.782345409), the species in the study site is

considered to be diverse and abundant.

45

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The conduct of this research study enabled the researchers to investigate and

compute for the species abundance, diversity, and pattern of weed in Aurora National

Science High School. Based on the gathered and computed data using formulas specifically

the Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index and the Simpson’s Diversity Index, it is found out

that the species diversity of weed species in Aurora National Science High School is

diverse and rich having the SWDI value more than 1.5 (1.863633) and SDI value more

than 0 (0.782345409) which is the chance of randomly picking two individual species that

are different at a given time.

Collection and identification of weeds were done in the field area in Aurora

National Science High School from the months of July to October 2019. The results

showed a quantitative comparison of the common weed species and diversity in Aurora

National Science High School. A total of 15 species of weeds were identified which are

Megathyrsus maximus, Chrysopogon aciculatis, Cynodon dactylon, Dichondra repens,

Festuca arundinacea, Digitaria sanguinalis, Poa pratensis, Dactyloctenium aegyptum,

Bellis perennis, Sorghum aciculathum, Sporobolus fertilis, Euphorbia hirta, Paspalum

conjugatum, Pyrrhopappus carolinianus, and Eleusine indica.

46

Conclusion

1. The abundance of weed is high having 18 species in total

Cynodon dactylon is the most abundant species having 4655 species counted within the

area of the study site.

2. The computed value of Simpson’s Diversity Index which is the value of

dominance is SDI value more than 0 (0.782345409) which is the chance of randomly

picking two individual species that are different.

The computed value of Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index which is the value

of proportion is SWDI value more than 1.5 (1.863633) that means that weed species in

Aurora National Science High School is abundant and diverse.

47

Recommendations

Based on the conclusions drawn from the study, the following recommendations

were proposed:

1. Future researchers should try to use a wider area of study site to further gain

more concrete information about the abundance and diversity of species. Conduct

monitoring of research on habitat requirements of these species and monitor other

environmental parameters that potentially affect the species.

2. They should try to use different statistical tool for data analysis to have a

broader analysis of the diversity of weed species and use different techniques and methods

in counting species

3. Aside from identifying the weed species also take into account the possible

ways which could contribute to the more effective management of weed species without

affecting the growth and sustainability of the species present in the ecosystem.
48

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bailey, W. (n.d.). The Plant World. America:Ecological Society of America. Vol. 6.No.5,

pp. 110-112. Retrieved September 5, 2019 from

https;//www.jstor.org/stable//43476114

Carlos, E., Gibson, M., & Weston, M. (2014). Weeds and Wildlife: Perceptions and

Practices of Weed Managers. Conservation and Society, 12, 54-64. Retrieved

from http://www.jstor.org/stable/26393142

Ecosystem diversity | encyclopedia. Com. (n.d.). Retrieved July 23, 2019, from

https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/energy-government-and-defense-

magazines/ecosystem-diversity

Macarthur, R. H. (1965). Patterns of species diversity. Biological Reviews,40(4), 510–533.

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185X.1965.tb00815.x

Mahajan, M. & Fatima, S. (2017). Frequency, Abundance, and Density of Plant Species by

List Count Quadrat Method. Epitome: International Journal of Multidisciplinary

Research, Impact Factor 3.656, Vol. III, Issue VII, July 2017, ISSN: 2395-6968

Marshall, E. (2007). Weeds and biodiversity. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470751039.ch5

Nkoa, R., Owen, M., & Swanton, C. (2015). Weed Abundance, Distribution, Diversity,

and Community Analyses. Weed Science, 63(SP1), 64-90. doi:10.1614/WS-D-13-

00075.1

Ondoua, R., Owen, M. D. K., & Swanton, C. (2015). Weed abundance, distribution,

diversity, and community analyses. Weed Science, 63, 64–90.

