Seismic Design Special

Moment Frames
Strong Column Weak Beam

Dr Youssef Hammida
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 Reinforced concrete special moment frames

are used as part of seismic force-resisting systems in buildings that 

are designed to resist earthquakes.
Beams, columns, and beam-column joints 
in moment frames are proportioned and detailed to resist
flexural, axial, and shearing actions that result as a building
sways through multiple displacement cycles during strong
earthquake ground shaking.

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Special proportioning and detailing requirements result in a frame 
capable of resisting strong earthquake shaking without significant
loss of stiffness or strength.
These moment-resisting frames are called “Special 
Moment Frames” because of these additional requirements,
which improve the seismic resistance in comparison with less
stringently detailed Intermediate and Ordinary Moment Frames.

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To ensure strong column-weak beam behavior, shear failures of columns
must be precluded, moment capacity. The P-M interaction diagram shows
this range of axial loads for an example column.

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The important aspects of joint design are ensuring proper bar development
and precluding shear failures in the joint. This can be accomplished
through proper detailing of hoop reinforcement and bar ho

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‫اﻧﮫﯿﺎر اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻮد ﺑﺎﺟﮫﺎد اﻟﻘﺺ‬

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he important aspects of joint design are ensuring proper bar development
and precluding shear failures in the join

‫( اطﺎرات ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺰوم‬R )‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬

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‫(‪ )R‬ﺟﺪران ﻗﺼﯿﺔ ﺣﻤﺎﻟﺔ‬

‫ﺟﺪران ﻗﺼﯿﺔ ﺑﻨﺎء ھﺒﻜﻠﻲ‬

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 ‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺸﺘﺮك اطﺎرات‪+‬ﺟﺪران‬

‫اطﺎرات ﻋﺰﻣﯿﺔ و ﺷﺪة اﻟﻤﻨﺎطق اﻟﺰﻟﺰاﻟﯿﺔ‬

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three types of frames: ordinary, intermediate, and special.
Ordinary moment frames have very few requirements in ACI 318

‫ﻧوع اﻟﺟدار اﻟﻘﺻﻲ وﺷدة اﻟﻣﻧطﻖ اﻟزﻟزاﻟﯾﺔ‬

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‫ﺟﺪرا ن ﻗﺼﯿﺔ ﻣﺴﯿﻘﺔ اﻟﺼﻨﻊ‬

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 Special Moment Frames
‫اطﺎرات ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺰم‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻮد اﻟﻘﻮي واﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰ اﻟﻀﻌﯿﻒ‬

strong column-weak beam design is required for special moment frames For a
system with strong columns and weak beams, a mechanism is created when ALL
beams on ALL stories yield (much more seismic energy dissipated prior to
collapse).

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 To ensure that the beams develop plastic hinges before the columns.
 the sum of the flexural strengths of the columns at a joint must
exceed 120% of the sum of the flexural strengths of the beams.
 This requirement protects against premature development of a story
mechanism

‫ ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻘﺎت ﻋﻘﺪة اﺗﺼﺎل اﻟﺠﺎﺋﺰ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻮد‬

‫ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻠﺪن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻮاﺋﺰ‬-1
‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻋﺰوم‬1.2 = ‫ ﻣﺠﻤﻮع ﻋﺰوم اﻷﻋﻤﺪة‬-2
‫اﻟﺤﻮاﺋﺰ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻘﺪة اﻟﺘﻼﻗﻲ‬

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 ‫ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎت ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻠﺪن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﻮاﺋﺰ‬

‫‪to ensure proper hinge development. The hinges must be able to form and‬‬
‫‪then undergo large rotations and load reversals without significant‬‬
‫‪reduction in strength‬‬

‫‪ - 1 ‬ﺗﺤﻘﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﻄﺎوﻋﺔ واﻟﻤﻤﻄﻮﻟﯿﺔ واﺳﺘﻤﺮار ﻋﻤﻞ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻠﺪﻧﺔ‬

‫‪ - 2‬ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻠﺪن ﻣﻊ دوراﻧﺎت ﻛﺒﯿﺮة وﺗﺸﻘﻖ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ ﻣﻦ‬

‫ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻟﺤﻤﻮﻻت اﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎوﺑﺔ دون اﻟﺰﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ وﻣﻘﺎطﻊ اﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﺢ‬

