Ee8251 Circuit Theory

ST.
ANNE’S
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY
ANGUCHETTYPALAYAM, PANRUTI-607 110.
EE8261 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

MANUAL
For
I YEAR / II SEMESTER
B.E. ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Prepared By
A.SUNDARA PANDIYAN
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING
EE8261 ELECTRIC CIRCUITS LABORATORY
Cycle – 1
1. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using
Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws.
Thevenin’s theorem.
Norton’s theorem.
Superposition theorem.
5. Simulation and experimental verification of Maximum Power transfer
Theorem.
6. Study of Analog and digital oscilloscopes and measurement of sinusoidal
voltage, frequency and power factor.
Cycle – 2
1. Simulation and Experimental validation of R-C electric circuit transients.

2. Simulation and Experimental validation of frequency response of RLC electric
circuit.
3. Design and Simulation of series resonance circuit.
4. Design and Simulation of parallel resonant circuits.
5. Simulation of three phase balanced and unbalanced star, delta networks
S.
DATE TITLE OF THE EXPERIMENT MARKS SIGN
No.
DOs and DON’T DOs in Laboratory
1. Understand the equipment to be tested and apparatus to be used.
2. Do not touch the live terminals.
3. Select proper type (AC or DC) and range of meters, Use suitable wires (type and size).
4. All the connection should be tight. Do not leave loose wires (i.e. wires not connected).
5. Get the connection checked before switching „ON‟ the supply.
6. Never exceed the permissible values of current, voltage, and / or speed of any machine.
7. Switch ON or OFF the load gradually and not suddenly.
8. Strictly observe the instructions given by the Staff / Lab Instructor
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS

Kirchhoff’s voltage and current laws.
Thevenin’s theorem.
Norton’s theorem.
Superposition theorem.
5. Simulation and experimental verification of Maximum Power transfer
Theorem.
6. Study of Analog and digital oscilloscopes and measurement of sinusoidal
voltage, frequency and power factor.
7. Simulation and Experimental validation of R-C electric circuit transients.
8. Simulation and Experimental validation of frequency response of RLC electric
circuit.
9. Design and Simulation of series resonance circuit.
10. Design and Simulation of parallel resonant circuits.
11. Simulation of three phase balanced and unbalanced star, delta networks
circuits.
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLUMN:-
Total voltage
Voltage Voltage V1 Voltage V2 Voltage V3 Vt = V1+V2+V3 (V)
S.No
(V) (V) (V) (V)
Theoretical Practical
SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT PROBLEMS USING KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE AND
AIM CURRENT LAWS.
To practically verify the kirchoff‟s voltage law for the given electrical circuit with the
theoretical calculations.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl.No
Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity
1 Regulated power supply (0 - 30) V Analog 1

2 Voltmeter (0 - 30) V MC 4
3 Resistor
4 Bread board 1
5 Connecting wires As Required
KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

In any closed circuit the sum of potential drop is equal to the sum potential rise.
PROCEDURE
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram
2. Switch on the power supply
3. Vary the RPS to a specified voltage and note down the corresponding voltage
readings across resistors
4. Repeat the above step for various RPS voltages and tabulate the readings
SIMULATION PROCEDURE:
1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model

2. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure
3. Debug and run the circuit
4. For different input voltages, record the current and voltages and verify with
theoretical values
SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:

THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
RESULT:
Thus Kirchoff‟s voltage law has been verified both theoretically and practically.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLUMN:-
Current I1= I2 + I3
Voltage Current I1 Current I2 Current I3
S.No
(V) (mA) (mA) (mA)
Theoretical practical
5
(B) VERIFICATION OF KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW
AIM:
To practically verify Kirchoff‟s current law, for the given circuit with the theoretical
calculations.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

3 Ammeter
4 Resistor
5 Bread board 1
KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

The algebraic sum of the current meeting at any junction or node is zero. In other
words, the sum of the current flowing towards a junction is equal to the sum of the current
leaving from the junction.
PROCEDURE:
3. Vary the RPS to a specified voltage and note down the corresponding ammeter readings
4. Repeat the above step for various RPS voltages and tabulate the readings

theoretical values
SIMULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT LAW:
RESULT:
Thus the Kirchoff‟s current law has been verified both theoretically and practically.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2:
DETERMINATION OF THEVENIN VOLTAGE (Vth)
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3:
DETERMINATION OF LOAD CURRENT (IL)
SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF
EXP.NO :
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT PROBLEMS USING
THEVENIN’S THEOREM.
DATE :
AIM
To verify the Thevenin theorem, for the given electrical circuit and to find the load
current.
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl. No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