49

Processes and different types of biodiversity pattern in species. (n.d.). Retrieved July 23,

2019, from BYJUS website: https://byjus.com/biology/biodiversity-pattern-

species/

Weed Biodiversity. (n.d.). Retrieved July 23, 2019, from http://agron-

www.agron.iastate.edu/~weeds/Ag31799/bioeco/biodiversity/diverse.html

Weeds|Encyclopedia.com. (n.d.). Retrieved July 23, 2019, from

https://www.encyclopedia.com/plants-and animals/botany/botany-general/weeds

What is a weed: Weed info and control methods in gardens. (n.d.). Retrieved July 23, 2019,

from Gardening Know How

website:https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/plantproblems/weeds/what-is-a-

weed.htm

What is biodiversity? Its importance and reasons for loss of biodiversity? (2013, December

22). Retrieved July 23, 2019, from Conserve Energy Future

website:https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/what-is-biodiversity.php

Why Do Weeds Grow Where They Grow? (n.d.). Retrieved July 23, 2019, from Weed Man

website:https://weedmanusa.com/news/why-do-weeds-grow-where-they-grow

Wulff, J. (2012). Ecological interactions and the distribution, abundance, and diversity of

sponges. Advances in Marine Biology, 61, 273–344.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-

0-12-387787-1.00003-9
50

Curriculum Vitae

RIZZALYNJAE R. AMAT
Brgy. Sabang, Baler, Aurora
Civil Status : Single

Date of Birth : June 19, 2002

Place of Birth : Baler, Aurora

Religion : Roman Catholic

Email Address : rizzalynjae19@gmail.com

Name of Father : Jay A. Amat

Name of Mother : Ailine R. Amat

EDUCATION:
High School Diploma With Honors
Aurora National Science High School Outstanding Performance in
Mathematics
2018

Elementary Education Salutatorian

Ruperto Zubia Elementary School With Conduct Awards

Pre-school Bright Child

St. Louie Day Care Center With Conduct Awards
51

ARRIANE CYRELL A. CAMACHO

Brgy. Pingit, Baler, Aurora

Civil Status: Single

Date of Birth: February 19, 2001

Place of Birth: Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

Religion: Christian Catholic

Email Address:arrianecamacho@gmail.com

Name of Father: Jeoffrey A. Camacho

Name of Mother: Cecilia A. Camacho

EDUCATION:

High School Diploma

Aurora National Science High School With Honors
Loyalty Award
2018 Academic Excellence Awardee
Elementary Education
Baler Adventist Elementary School Achiever Award
Loyalty Award
Academic Excellence Awardee
Pre-School
Baler Immaculate Conception Third Honor
52

SCHAZEE IRIS V. CANSINO

Nonong Sr., San Luis, Aurora

Civil Status : Single

Date of Birth : March 9, 2001

Place of Birth : San Pedro, Laguna

Religion : Seventh Day Adventist

Email Address : irisvcansino81@gmail.com

Name of Father : Wilbert Cansino

Name of Mother : Hilda Valenzuela

EDUCATION:

High School Diploma With High Honors

Northeast Luzon Adventist College Academic Excellence Awardee

With Conduct Awards

Students Service Awardee

Journalist’s Awardee

Elementary Education Governor Academic Excellence Awardee

Casa Del Niño Montessori School Director’s List

Top 1

Excels in HEKASI

With Conduct Award

Pre-school Top 1

Reece Learning School Inc. With Conduct Award

53

DAVE JERICK A. GAPASIN

Brgy. Sto.Tomas Maria Aurora, Aurora

Civil Status: Single

Date of Birth: October 14, 2001

Place of Birth: Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija

Religion: Roman Catholic

Email Address:gapasindavejerick1014@gmail.com

Name of Father: Jerico M. Gapasin

Name of Mother: Janice A. Gapasin

EDUCATION:

High School Diploma

Maria Aurora National High School With High Honors
2018 With Conduct Awards

Elementary Education Valedictorian

Sto. Tomas Elementary School With Conduct Awards
Pre-School
Sto. Tomas Elementary School Academic Excellence Awardee
With Conduct Awards
54

PHOEBE ANNE P. GANTE

Brgy. Buenavista, Dipaculao Aurora

Civil Status: Single

Date of Birth: December 12, 2001

Place of Birth: Buenavista, Dipaculao Aurora

Religion: Born Again Christian

Email Address: phoebeannegnate@gmail.com

Name of Father: William P. Gante

Name of Mother: Jessica P. Gante

EDUCATION:

