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ELECTRONICS
Electronics Engineering
Zahid Raza
1
Definition of Power Electronics
DEFINITION:
To convert, i.e to process and control the flow of
electric power by supplying voltage s and currents in a
form that is optimally suited for user loads.
POWER POWER
INPUT OUTPUT
vi , i i Power vo , i o
Processor
Source Load
measurement
Controller
reference
• Building Blocks:
– Input Power, Output Power
– Power Processor
– Controller
2
Power Electronics (PE) Systems
• To convert electrical energy from one form to
another, i.e. from the source to load with:
– highest efficiency,
– highest availability
– highest reliability
– lowest cost,
– smallest size
– least weight.
• Static applications
– involves non-rotating or moving mechanical
components.
– Examples:
• DC Power supply, Un-interruptible power
supply, Power generation and transmission
(HVDC), Electroplating, Welding, Heating,
Cooling, Electronic ballast
• Drive applications
– intimately contains moving or rotating
components such as motors.
– Examples:
• Electric trains, Electric vehicles, Air-
conditioning System, Pumps, Compressor,
Conveyer Belt (Factory automation).
3
Application examples
AC voltage DC-DC
DIODE FILTER LOAD
RECTIFIER CONVERTER
AC LINE
VOLTAGE Vcontrol
(1 or 3 )
(derived from
feedback circuit)
Desired
temperature Indoor temperature
System and humidity Indoor
Controller sensors
Desired
humidity
4
Power Conversion concept:
example
• Supply from TNB: Vs (Volt)
• TNB sine-wave
supply gives zero DC
component!
+ +
Vs Vo
• We can use simple _ _
half-wave rectifier. A
fixed DC voltage is
now obtained. This is
a simple PE system.
Vo
5
Conversion Concept
How if customer wants variable DC voltage?
More complex circuit using SCR is required.
vs
ig
t
ia
vo
+ +
vs vo
_ _
t
ig
1 Vm
Vo Vm sin td t 1 cos
2 2
By controlling the firing angle, ,the output DC
voltage (after conversion) can be varied..
AC input DC output
DC to DC: CHOPPER
DC input DC output
DC to AC: INVERTER
DC input AC output
7
Current issues
1. Energy scenario
• Need to reduce dependence on fossil fuel
– coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear power resource
Depletion of these sources is expected.
2. Environment issues
• Nuclear safety.
– Nuclear plants remain radioactive for thousands of
years.
• Burning of fossil fuel
– emits gases such as CO2, CO (oil burning), SO2, NOX
(coal burning) etc.
– Creates global warming (green house effect), acid rain
and urban pollution from smokes.
• Possible Solutions by application of PE. Examples:
– Renewable energy resources.
– Centralization of power stations to remote non-urban
area. (mitigation).
– Electric vehicles.
8
PE growth
• PE is an interdisciplinary field:
– Digital/analogue electronics
– Power and energy
– Microelectronics
– Control system
– Computer, simulation and software
– Solid-state physics and devices
– Packaging
– Heat transfer
9
Power semiconductor devices
(Power switches)
• Power switches:
work-horses of PE
systems.
POWER SWITCH
Vswitch= Vin
Vin
• Power switch never
operates in linear
mode. SWITCH OFF (fully opened)
• Power Diodes
– Stud type
– “Hockey-puck”
type
• IGBT
– Module type:
Full bridge and
three phase
• IGCT
– Integrated with
its driver
11
Power Diode
Id
A (Anode)
+
Id Vd
_ Vr
Vf Vd
K (Cathode)
12
Reverse Recovery
IF
trr= ( t2 - t0 )
t2
t0
VR
IRM
VRM
13
Softness factor, Sr
Snap-off
t0
VR
t1 t2
Soft-recovery
IF Sr= ( t2 - t1 )/(t1 - t0)
= 0.8
t1 t2
t0
VR
14
Types of Power Diodes
• Fast recovery
– Very low trr (<1us).
– Power levels at several hundred volts and
several hundred amps
– Normally used in high frequency circuits
• Schottky
– Very low forward voltage drop (typical 0.3V)
– Limited blocking voltage (50-100V)
– Used in low voltage, high current application
such as switched mode power supplies.