3 Ammeter
4 Resistor
5 Bread board 1
THEVENIN’S THEOREM
Any linear active network with output terminal A and B can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit with a single voltage source Vth (thevenin‟s voltage) in series with Rth
(thevenin‟s resistance)
Vth - open circuit voltage across terminal A & B
Rth – equivalent resistance obtained by looking back the circuit through the open
circuit terminal A and B
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 4:
DETERMINATION OF Rth
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM5:
THEVENIN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

PROCEDURE:
To determine Thevenin’s voltage, Vth
3. Vary the regulated power supply to a specified voltage and note down the
corresponding voltmeter readings
4. Repeat the previous step for different voltage by varying the RPS.
5. Switch off the power supply
To determine of load current, IL
3. Vary the regulated power supply to a specified voltage and note down the
corresponding ammeter readings
4. Repeat the previous step for different voltage by varying the RPS.
5. Switch off the power supply

theoretical values.
TABULAR COLUMN:-
Thevenin’s Voltage (VTh) Load current (IL)

Voltage
S.No
(V) Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
(V) (V) (I) mA (I) mA
SIMULATION:
TO FIND LOAD CURRENT:
TO FIND Vth:
THEVENIN’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

RESULT:
Thus the Thevenin‟s theorem was verified for the given electrical circuit.
Theoretical:
Vth =
Rth =
IL =
Practical:
Vth =
Rth =
IL =
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
DETERMINATION OF (ISC)
EXP.NO : SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF
EXP.NO : :
DATE ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT PROBLEMS USING
NORTON’S THEOREM.
DATE :
AIM:
To verify the Norton theorem for the given electrical circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED

3 Ammeter
4 Resistor
5 Bread board 1
NORTON THEOREM
Any linear active network with output terminals A & B can be replaced by an
equivalent circuit with a single current source I in parallel with Rth ( Thevenin equivalent
resistance)
Where Rth is the equivalent resistance obtained by looking back the circuit through the
open terminal A & B
FORMULAE
IL = ISC * ( Rth / (Rth + RL))
where,ISC - Norton equivalent current source in amperes
IL - Current through the load in amperes
Rth - Thevenin‟s equivalent resistance in ohms
RL - Load resistance in ohms
VL = IL * RL
PL = IL2 * RL
EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:
TABULAR COLUMN:-
Short circuit
Load current (IL)
current(Isc)
Voltage
S.No (V) Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
(mA) (mA) (mA) (mA)
PROCEDURE :
1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram

3. The current in short circuited branch is noted using the ammeter
4. Tabulate the readings and check with the theoretical values
Determination of load current

3. Vary the RPS to a specified voltage and note the corresponding ammeter reading
4. Repeat the above step for various RPS voltages and tabulate the reading

theoretical values.
TO FIND LOAD CURRENT:
TO FIND NORTON’S CURRENT:

RESULT
Thus Norton theorem was verified for the given electrical circuit.
Theoretical:
Isc =
Rth =
IL =
Practical:
Isc =
Rth =
IL =
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1:
CASE 1:When both voltage sources E1 and E2 are present
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM2:
CASE 2:When voltage source E1 is present
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM3: CASE 3: When voltage source E2 is present

SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL
EXP.NO: VERIFICATION OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
DATE: PROBLEMS USING SUPERPOSITION
THEOREM
AIM:
To practically verify superposition theorem for the given network with the theoretical
calculation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl. No
Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

2 Ammeter
3 Resistor
4 Bread board 1
THEORY:
In a linear bilateral active network containing more than one source the total response
obtained is algebraic sum of response obtained individually considering only one source at a
time the source being suitable suppressed.
PROCEDURE:
1. The connection is made as per the circuit diagram.

