Government Schemes2020

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HYPERLOOP 2020
GOVERNMENT SCHEMES
and
OTHER TOPICS
CONSOLIDATED CURRENT AFFAIRS FOR ESE 2020
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Table of Contents
1. KEY GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES ........................................................................................................ 5
Budget Allocation for Schemes 2019-20 ........................................................................................... 5
PM Kisan Maan Dhan Yojana ............................................................................................................ 5
Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan Yojana............................................................................... 6
Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay SanraksHan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA) ................................................... 6
SWAYATT initiative ............................................................................................................................ 7
Ujjwala Yojana achieves target of 8 crore LPG connections ............................................................. 7
National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM) gets Governance award ..................................... 8
Global Housing Technology Challenge under PMAY-U ..................................................................... 9
National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT) 10
Steps taken to ensure education of children with disability ........................................................... 11
FAME-II ............................................................................................................................................ 12
Mega Food Park Scheme ................................................................................................................. 14
Electrification in Rural and urban Areas .......................................................................................... 14
SATAT scheme ................................................................................................................................. 16
Pradhan Mantri Jl-VAN yojana ........................................................................................................ 17
UDAN 4.0 ......................................................................................................................................... 17
Gold Monetisation Scheme ............................................................................................................. 18
Char Dham Programme ................................................................................................................... 19
Kisan Credit Card scheme ................................................................................................................ 19
Electoral bond scheme .................................................................................................................... 20
Border Area Development Programme .......................................................................................... 20
Target Olympic Podium Scheme ..................................................................................................... 21
AyushmanBharat - PradhanMantri Jan ArogyaYojana ................................................................... 22
National Food Security Mission (NFSM) .......................................................................................... 22
National Food Security Act, 2013 .................................................................................................... 23
Intensified Mission Indradhanush 2.0 ............................................................................................. 23
Unnat Bharat Abhiyan ..................................................................................................................... 24
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Government Schemes and Other Topics Yearly Hyperloop 2020
National Nutrition Mission .............................................................................................................. 25

2. MATERIAL SCIENCE ......................................................................................................................... 26
Inkjet printed solar panels............................................................................................................... 26
Nano electronics based on graphene .............................................................................................. 26
Super injection in Semiconductors.................................................................................................. 27
Solid state battery technology ........................................................................................................ 27
Superconductivity at room temperature ........................................................................................ 28
Poly (Diketoenamine) – Recyclable Plastic ...................................................................................... 28
Cracking the mystery of nature's toughest material ....................................................................... 28
Ceramic Membrane to Clean Toxic Effluents .................................................................................. 29
3.SAFETY ............................................................................................................................................. 31
Novel fire extinguisher .................................................................................................................... 31
Motor Vehicles Amendment Bill ..................................................................................................... 31
Preventing Fire Incidents................................................................................................................. 32
Vishwakarma Rashtriya Puraskar and National Safety Awards ....................................................... 32
4. GENERAL KNOWLEGE ..................................................................................................................... 34
J&K loses its special status, divided into two UTs ........................................................................... 34
UNESCO Sites .................................................................................................................................. 34
Awards ............................................................................................................................................ 36
New railway zone - South Coast Railway (SCoR) ............................................................................. 37
China’s Chang’e-4 lunar rover ......................................................................................................... 37
The first photograph of a black hole ............................................................................................... 37
Thirty Meter Telescope ................................................................................................................... 39
Arms and Ammunitons.................................................................................................................... 39
Rocket Launching Pad in Tamil Nadu .............................................................................................. 40
Nobel prize in physics awarded for work on cosmology ................................................................. 41
Chemistry Nobel .............................................................................................................................. 41
Nobel peace prize............................................................................................................................ 42
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Nobel Prize in Physiology/ Medicine 2019 ...................................................................................... 42

1. KEY GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

Budget Allocation for Schemes 2019-20
Scheme wise allocation in 2019-20 (Rs crore)
Actuals Budgeted Revised Budgeted %change(RE 2018-

