INTRODUCTION TO INNOVATIVE

PROJECTS
PHY1999
DIGITAL ASSAIGNMENT 1
“REPORT ON
ACCIDENT RATE REDUCTION”

GROUP MEMBERS: SLOT: TF2

18BIS0031 SHABD PRAKASH FACULTY NAME:
18BEE0214 P. VISHNU VARDHAN MONICA SUBASHINI M
18BEE0220 JAYA KRISHNAKANTH

18BEE0099 P. VENKATA KARTHI

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 “REPORT ON
ACCIDENT RATE REDUCTION”

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OBJECTIVE:
The main agenda of our survey is to analyse the reasons due to
which accidents occur and produce an effective solution to reduce
the accident rates. In India many accidents occur. Approximately
150000 people die in road accidents every year. This accidents rate
tends to keep increasing. According to a survey conducted by
NDTV, this number exceeds the number of deaths occurred in wars
India fought.

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ABSTRACT:
What are the main contributing factors to road accidents? Factors such as
inexperience, lack of skill, and risk-taking behaviours have been associated with
the collisions of young drivers. In contrast, visual, cognitive, and mobility
impairment have been associated with the collisions of older drivers. We
investigated the main causes of road accidents by drawing on multiple sources:
expert views of police officers, lay views of the driving public, and official road
accident records. In Studies 1 and 2, police officers and the public were asked
about the typical causes of road traffic collisions using hypothetical accident
scenarios. In Study 3, we investigated whether the views of police officers and
the public about accident causation influence their recall accuracy for factors
reported to contribute to hypothetical road accidents. The results show that
both expert views of police officers and lay views of the driving public closely
approximated the typical factors associated with the collisions of young and
older drivers, as determined from official accident records.

The results also reveal potential underreporting of factors in existing accident

records, identifying possible inadequacies in law enforcement practices for
investigating driver distraction, drug and alcohol impairment, and uncorrected
or defective eyesight. Our investigation also highlights a need for accident
report forms to be continuously reviewed and updated to ensure that
contributing factor lists reflect the full range of factors that contribute to road
accidents. Finally, the views held by police officers and the public on accident
causation influenced their memory recall of factors involved in hypothetical
scenarios. These findings indicate that delay in completing accident report
forms should be minimised, possibly by use of mobile reporting devices at the
accident scene.

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INTRODUCTION:
The main causes for road accidents in India are use of mobile phones while
driving, sending messages, handling of mobiles or not concentration while
driving or alcoholic or lack of sleep etc., are some of the causes that may lead
to human tragedy in road accidents. It involves very high cost which cannot be
filled by money or any other, as cost may be permanent suffering for person
injured loss of earning for the family members and even death. Government
and NGO’s have made many efforts and taken many programmes and
awareness to reduce the accidents by means of law and also educating the
school & college students and they forcing and pressuring their family members
to follow road safety rules .The data shows situation has improved a lot .

As per data available nearly 0.5 million accidents occurred and more than
hundred thirty thousand people are involved in it. One of the most alarming
information is we have young people are involved in this accident at the rate of
one death in every four minute. Most of the people involved in accident are
bread earner for the family. Many of the road accidents can be avoidable
Many countries have brought down the road accident to very very less by
adopting multiple ways to road safety like increasing road width, adopting more
than 3 lanes in a stretch, slow moving vehicles at one side, some types of
vehicles not allowing on road, avoiding road junction, change of road from
direction to other only by flyovers, construction of subways or over bridge for
pedestrian crossing, adopting latest infrastructure and traffic management.
Continues improvement in quality and changes adopted in road construction,
Changes are made in laws, emergency rescue team at certain locations. Many
other agencies like hospitals, road construction wings, TO, Police and transport
unions must involve in the decision making. This case study will help in making
changes in road safety.

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BASED ON SPEED

While driving on highways, motorists should not exceed the

maximum speed limit permitted for their vehicle. However, accidents
keep occurring due to speed violations since the drivers tend to
ignore their speedometers. This speed checker will come handy for
the highway traffic police as it will not only provide a digital display in
accordance with a vehicle’s speed but also sound an alarm if the
vehicle exceeds the permissible speed for the highway.