2. With V1 = 20V and V2 = 0V observe the ammeter reading.
3. The above procedure repeated with V1 = 0V and V2 = 20V.
4. The total response at the required terminal is obtained using sum of individual
response.
5. Respect same procedure for different values of V1 and V2.
TABULAR COLUMN:-
CASE 1:When both voltage sources V 1 and V 2 are present.
Current I
S.No Voltage V 1 (V) Voltage V 2 (V)
Practical (I) mA Theoretical (I) mA
TABULAR COLUMN:-
CASE 2: When voltage source E1 is present. [Circuit Diagram 2]
Current I
S.No Voltage V1 (V)
TABULAR COLUMN:-
CASE 3:When voltage source E1 is present. [Circuit Diagram 3]
Current I
S.No Voltage V1 (V
SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR SUPERPOSITION THEOREM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WITH V1 ACTING INDEPENDENTLY:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WITH V2 ACTING INDEPENDENTLY:

theoretical values.
RESULT:
Thus superposition theorem was verified theoretically and experimentally.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 1:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 2:
DETERMINATION OF POWER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3:
EXP.NO : SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION OF
DATE :
ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT PROBLEMS USING
MAXIMUMPOWER TRANSFER THEOREM
AIM:
To verify the maximum power transformation in purely passive circuit and the
load resistance is variable.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

2 Ammeter
3 Resistor
4 Bread board 1
THEORY:
Maximum power will be delivered from a voltage source to a load, if load resistance is
equal to the internal resistance of the sources.
 RTH=RL
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Remove the load resistor on the network
3. Calculated RTH by substituting all sources with their internal resistances
looking back at the network.
4. Calculate VTH, the open circuit voltage between the terminals by replacing all
the sources to their original position.
FORMULAE:
Maximum Power =Voc2/4Rth
TABULAR COLUMN:-
Load resistor Voltage Current power

S.No
(RL) Ω (V) (I mA) Watts
SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
THEOREM:
MODEL GRAPH:

theoretical values.
RESULT:
Thus the maximum power transfer theorem was verified theoretically and experimentally.
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF GENERAL PURPOSE CRO:
EXP NO.:
DATE:
STUDY OF ANALOG AND DIGITAL OSCILLOSCOPES AND
MEASUREMENT OF SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE, FREQUENCY AND POWER
FACTOR
AIM:
The aim of the experiment is to understand the operation of cathode ray
oscilloscope (CRO) and to become familiar with its usage, also to perform an
experiment using function generator to measure amplitude, time period, frequency &
power factor of the time varying signals using a calibrated cathode ray oscilloscope.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the Components/Equipment Qty