2017-18 2018-19 2018-19 2019-20 19 to BE 2019-20)
PM-KISAN - - 20,000 75,000 275.0%
MGNREGS 55,166 55,000 61,084 60,000 -1.8%
National Education Mission 29,455 32,613 32,334 38,547 19.2%
National Health Mission 32,000 30,634 31,187 33,651 7.9%
Integrated Child Development
19,234 23,088 23,357 27,584 18.1%
Services
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (rural +
31,164 27,505 26,405 25,853 -2.1%
urban)
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana 16,862 19,000 15,500 19,000 22.6%
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana 9,419 13,000 12,976 14,000 7.9%
AMRUT and Smart Cities Mission 9,463 12,169 12,569 13,750 9.4%
Swachh Bharat Mission (rural + urban) 19,427 17,843 16,978 12,644 -25.5%
Green Revolution 11,057 13,909 11,802 12,561 6.4%
Mid-Day Meal Programme 9,092 10,500 9,949 11,000 10.6%
National Rural Drinking Water Mission 7,038 7,000 5,500 10,001 81.8%
National Livelihood Mission 4,926 6,060 6,294 9,774 55.3%
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana 6,613 9,429 8,251 9,682 17.3%
Sources: Expenditure Profile, Union Budget 2019-20; PRS.
PM Kisan Maan Dhan Yojana
• It aims to improve the lives of small and marginal farmers of the country.
• The scheme is voluntary and contributory for farmers in the entry age group of 18 to 40 years.
• A monthly pension of Rs. 3000/– will be provided to them on attaining the age of 60 years.
• The farmers will have to make a monthly contribution of Rs.55 to Rs.200, depending on their age
of entry, in the Pension Fund till they reach the retirement date i.e. the age of 60 years.
• The Central Government will also make an equal contribution of the same amount in the pension
fund.
• The spouse is also eligible to get a separate pension of Rs.3000/- upon making separate
contributions to the Fund.
• The Life Insurance Corporation of India (LIC) shall be the Pension Fund Manager and responsible
for Pension pay out.
Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan Yojana

• Government of India in February 2019 launched the Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maandhan (PM-
SYM).
• It is a voluntary and contributory pension Scheme, for the benefit of unorganised workers, as per
the eligibility.
• The scheme assures minimum monthly pension of Rs. 3000/- to the beneficiaries after attaining
the age of 60 years.
• Under the Scheme, the subscriber is required to pay the prescribed monthly contribution amount
and the Central Government provides the equal matching contribution.
• The scheme is implemented through Life Insurance Corporation of India.
• The unorganised sector workers, with income of less than Rs 15,000 per month and who belong to
the entry age group of 18-40 years, will be eligible for the scheme.
• Those workers should not be covered under New Pension Scheme (NPS), Employees’ State
Insurance Corporation (ESIC) scheme or Employees’ Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO).
Pradhan Mantri Annadata Aay SanraksHan Abhiyan (PM-AASHA)
The Scheme is aimed at ensuring remunerative prices to the farmers for their produce as announced
in the Union Budget for 2018.
The umbrella scheme ‘PM-AASHA’ comprises three sub-schemes:
1. Price Support Scheme (PSS).
2. Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS).
3. Pilot of Private Procurement & Stockist Scheme (PPPS).
Price Support Scheme (PSS):

• Under the scheme, the physical procurement of pulses, oilseeds and Copra will be done by Central
Nodal Agencies with the proactive role of the state governments.
• Further, in addition to NAFED, the Food Cooperation of India (FCI) will take up PSS operations in
states and districts.
• The procurement expenditure and losses due to procurement will be borne by the Union
Government as per norms.
Price Deficiency Payment Scheme (PDPS):
• Under the scheme, it is proposed to cover all oilseeds for which minimum support price (MSP) is
notified.
• In this, direct payment of the difference between the MSP and the selling/modal price will be
made to pre-registered farmers selling his produce in the notified market yard through a
transparent auction process.

