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Exercise 1 (Gross Morphological Differences

Among Major Plant Taxa)

Chaetomorpha sp. (Green algae)----chaeto,


spaghetti algae

Chara sp.------stonewort
Caulerpa sp. -----------(green algae)

secondary
laterals

Marchantia sp.-----liverwort

Liverwort are unisexual, with male and


female sex organs forming on different
plants. Antheridiophores look like an
umbrella while the female
achegoniophores have finger-like
projections.

Jungermannia sp. -----


moss

Polytrichum sp.----moss
Anthoceros sp. -----hornwort
Lycopodium sp.-------clubmoss

Equisetum sp.-------------horsetail

Nephrolepis multiflora------ fern

Pinus----pine
Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants,
such as mosses, liverworts and hornworts.
They play a vital role in regulating
ecosystems because they provide an
important buffer system for other plants,
which live alongside and benefit from the
water and nutrients that bryophytes collect.
Exercise 2
Vascular Cryptogam is an old botanical
phrase, and it refers to
those vascular plants that do not make
seeds. Thus, cryptogam (literally hidden
gametophyte) refers to the production of a
separate, usually very small, archegoniate
gametophyte. These are well represented in
the fossil record
Spermatophyte- a plant of a large division
that comprises those that bear seeds,
including the gymnosperms and
angiosperms.

Enation theory
of the stem, there developed a main
axis with lateral side branches.

telome theory (that the leaf arose from fusions


and rearrangements of branching stem systems)
and the enation theory (that the leaf arose from
simple enations, or outgrowths) are the two most
popular.

biologydiscussion.com
 enation theory The theory that accounts
for the origin of the fern leaf by
suggesting that it arose from the
development of simple outgrowths
(enations). Any such theory has to
account for the large, branching fronds
of a fern with branching veins (a
‘megaphyll’) and also for small leaves
(‘microphylls’) with a single median vein.

Telome theory

biologydiscussion.com
 telome theory The theory that the leaves
(megaphylls) of ferns and seed plants
evolved by the modification of terminal
branches (telomes) of stems. It
envisages that firstly, instead of the
primitive equal (dichotomous) branching

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