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LOGGING ENVIRONMENT
LOGGING ENVIRONMENT
LOGGING ENVIRONMENT
Drilling Process:
Mud Pressure (Pm)
hydrostatic fluid Pressure in pore
Formation (Pr) Differ to :
Avoid “Blowout”
Push Liquid to Formation (invasion proses).
invasion Proses make solid material (mud cake).
Liquid in to formation Mud Fitrate
LOGGING ENVIRONMENT
Nomenclature:
Borehole:
Rm = Resistivity of mud.
Rmc = Resistivity of mud cake.
Flushed Zone:
Rmf = Resistivity of mud filtrate.
RXO = Resistivity of flushed zone.
SXO = Water Saturation of flushed zone.
Uninvaded or Virgin Zone:
RT = True resistivity of formation.
RW = Resistivity of formation water.
SW = Formation Water Saturation.
RS = Resistivity of adjacent bed or shoulder
bed resistivity.
di = Diameter of invasion.
dh = Borehole diameter.
h = Bed thickness.
1. “Flushed zone” with diameter (df.)
Contain “Mud Filtrate” (Rm )
Contain “Residual Hydrocarbon”
Has Rock Resistivity Rxo.
Thick~ 6 inches, less or more
3. Undisturbed zone:
Has Water Formation Resistivity (Rw), Rock Resistivity (Rt), and
Water Saturation (Sw) .
Archie experiment
Archie experiment
A. Water Formation resistivity, Rw
Archie first measure water Formation resistivity in Tank.
“Measure flow I and voltage V, then water Formation resistivity , Rw”
formulate as follows:
V
Rw = ----- [ ohmm]
I
B. Rock Resistivity, Ro.
Archie analyse the rock. Begin with porosity calculation Ø.
Then the pore filled with water formation which the resistivity
was measured (Sw = 1).
On the experiment is Rw.
therefore :
V
Ro = --------- [ ohmm]
I2
Apparently Ro > Rw
Archie experiment
Archie repeat the experiment with different water salinity formation.
Resulting:
Ro1 = F Rw1
Ro2 = F Rw2
Ro3 = F Rw3
It seen that rock Resistivity (Ro) equal linearly with
Water Formation Resistivity (Rw).
Ro = F Rw (1)
whereF = Formation Resistivity Factor.
The experiment uses F & Ø data for about 300 rock sample.
The Value F & Ø plotted on axis and ordinate mathematically as follows:
1
F = ----------- (2)
Øm
m = Cementation exponent, m = 1.3 - 2.2
THE RELATION OF FORMATION RESISTIVITY FACTOR (F) VERSUS
PERMEABILITY (K) AND POROSITY (Ø)
C. Rock Resistivity (Rt).
F. Rw
Sw n = ------------------- (5)
Rt
Assumes:
Rock Matrix cannot flow the electrical current.
it mean electrical current fully done throgh water on pore
Due to the water contain NaCl.
1
Note : Conductivity = -----------------
Resistivity
Archie formula as follows:
F x Rw Ro
Swn = ---------- = -----
Rt Rt
If n = 2,
Ro
Sw = --------
Rt
0.81 0.62
on sandstone: F = ------ or F = ------
2 2.15
F Rw
Sw2 = 1 = ---------
0.3
Log-log Resistivity :
High resistivity shows HC or “tight zones” or
zones low porosity.
Low resistivity shows containing water.
Log-log Porosity
Shows zone with pore or
“ tight ”.
SP Log
(Spontaneous Potential)
Log SP APPLICATION :
To differentiate permeable and non-permeable of rock.
To “well to well” Correlation.
As reference of depth for all logs.
To define layer limit.
To calculate Rw value.
As clay indicator.
Work Principal :
An electrode insert to bore hole then record the electrical potential at
any point with reference on surface electrical potential
So the SP log is different of potential record between an moveable
electrode in borehole and another electrode on surface
The Mud must conductive.
Logging speed may 1500 m/hr.
LOG SP MEASUREMENT
Figure 2.
Origin Log SP Measurement
Figure 1.