High School Diploma

Dipacaulao National High School With Honors
With Conduct Awards
2018 Journalists Awardee
Elementary Education
Dipaculao Central School Completer
With Conduct Awards
Pre-School
John Wesley Baptist Church Academic Excellence Awardee
With Conduct Awards
55

YUAN CARLO M. REYES

Brgy. 02, Baler, Aurora
Civil Status : Single

Date of Birth : September 30, 2001

Place of Birth : Tarlac City, Tarlac

Religion : Roman Catholic

Email Address : ryuanseyer@gmail.com

Name of Father : Allan R. Reyes

Name of Mother : Norma M. Reyes

EDUCATION:
High School Diploma With Honors
Mount Carmel College – Baler Academic Excellence
Awardee

With Conduct
Awards

Leadership Awardee

Journalist Awardee

Elementary Education Academic Excellence

Awardee

Mount Carmel College - Baler Top 6

With Conduct Awards
Pre-school Top 1
Immaculate Conception Achiever Awardee
56

Appendix 1. Letter of Consent to the School Principal

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III
Schools Division of Aurora
Schools District of Baler
Aurora National Science High School
Buhangin, Baler, Aurora

23 September 2019

EDELWINDA S. MONTERO
SECONDARY SCHOOL PRINCIPAL -I
AURORA NATIONAL SCIENCE HIGH SCHOOL

MADAM:

Greetings in the light of Service, Excellence, and Empowerment!

In partial fulfillment of our requirements for research, we Grade 12 Senior High School, STEM, of Aurora National
Science High School would like to ask for your permission to conduct a research study entitled “Weed Abundance and
Diversity of Aurora National Science High School”.

Rest assured that the data we will gather will remain confidential and be used on academic purposed only. We believe that
you are with us in our enthusiasm to finish this requirement as compliance for our requirement and develop our well-
being. We hope for your positive response to this humble matter. Your approval to conduct this study will be greatly
appreciated. Thank you very much!

God bless you!

Sincerely,

Yuan Carlo M. Reyes Phoebe Anne P. Ganten Schazee Iris V. Cansino

Student Researcher Student Researcher Student Researcher

Dave Jerick A. Gapasin Arriane Cyrell A. Camacho Rizzalynjae R. Amat

Student Researcher Student Researcher Student Researcher

Noted:

Ms. Lenie O. Jandoc

Research Adviser

Approved:

EDELWINDA S. MONTERO
Secondary School Principal -I
Aurora National Science High School
57

Appendix 2. Letter of Consent to the Forester for Species Verification

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III
Schools Division of Aurora
Schools District of Baler
Aurora National Science High School
Buhangin, Baler, Aurora

20 September 2019

Madam/Sir:

Greetings!

In partial fulfillments of our requirements for research, we Grade 12 Senior High

School, STEM, of Aurora National Science High School would like to ask for your
permission to conduct a research study entitled “Weed Abundance and Diversity in
Aurora National Science High School”.

We assure that the information is to be used on academic purposes only. We believe

that you are with us in our enthusiasm to finish this requirement as compliance for our
requirement and to develop our well-being. We hope for your positive response on this
humble matter. Your approval to conduct this study will be greatly appreciated. Thank you
very much!

God bless you!

Sincerely,

RIZZALYNJAE R. AMAT ARRIANE CYREL A. CAMACHO

Student Researcher Student Researcher

SCHAZEE IRIS V. CANSINO PHOEBE ANNE P. GANTE

Student Researcher Student Researcher

DAVE JERICK A. GAPASIN YUAN CARLO M. REYES

Student Researcher Student Researcher
58

Appendix 3. Photodocumentation of all weed species

PICTURE SCIENTIFIC NAME ENGLISH NAME

Megathyrsus maximus Guinea grass

Chrysopogon aciculitis Grama amorseco

Cynodon dactylon Bermuda grass

Dichondra repens Dichondra

59

Festuca arundinacea Tall fescue

Diditaria sanguinalis Crab grass

Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass

Dactyloctenium aegyptium Knotgrass

60

Bellis perennis English daisy

Sorghum aciculathum Silver hairgrass

Sporobolus fertilis Giant paramata grass

Euphorbia hirta Asthma plant

Paspalum conjugatum Carabao grass

61

Pyrrhopappus carolinianus False dandelion

Eleusine indica Indian goosegrass