• All payments will be done directly into the registered bank account of the farmer.
• This scheme does not involve any physical procurement of crops as farmers are paid the difference
between the MSP price and sale or modal price on disposal in the notified market.
Pilot of Private Procurement & Stockist Scheme (PPPS):
• For oilseeds, the states will have the option to roll out Private Procurement Stockist Scheme (PPSS)
on pilot basis in selected districts and Agricultural Produce Market Committee’s (APMC) of district
involving the participation of private stockiest.
• The pilot district and selected APMC(s) will cover one or more crop of oilseeds for which MSP is
notified.
• Since this is similar to the PSS scheme, as it involves physical procurement of the notified
commodity, the scheme shall substitute PSS/PDPS in the pilot districts.
• The selected private agency shall procure the commodity at MSP in the notified markets during
the notified period from the registered farmers in accordance with the PPSS Guidelines, whenever
the prices in the market fall below the notified MSP and whenever authorised by the state or UT
government to enter the market.
SWAYATT initiative
SWAYATT is an initiative to promote Start-ups, Women and Youth Advantage Through eTransactions
on Government e Marketplace (GeM).
• This will bring together the key stakeholders within the Indian entrepreneurial ecosystem to
Government e-Marketplace the national procurement portal.
• To promote inclusiveness by catapulting various categories of sellers and service providers.
• Take proactive steps to facilitate the training and registrations of such specific category of
manufacturers and sellers.
• To develop women entrepreneurship and encourage participation of MSME sector and Start-ups
in public procurement.
About GeM:
• Government e-Marketplace (GeM) is a one stop portal to facilitate online procurement of
common use Goods & Services required by various Government Departments / Organizations /
PSUs.
• GeM aims to enhance transparency, efficiency and speed in public procurement.
• It provides the tools of e-bidding, reverse e-auction and demand aggregation to facilitate the
government users achieve the best value for their money.
Ujjwala Yojana achieves target of 8 crore LPG connections
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) was launched on May 1, 2016. The target was later raised to 8
crore connections by March 2020. The target has been achieved seven months ahead.
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana
Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana is a scheme of the Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas for providing
LPG connections to women from Below Poverty Line (BPL) households.

The Government has also decided to cover the following categories under the Scheme :-
1. All SC/STs households beneficiaries of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana(PMAY) (Gramin)
2. Antyoday Anna Yojana (AAY)
3. Forest dwellers
4. Most Backward Classes (MBC)
5. Tea & Ex-Tea Garden Tribes
6. People residing in Islands
7. People residing in river islands.
The Salient features of the Scheme are:
1. LPG connection is released in the name of adult women of the poor family.
2. Initially, the beneficiaries under PMUY were identified either from SECC list or from seven
other identified categories. Subsequently, the Government has extended the benefit to all left
out poor families under PMUY subject to fulfilment of terms & conditions.
3. Under the Scheme, cash assistance upto Rs 1600/- for providing new LPG connection is
provided by the Central Government.
4. The beneficiary bears the cost of stove and purchase of first refill. The beneficiary has the
option to take stove or purchase first refill or both on loan basis from OMCs at zero interest
and the same is recovered through subsidy.
Objectives
• Empowering women and protecting their health.
• Preventing young children from significant number of acute respiratory illnesses caused due to
indoor air pollution by burning the fossil fuel.
• Reducing the number of deaths in India due to unclean cooking fuel.
National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM) gets Governance award

National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM) was conferred the prestigious SKOCH Governance
Gold Award. The award has been conferred for its Portal for Affordable Credit and Interest
Subvention Access (PAiSA).

About About DAY- NULM:

• National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM) is renamed as Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana-(DAY-
NULM) and in Hindi as – Rashtriya Shahri Aajeevika Mission.
• The scheme has two components one for urban India and other for rural India:
• The Urban component named as Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana will be implemented by the
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation.
• The rural component named as Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana will be
implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development.
Objectives of the mission are:

• To reduce poverty and vulnerability of the urban poor households by enabling them to access
gainful self-employment and skilled wage employment opportunities.
• To provide the shelter equipped with essential services to the urban homeless in a phased
manner.
• To address the livelihood concern of the urban street vendors
About PaiSA portal:

• It was launched in November 2018.
• It is a centralized IT platform which simplifies and streamlines release of interest subvention under
the Mission.
• It is designed and developed by Allahabad Bank (Nodal bank).
It offers end to end online solution for processing, payment, monitoring and tracking of interest
subvent
Global Housing Technology Challenge under PMAY-U
The move aimed at introducing best technologies that seek to construct houses in a shorter period of
time with lower cost. It is undertaken under the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Urban (PMAY-U).
Objectives:
• To enable adoption of construction techniques for housing that are affordable and take less time.
• It focuses on identifying and mainstreaming proven demonstrable technologies for lighthouse
projects
• Spotting potential future technologies for incubation and acceleration support through ASHA
(Affordable Sustainable Housing Accelerators) — India.
About Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Urban (PMAY-U):