1. CRO 1
2. Function generator 2
3. Probes 2
THEORY:
The cathode ray oscilloscope (CRO) provides a visual presentation of any
waveform applied to the input terminal. The oscilloscope consists of the
following major subsystems.
• Cathode ray tube (CRT)
• Vertical amplifier
• Horizontal amplifier
• Sweep Generator
• Trigger circuit
• Associated power supply
It can be employed to measure quantities such as peak voltage, frequency,
phase difference, pulse width, delay time, rise time, and fall time.
S.No Type of Time Amplitude Theoretical Practical
wave period (T) Frequency Frequency
1.
2.
3.
CATHODE RAY TUBE:
The CRT is the heart of the CRO providing visual display of an input signal
waveform. A CRT contains four basic parts:
• An electron gun to provide a stream of electrons.
• Focusing and accelerating elements to produce a well define beam of
electrons.
• Horizontal and vertical deflecting plates to control the path of the
electron beam.
• An evacuated glass envelope with a phosphorescent which glows visibly
when struck by electron beam.
A Cathode containing an oxide coating is heated indirectly by a filament resulting
in the release of electrons from the cathode surface. The control grid which has a
negative potential, controls the electron flow from the cathode and thus control the
number of electron directed to the screen. Once the electron passes the control grid,
they are focused into a tight beam and accelerated to a higher velocity by focusing and
accelerating anodes. The high velocity and well defined electron beam then passed
through two sets of deflection plates.
The First set of plates is oriented to deflect the electron beam vertically. The angle
of the vertical deflection is determined by the voltage polarity applied to the deflection
plates. The electron beam is also being deflected horizontally by a voltage applied to
the horizontal deflection plates. The tube sensitivity to deflecting voltages can be
expressed in two ways that are deflection factor and deflection sensitivity.
The deflected beam is then further accelerated by very high voltages applied to the
tube with the beam finally striking a phosphorescent material on the inside face of the
tube. The phosphor glows when struck by the energetic electrons.
CONTROL GRID:
Regulates the number of electrons that reach the anode and hence the
brightness of the spot on the screen.
FOCUSING ANODE:
Ensures that electrons leaving the cathode in slightly different directions are
focused down to a narrow beam and all arrive at the same spot on the screen.
ELECTOR GUN:
Cathode, control grid, focusing anode, and accelerating anode.
DEFLECTING PLATES:
Electric fields between the first pair of plates deflect the electrons horizontally
and an electric field between the second pair deflects them vertically. If no deflecting
fields are present, the electrons travel in a straight line from the hole in the
accelerating anode to the center of the screen, where they produce a bright spot. In
general purpose oscilloscope, amplifier circuits are needed to increase the input signal
to the voltage level required to operate the tube because the signals measured using
CRO are typically small. There are amplifier sections for both vertical and horizontal
deflection of the beam.
VERTICAL AMPLIFIER:
Amplify the signal at its input prior to the signal being applied to the vertical
deflection plates.
HORIZONTAL AMPLIFIER:
Amplify the signal at its input prior to the signal being applied to the horizontal
deflection plates.
SWEEP GENERATOR:
Develop a voltage at the horizontal deflection plate that increases linearly with
time.
OPERATION:
The four main parts of the oscilloscope CRT are designed to create and direct
an electron beam to a screen to form an image. The oscilloscope links to a circuit that
directly connects to the vertical deflection plates while the horizontal plates have
linearly increasing charge to form a plot of the circuit voltage over time. In an
operating cycle, the heater gives electrons in the cathode enough energy to escape.
The electrons are attracted to the accelerating anode and pulled through a control grid
that regulates the number of electrons in the beam, a focusing anode that controls the
width of the beam, and the accelerating anode itself. The vertical and horizontal
deflection plates create electric field that bend the beam of electrons. The electrons
finally hit the fluorescent screen which absorbs the energy from the electron beam and
emits it in the form of light to display an image at the end of the glass tube.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Do not leave a ‘bright spot’ on the screen for any length of time.
2. Do not apply signals that exceed the scopes voltage rating.
3. Do not try make accurate measurements on signals whose frequency is outside
the scope’s frequency specifications.
4. Be aware that the scope’s input circuitry can cause loading effects on the
circuitry under test-use correct probe for the work.
PRODEDURE:
1. Measurement of Voltage Using CRO : A voltage can be measured by noting
the Y deflection produced by the voltage; using this deflection in conjunction with the
Y-gain setting, the voltage can be calculated as follows : V = ( no. of boxes in cm. ) x
( selected Volts/cm scale )
2 .Measurement of Current and Resistance Using a CRO: Using the general
method, a correctly calibrated CRO can be used in conjunction with a known value of
resistance R to determine the current I flowing through the resistor.
3 Measurement of Frequency Using a CRO: A simple method of determining
the frequency of a signal is to estimate its periodic time from the trace on the screen of
a CRT. However this method has limited accuracy, and should only be used where
other methods are not available. To calculate the frequency of the observed signal, one
has to measure the period, i.e. the time taken for 1 complete cycle, using the calibrated
sweep scale. The period could be calculated by T = (no. of squares in cm) x (selected
Time/cm scale) Once the period T is known, the frequency is given by f (Hz)=
1/T(sec)
4. Measurement of Phase: The calibrated time scales can be used to calculate
the phase shift between two sinusoidal signals of the same frequency. If a dual trace or
beam CRO is available to display the two signals simultaneously (one of the signals is
used for synchronization), both of the signals will appear in proper time perspective
and the amount of time difference between the waveforms can be measured. This, in
turn can be utilized to calculate the phase angle θ, between the two signals.
Referring to the fig below the phase shift can be calculated by the formula;
θ°=
MEASUREMENT OF PF:
The power factor is calculated by the formula
pf=VICOS θ.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is a CRO?
2. How can we measure the voltage using a CRO?
3. Explain the different parts of the CRO
4. Explain the operation of a CRO.
RESULT:
Thus the Analog and digital oscilloscopes were studied and measurement
of sinusoidal voltage, frequency and power factor was done.
RC – Transients :-
MODEL GRAPH
SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF FREQUENCY
Ex No. :
RESPONSE OF RC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
Date :
AIM:
To obtain the transient response of RL and RC circuits for dc input
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