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‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻠﺪن وﺗﺸﺘﯿﺖ واﻣﺘﺼﺎص ﺟﺰء ﻣﻦ طﺎﻗﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬
‫‪ ‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻠﺪن واﺳﺘﻤﺮار اﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻠﺪﻧﺔ ﻳﺸﺘﺖ‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ ﻛﺒﯿﺮ ﻣﻦ طﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ زﻳﺎدة اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﻻت واﻟﺘﺸﻮھﺎت اﻟﻠﺪﻧﺔ دون‬
‫زﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﺘﺼﻤﯿﻢ او زﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ وﺗﺴﻠﯿﺢ اﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ‬

‫‪ ‬وﻧﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ان ﻗﯿﻤﺔ اﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﻤﺸﺘﺘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﺗﻌﺎدل ﻧﻔﺲ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺘﺼﻌﯿﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ) ‪( R‬‬
‫وﻛﻤﯿﺜﺎل ﺣﯿﺚ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل اطﺎرات ﻋﺎدﻳﺔ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻗﯿﻤﺔ ) ‪4=( R‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل اطﺎر ﺧﺎص ﻣﻘﺎوم ﻟﻠﻌﺰم ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ) ‪8= ( R‬‬

‫‪ ‬وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻠﺪن ﺗﺸﺘﯿﺖ واﻣﺘﺼﺎص ﻣﺎ ﻗﯿﻤﻨﻪ=‪2=4/8‬‬

‫اي ﺿﻌﻒ ﻗﻮة اﻟﻘﺺ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪي ﻳﺠﺐ ان ﻳﺸﺘﺘﮫﺎ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ‬
‫اﻟﻠﺪن وﻋﻠﻰ ھﺬا ﺳﻤﯿﺖ طﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻠﺪن ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻳﺔ اﻟﺰﻟﺰاﻟﯿﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺣﯿﺚ ﻧﺼﻤﻢ اﻟﺒﻨﺎء ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻮة اﻟﻘﺺ اﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪى‬

‫وﻟﯿﺲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺰﻟﺰال‬
‫و اﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻷول ﻣﻦ ﻗﻮة اﻟﺰﻟﺰال ﻳﺼﻤﻤﻊ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ واﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﻧﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻨﺼﻒ اﻵﺧﺮ ﻳﻘﻮم ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻠﺪن ﺑﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺘﻪ وﺗﺸﺘﯿﺘﻪ و ﻻ ﻳﻀﺎف اي‬
‫زﻳﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﻘﻄﻊ او ﻟﺘﺴﻠﯿﺢ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ زﻳﺎدة اﻟﺤﻤﻮﻟﺔ اﻟﺰﻟﺰاﻟﯿﺔ‬

‫‪ ‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺒﻘﻰ ﻧﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻔﺼﻞ اﻟﻠﺪن ﻣﻌﻨﺎه ﺗﺸﻘﻖ ﻣﻘﻄﻊ ﺑﯿﺘﻮن اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺸﻘﻘﺎت اﻧﺸﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻛﺒﯿﺮة وﺿﺎرة ﻗﺪ ﺗﺠﺒﺮ اﻟﺴﻜﺎن ﻟﻠﻨﺰوح ﺧﺎرج اﻟﺒﻨﺎء واﻋﺎدة‬
‫ﺗﺪﻋﯿﻤﻪ وﺗﺄھﯿﻠﻪ اﻧﺸﺎﺋﯿﺎ‪.‬‬

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parabolic distribution in the concrete, and some compressive stress in the top
steel. Upon spalling, the stress distribution changes, The compression block of
the concrete moves lower in the cross section, and the stresses in the
compression steel are greatly increased.

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Under reverse load applications, hinge development affects both the top and
bottom faces of beams. This leads to bidirectional cracking and spalling of
cover on the top and bottom of the beam

 beam longitudinal reinforcement requirements per ACI 318.

 The reinforcement ratio limits insure a tension controlled failure mode
in bending and reduce congestion of reinforcing steel.
 Continuous bars in the top and bottom are required due to reversal
of seismic motions and variable live load.
 Splice locations and transverse reinforcement are specified because
lap splices are unreliable and cover concrete will spall.

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At low loads the section is uncracked and an analysis using uncracked

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Shear Design
Seismic induced energy in special moment resisting frames is expected to be
dissipated through flexural yielding of members. During inelastic response,
however, the members should be protected against premature brittle shear
failure. This is ensured by providing sufficient shear capacity to resist seismic
design shear forces. Seismic design shear Ve in plastic hinge regions is
associated with maximum inelastic moments that can develop at the ends of
members when the longitudinal tension reinforcement is in the strain hardening
range (assumed to develop 1.25 fy)

Fig. 6-1 Internal forces in a reinforced concrete section at probable

moment resistance

Figure 6-1 illustrates the internal forces of a sectM pr for a rectangular section
with tension reinforcement can be obtained from Seismic 3.