Origin Log SP Measurement
Figure 7. Figure 9.
The SP curve constant but deflect to another level if pass the limit of the
different formation that differ.
Figure 4.
SP Log Presentation:
SP curve presented in I with millivolt unit.
There is no Absolut scale, but use 10 mV per small division.
Usually use scale –80 to 20 mV
GR Log
( Gamma Ray )
Application Log GR.
Standard Gamma Ray Application:
As main Reference to all run logging.
To “well to well” correlation.
Differentiate permeable and nonpermeable zone .
Calculate volume clay.
Natural Gamma Ray Tool (NGT) Application:
To detect, recognize and evaluate radioactive minerals .
Recognize the clay type and calculate volume clay.
Permeable zone that may contain Uranium much more than less permeable
zone.
Uranium reading on NGT log sometime useful as clue the existing fluid
movement.
Principal work of GR Log.
Gamma Rays that naturally come:
This Gamma Ray comes naturally in rocks and has relatively low
energy.
Device to measure gamma ray natural are:
1. Standard Gamma ray Tool (SGT)
2. Natural Gamma Spectrometry Tool (NGT)
SGT measure all natural GR.
NGT beside measure all GR, also measure GR energy and define
the concentration of 3 type radioactive element that usually in
nature :
Uranium (Ur235/238)
Potassium (isotope 19K40) and
Thorium (Th232)
Type radioactive element
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Gamma Ray (GR)
Specifications
Measurement Range :
Gamma API Units : 0 to 400 API
Measurement Accuracy :
Gamma API Units : ± 1 API
Maxium Ratings :
Pressure : 20,000 psi (138,000 kPa)
Temperature : 350 o F (177 o C)
Dimensions :
Tool Length : 4.4 ft (2.30 m)
Tool Weight 80 lb (36 kg)
Maximum Diameter : 3.5 in (89 mm)
The Gamma Ray measures natural formation radioactivity, making it an excellent tool for correlation
purposes over the life of a well
Induced Gamma Ray Tools:
The devices putted radioactive sources that transmit gamma ray with
high energy.
Example density log tools:
FDC - Formation Density Compensated
LDT – Litho Density Tool
In free shale Rock, log GR recording low value about 20-30 API.
In “Shaly Formation” log GR has value 80 to 300 API.
Environmental corrections
Large borehole and much weight mud can reduce the value of GR rock
measurement.
“centered” tools in borehole will receive gamma ray less than the GR tools that
“eccentered”.
GR devices that survey in well contain KCl mud will accept GR much more
due to high Potassium content.
(GRlog – GRclean)
Vshale = ---------------------------------
(GRshale – GRclean)
F. Rw
Sw2 = ----------
Rt
The most important Input is Rt, uninvaded zone resistivity .
from resistivity data and temperature, can be found liquid salinity with Chart
Gen-9.
Resistivity of NaCl solution
(Schlumberger chart GEN-9)
Classification and Application.
Table 4-1 above is Resistivity tools classification until 1987
Deep : 3+ feet
Medium : 1.5 - 3 feet
Shallow : 1- 6 inches.
Figure 1.
Log Induction
Principal Work.
Induction devices to define
resistivity with measure rocks
conductivity. In transmitter
flowed by high frequency current
with constant amplitude that will
attain magnet field in rocks.
The magnet fields attain Eddy
current or Foucault current in
other name called ground loop.
The value of the current equal to
rocks conductivity
Open Hole Services
Simultaneous triple induction (STI)
Figure 4.
Correction Log Induction.
Laterolog device designed for measure rock resistivity that drilled with salty
mud or very conductive mud also used for detect zones that contain HC.
Prinsipal work Log Lateral.
Sonde on resistivity tools has bucking electrode to focus survey current and
insist to flow in vertical to sonde.
The focused current make possible to measure done on rocks with presize
direction.
This is the fixing tools that use unfocused current such ES (Electrical Survey)
the previous, where the current survey more likely flow in mud due to mud
resistivity is lesser than rock resistivity
Log Lateral.
Figure 3.