2 Ammeter
3 Resistor
4 Bread board 1
THEORY:
Electrical devices are controlled by switches which are closed to connect supply to the
device, or opened in order to disconnect the supply to the device. The switching operation will
change the current and voltage in the device. The purely resistive devices will allow
instantaneous change in current and voltage. An inductive device will not allow sudden change
in current and capacitance device will not allow sudden change in voltage. Hence when
switching operation is performed in inductive and capacitive devices, the current & voltage in
device will take a certain time to change from pre switching value to steady state value after
switching. This phenomenon is known as transient.
The study of switching condition in the circuit is called transient analysis. The state of
the circuit from instant of switching to attainment of steady state is called transient state. The
time duration from the instant of switching till the steady state is called transient period. The
current & voltage of circuit elements during transient period is called transient response.
PROCEDURE:
1. Charge on capacitor is „o‟ initially.

2. If there is a charge in it, short circuit the terminal then the charge will be dissipated.
TABULAR COLUMN:-
Time Voltage
S.No
ms (V)
SIMULATION DIAGRAM:
3. Close the switch at t = 0
4. Simultaneously switch on the stop watch.
5. For every 2 seconds note down the voltage across capacitor until
Voltmeter reaches 5 V.After reaching 15V allow 10 sec. for it.
THEORETICAL VERIFICATION:
R-C Circuit;
RESULT:
Thus, the transient response of RC circuits for dc input was obtained .
SIMULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OUTPUT WAVEFORM:
Case (i):
EXP NO.:
DATE :
SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF FREQUENCY

RESPONSE OF RLC ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
AIM:
To simulate and find the frequency response of RLC electric circuits.
SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
PSpice Lite
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Name of the Range/Type Quantity

Components/Equipment required
1 Resistor 1000 Ώ 1
2 Function generator - 1
3 Voltmeter (0-30)V MI 1
4 Decade capacitance box - 1
5 Decade Inductance box - 1
6 Wires Single strand Few nos
7 Bread board 1
THEORY:
RLC CIRCUIT:
Consider a series RLC circuit as shown. The switch is in open state initially.
There is no charge on condenser and no voltage across it. At instant t=0, switch is
closed.
Immediately after closing a switch, the capacitor acts as a short circuit, so
current at the time of switching is high. The voltage across capacitor is zero at t= 0+ as
capacitor acts as a short circuit, and the current is maximum given by,
i = V/R Amps
OBSERVATION TABLE:
S.No. Frequency Time Voltage across the
(Hz) (s) capacitor VC
(v)
MODEL CALCULATION:
This current is maximum at t=0+ which is charging current. As the capacitor starts
charging, the voltage across capacitor VC starts increasing and charging current starts
decreasing. After some time, when the capacitor charges to V volts, it achieves steady
state. In steady state it acts as an open circuit and current will be zero finally.
Laplace transform of current flowing through the circuit is,
V/L
I(s)=
R 1
s 2 + s+
L LC
Case (i):
2
⎡R⎤ 1
If ⎢ ⎥ >
⎣ 2 L ⎦ LC
The roots are real and distinct. The current is over damped.
Case (ii):
2
⎡R⎤ 1
If ⎢ ⎥ =
⎣ 2 L ⎦ LC
The roots are equal. The current is critically damped.
Case (iii):
2
⎡R⎤ 1
If ⎢ ⎥ <
2
⎣ ⎦ LC
L
The roots become complex conjugate. The current is oscillatory in nature.
PROCEDURE:

2. Vary the frequency by using function generator
3. For different frequencies tabulate the value of voltage across the capacitor
4. Calculate the time period
5. Plot the graph for time period Vs voltage across the capacitor.
Case (ii):
Case (iii):
RESULT:
Thus the transient responses of RLC circuit are found practically.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
TABULAR COLUMN:- Input voltage, Vin = …………..V
Voltage Gain
S.No Frequency (Hz) Voltage (Vo) = 20 log V0/Vin
Ex No. : DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SERIES RESONANCE
CIRCUIT
Date :
AIM
To determine and obtain the frequency response of a series RLC circuit
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1 Decade Resistance Box 1 kΩ 1
2 Decade Inductance Box 250 mH
3 Decade Capacitance Box 1 μF