METHODOLOGY:

The system basically comprises two laser transmitter-LDR sensor pairs,

which are installed on the highway 100 metres apart, with the
transmitter and the LDR sensor of each pair on the opposite sides of
the road. The installation of lasers and LDRs. The system displays the
time taken by the vehicle in crossing this 100m distance from one
pair to the other with a resolution of 0.01 second, from which the
speed of the vehicle can be calculated as follows:

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As per the above equation, for a speed of 40 kmph the display will
read 900 (or 9 seconds), and for a speed of 60 kmph the display will
read 600 (or 6 seconds). Note that the LSB of the display equals 0.01
second and each succeeding digit is ten times the preceding digit.
You can similarly calculate the other readings (or time).

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LITERATURE SURVEY:
Review of literature is important in any research work. Many researchers have
carried out research work in the area of road accidents. Some of them have
analyzed accident data in different ways. Some of them Identification of Black
spot zone. Some of them have developed accident models for forecasting
future accident trends. They have also proposed strategies for road safety. In
the report literature review is carried out covering the different issues related to
road accident and road safety.

Yannis T.H. (2014) was presented a Review of The Effect of Traffic and Weather
Characteristics on Road Safety. Despite the existence of generally mixed
evidence on the effect of traffic parameters, a few patterns can be observed.
For instance, traffic flow seems to have a non-linear relationship with accident
rates, even though some studies suggest linear relationship with accidents.
Regarding weather effects, the effect of precipitation is quite consistent and
leads generally to increased accident frequency but does not seem to have a
consistent effect on severity. The impact of other weather parameters on safety,
such as visibility, wind speed and temperature is not found straightforward so far.
The increasing use of real-time data not only makes easier to identify the safety
impact of traffic and weather characteristics, but most importantly makes
possible the identification of their combined effect. The more systematic use of
these real-time data may address several of the research gaps identified in this
research.

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References Based on IEEE transactions

Vehicle speed measurement using camera as sensor

o Dec 2012
o A Nurhadiyatna
o B Hardjono
Nurhadiyatna A., Hardjono B. " Vehicle speed measurement using camera as
sensor", IEEE, Dec. 2012

An FPGA-based vehicle speed measurement system using an uncalibrated

camera
o Oct 2010
o Ji Ho Song
o Dongkyun Kim
Ji Ho Song, Dongkyun Kim "An FPGA-based vehicle speed measurement
system using an uncalibrated camera", IEEE, Oct. 2010.

CW doppler radar based land vehicle speed measurement algorithm using

zero crossing and least squares method
o Oct 2012
o P Misans
o M Terauds
Misans P.,Terauds, M.,"CW doppler radar based land vehicle speed
measurement algorithm using zero crossing and least squares method",
IEEE,Oct. 2012 PRESS

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Operational Amplifiers and Linear Ics
o Jan 1997
o A David
o Bell
David A Bell, "Operational Amplifiers and Linear Ics", 2nd Edition, 1997,
Pearson

The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded System

o Jan 2008
o Muhammad Ali Mazidi
Muhammad Ali Mazidi, "The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded System", 2nd
Edition, 2008, Pearson Education

A Real-Time Vehicle License Plate Recognition (LPR) System

o Jul 2009
o Mukeshkumar
MukeshKumar,"A Real-Time Vehicle License Plate Recognition (LPR) System",
A thesis report submitted for the completion of Master degree in Electronics
Instrumentation and control engineering, July 2009.

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REFERENCES:
(Research paper, Conference papers, Patents and Current trends of the
project)

https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S2352146517307913?token=BC3A76E76FE50270D4A30189E
F94EC4398307983DCEECE793A96560BD6732445864C152E0188996E1457AC1CFA32C334

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325927560_Smart_Road_Traffic_Accidents_Reduction_Strat
egy_Based_on_Intelligent_Transportation_Systems_TARS

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6682830

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1242426

http://bca.transportationeconomics.org/benefits/safety/change-in-accident-rates

https://www.irjet.net/archives/V3/i6/IRJET-V3I6493.pdf

http://www.rhd.gov.bd/Documents/ExternalPublications/Trl/Reduction%20in%20road%20addidents%2
0Note05.pdf

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315829097_Road_Accidents_and_Prevention

https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S2352146518303958?token=6C86FA4B3E49F813594BB258A
BA1216C13799C252C4D8F445F089AA0ACA32F898D8A4EF1D63E004E800EC0B3C119A799

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303721258_The_Impact_of_Traffic_Law_Enforcement_on_R
oad_Accident_Fatalities_in_Botswana

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262827694_Reducing_Road-
Traffic_Accidents_on_African_Roads_through_a_Computer_Simulation_Programming_Approach

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352146517307913

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