• The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) Mission seeks to address the housing requirement of
urban poor including slum dwellers through following programme components:
1. In-situ Rehabilitation of existing slum dwellers using land as a resource through private
participation.
2. Credit Linked Subsidy (Implemented as a Central Sector Scheme).
3. Affordable Housing in Partnership.
4. Subsidy for Beneficiary-led individual house construction/enhancement.
It is being implemented by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA).
Light House Projects challenge

The Ministry of Housing & Urban Affairs has launched a challenge for States/ UTs to select six sites
across the country for constructing the Lighthouse projects under GHTC-India (Global Housing
Technology Challenge-India).
• The winning six States/ UTs will receive Central Assistance to construct these projects as per PMAY
(U) guidelines.
• In addition to this, a Technology Innovation Grant (TIG) for the States/ UTs is provisioned to offset
the impact of any additional cost implication due to the use of new technology
• The selected sites for lighthouse projects will be used as an ‘open laboratory’ for live
demonstration and will receive due attention from academia, practitioners, policy makers and
media apart from felicitation/ recognition in Grand Expo-cum-Conference.
National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT)
The Ministry of Human Resource Development administers the programme, National Mission on
Education through Information and Communication Technology (NMEICT), to leverage the potential
of ICT to make the best quality content accessible to all learners in the country free of cost.
Initiatives under the Program

1. SWAYAM
• The Study Webs of Active Learning for Young Aspiring Minds' (SWAYAM) is an integrated platform
for offering online courses, covering school (9th to 12th) to Postgraduate Level.
• The online courses are being used not only by the students but also by the teachers and non-
student learners, in the form of lifelong learning.
2. SWAYAM Prabha
• It is an initiative to provide 32 High Quality Educational Channels through DTH (Direct to Home)
across the length and breadth of the country on a 24X7 basis.
3. National Digital Library of India (NDL)

• It is a project to develop a framework of virtual repository of learning resources with a single-
window search facility.
• Presently, there are more than 3 crore digital resources available through the NDL.
4. Spoken Tutorial:
• They are 10-minute long, audio-video tutorial, on open source software, to improve employment
potential of students.
• It is created for self-learning, audio dubbed into 22 languages and with the availability of online
version.
5. Free and Open Source Software for Education (FOSSEE)

• It is a project promoting the use of open source software in educational institutions.

• It does that through instructional material, such as spoken tutorials, documentation, such as
textbook companions, awareness programmes, such as conferences, training workshops, and
internships.
6. Virtual Lab
• This is a project to develop a fully interactive simulation environment to perform experiments,
collect data, and answer questions to assess the understanding of the knowledge acquired.
• There are about 225 such labs operational, with more than 1800 experiments that benefitted
more than 15 lakhs students.
7. E-Yantra:
• It is a project for enabling effective education across engineering colleges in India on embedded
systems and robotics.
• More than 275 colleges across India have benefited with this initiative.
Steps taken to ensure education of children with disability

In the year 2018-19, the Department of School Education & Literacy, MHRD (Ministry of Human
Resource Development), has launched Samagra Shiksha.
Samagra Shiksha
• An integrated scheme for School Education covering children with special needs from classes I to
XII.
• The Scheme is governed and regulated by the provisions of the RTE Act, 2009. The Right of
Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009.
• Section 3(2) of the RTE Act lays emphasis on the elementary education of all children with
disabilities.
• As per the Amendment of 2012, the RTE Act also mandates that, a child with multiple and/or
severe disabilities has the right to opt for home-based education.
The major objectives of the Scheme are:

• Provision of quality education and enhancing learning outcomes of students;
• Bridging Social and Gender Gaps in School Education;
• Ensuring equity and inclusion at all levels of school education;
• Ensuring minimum standards in schooling provisions;
• Promoting Vocationalisation of education;
• Support States in implementation of Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE)
Act, 2009; and
• Strengthening and up-gradation of SCERTs/State Institutes of Education and DIET as a nodal
agency for teacher training.