4 Function Generator (0 - 3) MHz
5 C.R.O Analog
6 Bread Board
7 Connecting wires Required
THEORY
An A.C. circuit is said to be in resonance with its power factor becomes unity at which
the impedance of circuit becomes purely resistive. The frequency at which such condition
occurs is called resonant frequency. At resonance the circuit current is maximum for series
resonant.
FORMULAE
Resonant frequency, F0 = 1 / [ 2π √LC ]
Band width = F2 – F1
Quality factor = W0 L / R Where, F0 – Resonant frequency
Model graph:
F1 – Lower cut off frequency in Hz

F2 – Upper cut off frequency in Hz
PROCEDURE:

2. Set the values of R, L & C
3. Frequency varied from 1kHz to 100 kHz in steps
4. At each step the frequency and voltage is noted down
5. Graph is drawn between frequency along X – axis and voltage along Y – axis
RESULT:
Thus the frequency response of series resonant circuit was obtained
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
TABULAR COLUMN:-
Input voltage, Vin = …………..V
Voltage Gain
S.No Frequency (Hz) Voltage (Vo) = 20 log V0/Vin
Ex No. : DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SERIES RESONANCE
CIRCUIT
AIM
To determine and obtain the frequency response of parallel R L C circuit
APPARATUS REQUIRED
1 Decade Resistance Box 1 kΩ

2 Decade Inductance Box 250 mH
3 Decade Capacitance Box 2 μF
4 Function Generator (0 - 3) MHz
5 C.R.O. Analog
6 Bread Board
7 Connecting wires Required
THEORY
An A.C. circuit is said to be in resonance when its power factor becomes unity. The
impedance of circuit at resonance becomes purely resistive. The frequency at which such a
condition occurs is called resonant frequency.
The impedance is given by Z = R + j (XL - XC)
When the impedance is real, the | Z | is minimum. At resonance the power factor is unity
Therefore, Z = R and reactive part is zero. Thus XL - XC = 0
ω0 = 1 / √LC
f0 = 1 / 2π √LC
MODEL GRAPH:
FORMULAE USED:
Resonant frequency, f0 = 1 / 2π √LC
Band width = F2 – F1
Quality factor = ω0L / R
Where,
f0 – Resonant frequency in Hz
F1 – Lower cut off frequency in Hz
F2 – Upper cut off frequency in Hz
PROCEDURE

2. Set the values of R, L & C
3. Frequency varied from 1kHz to 100 kHz in steps
4. At each step the frequency and voltage is noted down
5. Graph is drawn between frequency along X – axis and voltage along Y – axis
EXP.NO:
DATE:
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT
AIM
To design and simulation of series resonance circuit using matlab
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
 Matlab
PROCEDURE
Algorithm
MATLAB
Input impedance of series RLC tank circuit
disp('starting the function of Zinput_seriesRLC1');

%define all the component values and units for Tank
Vm=1; %volts
R=200; %ohms
C=40e-12; %Farads
L=1000e-6; Henrys
%define the input mpedance

Zin_numb=[L*C R*C 1];
Zin_de=[0 C 0];
Zinput=tf(Zin_numb,Zin_d)
figure(1)
bode(Zinput)
title('Input impedance of series RLC tank circuit')
%calculating important parameters of the tank
[z,p,k]=zpkdata(Zinput,'v');
wo=sqrt(1/L/C Beta=R/L Q=wo/Beta
disp(' finished the function of Zinput_seriesRLC1');
Result
Thus the series resonance circuit was designed and simulated using Matlab
EXP.NO:
DATE:
DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF PARALLEL RESONANCE CIRCUIT
AIM
To design and simulation of parallel resonance circuit using Matlab
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
 Matlab
PROCEDURE
MATLAB
Input impedance of Parallel RLC tank circuit
function [Zinput]=Zinput_parallelRLC1()
disp('Starting the function of input_seriesRLC1');

Im =0.0001;
R=20000;
C=100e-9;
L=0.1;
Zinductor=tf([L 0],[0,1]);
Zcapacitor=tf([0 1], [C 0]);
Zinput=1/(1/R+1/Zcapacitor+1/Zinductor)
figure(1)
bode(Zinput)
title('Input impedance of parallel RLC tank circuit')
[z,p,k]=zpkdata(Zinput,'v');
w0=sqrt(1/L/C
) Beta=1/R/C
Q=w0/Beta
disp('finished the function of Zinput_seriesRLC1');
Result
Thus the parallel resonance circuit was designed and simulated using Matlab
MATLAB circuit for Three-Phase Circuits with Load Impedances (STAR Connected)
Output voltage for star connected Balanced and Un balanced Load