This design aid provides values for coefficient Kpr, which is used to solve the
following equation:ion that develop at probable moment resistance.

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Once Mpr is obtained, the seismic design shear can be computed from the
equilibrium of forces shown in Seismic 4.

The contribution of concrete to shear, Vc within the plastic hinge region (length
equal to twice the member depth at each end) may be negligibly small upon the
formation of hinge due to the deterioration of concrete.

Therefore, when Ve within the hinging region is equal to one-half or more of

the maximum required shear strength, and the factored axial compression
including earthquake effects is less than Ag f’c / 20, Vc should be ignored
completely in design (Vc = 0)

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.

Strong-Column Weak-Beam Concept

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 ‫‪ ‬ﺗﺧﻔﯾض اﻟﻌطﺎﻟﺔ ھو ﺧﺎص ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﺗﺷﻛل ﻣﻔﺎﺻل ﻟدﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل اطﺎرات ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ ﯾﻛون اﻟﻣﻘطﻊ ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗﺷﻘﻖ‪uncracked‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﺟﺎل اﻟﻣروﻧﺔ وﯾﻣﻛن اﻋﺗﺑﺎر ﻟﻛل اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر = ‪0.8 – 0.7‬‬

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ASCE 7 - 12.2.5.5 outlines requirements where special moment
frames extend through below-grade floors, as shown in Figure
4-2. The restraint and stiffness of the below-grade diaphragms
and basement walls needs to be considered.
In this condition the columns would be modeled as continuous elements
downto the footing.
Thetypeof rotational restraint at the column
base will not have a significant effect on the behavior of the
moment frame. Large forces are transferred through the grade
level diaphragm to the basement walls, which are generally very
stiff relative to the special moment frame

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 Design Strong colum Weak Beam

When a building sways during an earthquake, the distribution of

damage over height depends on the distribution of lateraldrift.
If the building has weak columns, drift tends to concentrate
in one or a few stories (Figure 3-1a), and may exceed the drift
capacity of the columns.
On the other hand, if columns provide a stiff and strong spine over the
building height, drift will be more uniformly distributed (Figure 3-1c),
and localized damage
will be reduced.
Additionally, it is important to recognize that the columns in a given
story support the weight of the entire building above those columns,
whereas the beams only support the gravity loads of the floor of which
they form a part; therefore, failure of a column is of greater
consequence than failure of a beam.

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 Recognizing this behavior, building codes specify that
columns be stronger than the beams that frame into them. This strong-
column/weak-beam principle is fundamental to achieving safe behavior
of frames during strong earthquake ground shaking.

Figure 3-1 - Design of special moment frames aims to avoid the story
mechanism (a) and instead achieve either an intermediate mechanism (b)
or a beam mechanism (c).

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Seismic Design Aids

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 ‫‪ - ‬ﻋرض اﻟﻌﺎﻣود أﻛﺑر ﻣن ﻋرض اﻟﺟﺎﺋز‬
‫‪ -‬ﯾوﺿﻊ ﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ اﻟﻌﺎﻣود ﻗﺑل ﺻب ﺑﻼطﺔ اﻟﺳﻘف‬
‫‪ ‬وﺻل اﻟﻘﺿﺑﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎﻣود ﻣﺎﺑﻌد ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﻔﺻل اﻟﻠدن‬
‫وﯾﻔﺿل اﻟوﺻل ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺻف اﻟﻌﺎﻣود ﺣﺑث ‪0= M‬‬

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elevation and plan views of cast-in-place concrete frame
buildings

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Plan views of steel moment-frame buildings

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‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﻛﻣرات‬design beams frame - sheet Excel-
‫ واﻟزﻻزل‬,‫اطﺎر ﻣﻘﺎوم ﻟﻠﻌزوم‬

beams-design.xls

https://usc.academia.edu/
design beams frame - sheet Excel- ‫ﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﻛﻣرات اطﺎر‬
‫ واﻟزﻻزل‬,‫ﻣﻘﺎوم ﻟﻠﻌزوم‬
Reinforced concrete special moment frames are used as part of
seismic force-resisting systems in buildings that are designed to
resist earthquakes. Beams, columns, and beam-column joints in
moment frames are proportio... more abstract.

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Dr youssef Hammida

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