15
Thyristor (SCR)
Ia
A (Anode)
Ia
+ Ig>0
Vak Ig=0
Ig Ih
_ Vr
Ibo
G (Gate)
Vak
Vbo
K (Cathode)
16
Thyristor Conduction
ig
vs
ia
+ + t
vs vo
_ _ vo
ig
17
Types of thyristors
• Phase controlled
– rectifying line frequency voltage and current
for ac and dc motor drives
– large voltage (up to 7kV) and current (up to
4kA) capability
– low on-state voltage drop (1.5 to 3V)
• Inverter grade
– used in inverter and chopper
– Quite fast. Can be turned-on using “force-
commutation” method.
• Light activated
– Similar to phase controlled, but triggered by
pulse of light.
– Normally very high power ratings
• TRIAC
– Dual polarity thyristors
18
Controllable switches
(power transistors)
19
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
C (collector)
IC
IC
B (base) +
VCE IB
_
IB
20
BJT Darlington pair
C (collector)
Driver IC1
Transistor IC Output
Transistor
B (base)
IC2
+
IB1 VCE
_
IB2
Biasing/ E (emitter)
stabilising
network
I c1 Ic2
I c I B1 I c1 I c 2 I B1
I B1 I B1
Ic2 I B2 I B1 I c1
1 1 2
I B2 I B1 I B1
1 2 1 1
1 2 1 2
21
Metal Oxide Silicon Field Effect
Transistor (MOSFET)
D (drain)
ID
ID
+
G (gate) VGS
+
_
VDS
+ _
VGS
_
VDS
S (source)
22
MOSFET characteristics
• Basically low voltage device. High voltage device
are available up to 600V but with limited current.
Can be paralleled quite easily for higher current
capability.
23
Insulated Gate Bipolar
Transistor (IGBT)
C (collector)
IC
IC
G (gate) +
VCE VGE
_
+
VGE _
E (emitter)
VCE (sat) VCE
IGBT: symbol v-i characteristics
24
Gate turn-off thyristor (GTO)
Ia
A (Anode)
Ia
+ Ig>0 Ig=0
Vak Ih
_ Vr
Ibo
G (Gate)
I
Vak
g Vbo
K (Cathode)
25
Insulated Gate-Commutated
Thyristor (IGCT)
A (Anode)
Ia
+
Vak IGCT
_
I
g
K (Cathode)
IGCT: Symbol
• Ratings:
Voltage: Vak<6.5kV; Current: Ia<4kA.
Frequency<1KHz. Currently 10kV device is being
developed.
• Very low on state voltage: 2.7V for 4kA device
26
Power Switches: Power Ratings
1GW
Thyristor
10MW
10MW GTO/IGCT
1MW
100kW IGBT
10kW
MOSFET
1kW
100W
27
(Base/gate) Driver circuit
28
Amplification: Example:
MOSFET gate driver
+VGG
From control
circuit +
R1
Rg D
G
VDC
Q1 + S
VGS
LM311 _
_
29
Isolation
R1 ig +
vak
-
Pulse source
R2 iak
From control
circuit D1 Q1 A1 To driver
30
Switches comparisons (2003)
31
Application examples
• For each of the following application, choose the
best power switches and reason out why.
32
Power switch losses
• Why it is important to consider losses of power
switches?
– to ensure that the system operates reliably under
prescribed ambient conditions
– so that heat removal mechanism (e.g. heat
sink, radiators, coolant) can be specified. losses
in switches affects the system efficiency
• Main losses:
– forward conduction losses,
– blocking state losses
– switching losses
33
Heat Removal Mechanism
34
Forward conduction loss
+Von
Ideal switch:
– Zero voltage drop across it during turn-on (Von).
– Although the forward current ( Ion ) may be
large, the losses on the switch is zero.
• Real switch:
– Exhibits forward conduction voltage (on state)
(between 1-3V, depending on type of switch)
during turn on.
– Losses is measured by product of volt-drop
across the device Von with the current, Ion,
averaged over the period.
36
Switching loss
v P=vi i
v
i
Energy
time time
• Ideal switch:
– During turn-on and turn off, ideal switch requires
zero transition time. Voltage and current are
switched instantaneously.
– Power loss due to switching is zero
• Real switch:
– During switching transition, the voltage requires time
to fall and the current requires time to rise.
– The switching losses is the product of device
voltage and current during transition.
37
Snubbers
+VL Vce
Ls
i
+ +
Vin Vce
Vce rated
time
di
vin vs vce Ls vce
dt
di
vce vin Ls
dt
since di dt is negative (turning off)
di
vce vin Ls
dt
38
RCD Snubbers
• The voltage across the switch is bigger than the
supply (for a short moment). This is spike.
Ls
+
Vce
Vce rated
time
39
Snubbers
40
Ideal vs. Practical power switch
41