EXP.NO:
DATE:
SIMULATION OF THREE PHASES BALANCED AND UNBALANCED STAR,

DELTA NETWORKS CIRCUITS
AIM
To build, simulate, and analyze three-phase circuits using MATLAB under balanced and
unbalanced conditions, and to understand the characteristic of 3-phase power transmission circuits
SOFTWARE REQUIRED
 MATLAB
Procedure (STAR connection)
1. Design the MATLAB circuit for STAR connection

2. For Balanced load,
Zry = Zyb = Zbr = (20 + 30j)
3. In scope, View the current and Voltage.
4. For Un Balanced load,

Zry = (20 + 30j) ;
Zyb = (10 + 15j) ;
Zbr = (15 - 30j) ;
Procedure (DELTA connection)
1. Design the MATLAB circuit for DELTA connection

2. For Balanced load,
Zry = Zyb = Zbr = (20 + 30j)
4. For Un Balanced load,

Zry = (20 + 30j) ;
Zyb = (10 + 15j) ;
Zbr = (15 - 30j) ;
Output Current for star connected Balanced Load
Output Current for star connected Un Balanced Load

MATLAB circuit for Three-Phase Circuits with Load Impedances (DELTA Connected)
Output voltage for Delta connected Balanced and Un balanced Load

Output Current for Delta connected Balanced Load
Output Current for Delta connected Un Balanced Load

Result
Thus the three phase circuits (balanced or unbalanced, star or delta) are designed and
analyzed using MATLAB software.

Ee8251 Circuit Theory

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ST.

EE8261 ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS LABORATORY

1. Simulation and Experimental validation of R-C electric circuit transients.

1. Understand the equipment to be tested and apparatus to be used.

2. Do not touch the live terminals.

5. Get the connection checked before switching „ON‟ the supply.

7. Switch ON or OFF the load gradually and not suddenly.

8. Strictly observe the instructions given by the Staff / Lab Instructor

1. Simulation and experimental verification of electrical circuit problems using

1 Regulated power supply (0 - 30) V Analog 1

KIRCHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model

SIMULATION DIAGRAM FOR KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE LAW:

Sl.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Regulated power supply (0 - 30) V Analog 1

KIRCHOFF’S CURRENT LAW

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model

Sl. No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Regulated power supply (0 - 30) V Analog 1

THEVENIN EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model

Thevenin’s Voltage (VTh) Load current (IL)

THEVENIN’S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

Sl. No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Regulated power supply (0 - 30) V Analog 1

1. The connections are given as per the circuit diagram

Determination of load current

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model

TO FIND NORTON’S CURRENT:

CASE 1:When both voltage sources E1 and E2 are present

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM3: CASE 3: When voltage source E2 is present

1 Regulated power supply (0 - 30) V Analog 2

1. The connection is made as per the circuit diagram.

CASE 1:When both voltage sources V 1 and V 2 are present.

CASE 2: When voltage source E1 is present. [Circuit Diagram 2]

CASE 3:When voltage source E1 is present. [Circuit Diagram 3]

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM WITH V1 ACTING INDEPENDENTLY:

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model

Sl.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

Load resistor Voltage Current power

1. Open a new MATLAB/SIMULINK model

S.No Name of the Components/Equipment Qty

Sl.No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Regulated power supply (0 - 30) V Analog 1

1. Charge on capacitor is „o‟ initially.

SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL VALIDATION OF FREQUENCY

To simulate and find the frequency response of RLC electric circuits.

S.No. Name of the Range/Type Quantity

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

Thus the transient responses of RLC circuit are found practically.

TABULAR COLUMN:- Input voltage, Vin = …………..V

Sl. No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Decade Resistance Box 1 kΩ 1

2 Decade Inductance Box 250 mH

3 Decade Capacitance Box 1 μF

F1 – Lower cut off frequency in Hz

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

Sl. No Name of the apparatus Range Type Quantity

1 Decade Resistance Box 1 kΩ

1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF SERIES RESONANCE CIRCUIT

To design and simulation of series resonance circuit using matlab