Open Hole Services
DUAL LATEROLOG (DLL)
The Dual Laterolog measures
formation resistivity over a wide
dynamic range. It provides accurate
readings up to 40,000 ohm-m.
The DLL is generally the resistivity
tool of choice in wells drilled with salt
mud's, Especially if formation resistivity
are high.
Measurenment Range
Measurement Precision
SPECIFICATIONS DIMENSIONS
MEASUREMENT RANGE :
• Tool Length : 10,6 ft (3,23m)
MSFL Conductivity : 0 to 5,000 ms/m
• Tool Weight : 200 lb (91 kg)
Caliper : 4 to 21 in (100 to 530 mm) • Maximum Diameter : 4,0 (102 mm)
MEASUREMENT PRECISION:
MSFL Conductivity : +/-2 mS/m
Caliper : +/-0,1 in (+/-2.5 mm)
MAXIMUM RATINGS :
Pressure: 20,000Psi (138,000 kPa)
Temperature : 350 o F (177 o C)
(Rsand – Rt)
VRT = ------------------------- x 4 Rclay/Rt
(Rsand – Rclay)
Density tool measure density of rocks then use to define rock porosity.
Together with another logs such log neutron, rocks lithology and fluids
type containing in the rocks can be defined.
Log density can differentiate Oil to gas in pore due to the fluids has
different density.
Density tool in modern age also measure PEF (photoelectric effect) that
useful for defining rocks lithology, identify heavy minerals and evaluate
clay.
Log density also use to define Vclay also to calculate “reflection
coefficients” along with log sonic to make synthetics seismogram.
Principal work Density tool
A radioactive sources Cs137 has 1.5 Curie transmit GR
energy 662 kev to the rocks.
Gamma rays interact with rocks electrons with
Compton scattering mechanism, where gamma rays
lose its energy also spread to many direction.
Compton scattering Proses result “clouds” gamma
ray around source with radius vary according Rocks
electron.
The more rocks electron the shorter clouds radius and
therefore lesser gamma ray reach to the detector
(count rates).
So e reverse equal to count rates or cps that accepted
by detector
Gamma ray detected that less amount shows the
existing larger electron density.
Bulk density b for many element has value near equal
with electron density e as empirical equation bellow:
b = 1.0704 e – 0.1883
Principal work Density tool
The Litho density tools not only measure density, but also photoelectric
absorption index PEF.
Photoelectric absorption happen if gamma ray that come has low energy.
There gamma ray catch by core atom and an electron throw by the atom.
PEF = (Z/10)3.6
where:
Z = number atom (= amount electron inatom).
Each element has Z particular value therefore PEF can be use as clue for
rocks type.
PEF value very little depends on rocks porosity as seen on figure bellow
PEF also only little influenced by fluid in pores, but log PEF influenced by
barite content on mud, because number atom Barium is high (Z=56).
Principal work Density tool
Principal work Density tool
Principal work Density tool
tools
Principal work Density tool
Figure 2.
Fig ure 1.
Calculation of Density Porosity PHID
(its porosity from RHOB) :
Due to bulk density b is amount of matrix density ma and fluid density f in pores
then the porosity value of rocks can be define if the value ma (Recognize first the
lithology).
Shales Density usually smaller than rocks density that free of clay (clean
formation). Therefore shales porosity higher than rocks porosity.
The term “limestone compatible scales”, then:
In clean limestone RHOB & NPHI will overlay in shales RHOB will be in
right side of NPHI,
In limestone that contain gas, NPHI will be in the right side of RHOB.
In clean sand that contain water, NPHI will be in right side of RHOB
about 6-7 p.u.
In dolomite RHOB will be in right side of NPHI, similar with shale but
gamma ray usually has higher value in dolomite.
The term “Sandstone compatible scales”, then :
In sandstone rocks the curve RHOB and NPHI will overlay.
Due to PEF water, hydrogen and oxygen is near zero, then porosity effect
to PEF vey small and basic lithology usually can be define direct to PEF
curve (see6.2 Typical log reading).
Typical log reading
Perhitungan Volume Shale (Vsh)
e = N - Vsh N
Typical Log Readings:
Recommend Parameter
RHOB correction should be done to:
Mud cake thickness ( in real time)
Mud weight (alsoreal time)
Rugose hole (real time)
Borehole size.
Log Neutron
Application Log Neutron
Neutron tools used for define primary rocks porosity, that is rocks
pore filled by water, oil or gas
Together with another log lain such log density, can be use to
define rock type /lithology also fuluid type that fill the rocks pores.
Elastic scattering:
Neutron Particle collide with another atom, therefore neutron
particle change direction, but has still same energy.
Inelastic scattering:
The collide with another atom, neutron particle has lose half
its energy that given to atom that collided. This Atom
experiencing “excitation”,then transmit energy again in
Gamma Ray form that has specific spektrum.
neutron Particle also change direction in this collide.
Application Log Neutron
Principal work Neutron tools
In limestone without shale content water RHOB curves and NPHI will
overlay.
In shale rocks RHOB on right side NPHI.
In limestone contain gas, RHOB on left side NPHI. Separation larger than 6-
7 p.u
In sand without shale contain water , RHOB on left side NPHI with
separation 6-7 p.u
In dolomite without shale contain water, RHOB on the right side NPHI.
The term “sandstone compatible scale” are:
In sandstone without shale contain water RHOB and NPHI curves will
overlay.
In shale RHOB on the right side NPHI.
In sandstone contain gas, RHOB on the left side NPHI. Separation larger
than 3 p.u
In sandstone without shale contain oil , RHOB on the left side NPHI with
separation 1-3 p.u
Log Quality Control and Interpretation
Formation content liquid.
All points porosity contain water will fall in area line sandstone and
dolomite.
True Porosity can predict by:
PHI = (PHID + PHIN)/2
For clean formation contain liquid, porosity above are effective porosity,
and the value can be read as middle Density & Neutron logs.
Theory of measurement
Sonic tool measure: speed of voice/sonic in formation.
The principal on figure below :
Transmitter transmit a “pressure pulse” frequency 25 kHz.
The pulse resulting 6 wave:
Compressional wave and refracts wave
shear waving in formation.
direct two wave as long as sonde and in mud.
two surface wave as long as hole wall of well (pseudo Raleigh dan Stoneley)
The speed of the waves about 4000 to 25 000 ft/sec depend on lithology
Principal log sonic tool
Principal log sonic tool
The Differ between those both time then divide by distance between
receiver-receiver (span) as two ft resulting formation
transit times in microseconds/ft (sec/ft).
Compressional transit times vary:
40 sec/ft in hard formation
150 sec/ft in soft formation.
Delta Log R
Quick-look with Delta Log R
Quick-look with Delta Log R
md (k) = (kcoef*PHIE**kexp)/(SWirr**2) (graphic 3)
REGRESION LOGARITMIC
Core Data:
Dean Stark
Avg. PHIE~21.7
Avg. Density 2.65
Avg. SW~11.16
PRELIMINARY
CLEAN PLUG CORE
ANALYSIS DATA
Avg. Perm~341.98mD
Petrophysic:
Avg. PHIE~19.83
(Mod simandoux,
A=1, m=2, n=2 )
Avg. SW~24.12
Or 16.2 (@ Sand)
(Resistivity Log)
Perm X~330mD
( PHIE & Vcl)
RWA adjustment to
0.1
Properties Parameter cut
off
(T-Field in South Africa)
Permeability - Vcl Cross Plot
1000.00
100.00
Permeabili
10.00
ty
1.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 SW - Perm X Crossplot of The OBSF-05 well
Perm X
VClay
types consist of RT 1, RT 2
and RT 3 where each has
particular formula. RT 1 with
Volume Shale (Vsh) less
than 20% has low
permeability and low
porosity, RT 2 with Vsh.
20% to 40% has medium
permeability and medium
porosity, RT 3 with Vsh. Up
Perm X - PHIE of The OBSF-05 well to 40% has high
permeability and medium-
high porosity.
Reference
From many Sources