Function:
• There is a dedicated component for Inclusive Education for Children with Special Needs (CWSN)
through which various provisions are made available for the educational needs of differently abled
children such as,
o Identification & Assessment Camps,
o Provision of Aids,
o Appliances,
o Assistive Devices,
o Teaching Learning Materials (TLMs),
o ICT Resources Like Jaws & Safa, as well as Transportation, Escort& Scribe, Allowances And
o Stipend for All Girls with Special Needs (From Class I to XII).
• Individualized support is provided through therapeutic interventions at the block level.
• Further, CWSN with severe impairment requiring individualised attention are provided home
based education through special educators.
Highlights:
• A separate provision for financial support of Special Educators has been made under Samagra
Shiksha in order to appropriately address the educational requirements of children with special
needs from elementary to higher secondary levels.
• Samagra Shiksha also has provisions for ramps, handrails and disabled friendly toilets for barrier
free access to schools for all children.
• The focus of Samagra Shiksha is on providing inclusive education to children with disability
wherein, children regardless of their abilities/disabilities participate and learn together in the
same class, thus creating an enabling educational environment for all students.
FAME-II
The government has constituted an inter-ministerial panel for monitoring, sanctioning and
implementation of projects under FAME-II programme.
• The Project Implementation and Sanctioning Committee will be chaired by the secretary in the
Department of Heavy Industries.
• The panel's terms of reference includes:
1. Modifying coverage parameters for various components and sub-components of the scheme
2. Reviewing demand incentives annually or earlier based on price and technology trends
3. Modifying limits of fund allocations among different segments and types of vehicles
4. Reviewing the cap for maximum incentive per vehicle
5. Deciding other scheme parameters for its smooth roll out.
About the scheme:

• The Rs 10,000-crore programme under the second phase of the FAME India scheme will be
implemented over a period of three years with effect from April 1, 2019.
• Under phase-II of Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric Vehicles in India (FAME-II)
scheme, 10 lakh registered electric two-wheelers with a maximum ex-factory price will be eligible
to avail incentive of Rs 20,000 each.
• It will cover buses with EV technology; electric, plug-in hybrid and strong hybrid four wheelers;
electric three-wheelers including e-rickshaws and electric two-wheelers.
• It proposes support for setting up of charging infrastructure whereby about 2,700 charging
stations will be set up in metropolitan cities, other million-plus cities, smart cities and cities of hilly
states across India.
• In a first, putting out a list of key components for xEV manufacturers to localise
• The new draft rules notifies the vehicle testing agencies to ensure strict compliance of phased
manufacturing program (PMP) before issuing the eligibility certificate to the xEV manufacturers for
facilitating registration of their vehicles under phase-II of Fame India scheme.
About FAME I
• The first phase of Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid &) Electric Vehicles Scheme or
the FAME scheme was introduced on 1 April 2015.
• The FAME India Scheme is aimed at incentivising all vehicle segments i.e. 2 Wheeler, 3 Wheeler
Auto, Passenger 4 Wheeler Vehicle, Light Commercial Vehicles and Buses.
• The scheme covers Hybrid & Electric technologies like Mild Hybrid, Strong Hybrid, Plug in Hybrid &
Battery Electric Vehicles.
• Monitoring Authority : Department of Heavy Industries
• Fame India Scheme has four focus Areas.
1. Technology development
2. Demand Creation
3. Pilot Projects
4. Charging Infrastructure
• Target: National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) has set a huge target to deploy 48 lakh
2W EVs and 15 lakh 4W EVs by 2020
• Technology development: There are two types of technology related with FAME : Battery Electric
Vehicles (BEVs) and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs).
National Electric Mobility Mission Plan

The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) 2020 is a National Mission document providing
the vision and the roadmap for the faster adoption of electric vehicles and their manufacturing in the
country.
• The plan has been designed to enhance national fuel security
• To provide affordable and environmentally friendly transportation
• To enable the Indian automotive industry to achieve global manufacturing leadership.

Mega Food Park Scheme
• Ministry of Food Processing Industries is focusing on boosting the food processing industry so that
agriculture sector grows exponentially and becomes a major contributor to doubling the farmer’s
income and ‘Make in India’ initiative of the government.
• Mega Food Parks create modern infrastructure facilities for food processing along the value chain
from farm to market with strong forward and backward linkages through a cluster based
approach.
• Common facilities and enabling infrastructure are created at Central Processing Centre and
facilities for primary processing and storage is created near the farm in the form of Primary
Processing Centers (PPCs) and Collection Centers (CCs).
• Under the Scheme, Government of India provides financial assistance up to Rs. 50.00 Crore per
Mega Food Park project.
Electrification in Rural and urban Areas
• Electricity is a concurrent subject and as such providing electricity connection to households falls
under the purview of State Governments / Power Utility.
• All the States/UTs have entered into Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Government
of India for providing 24 x 7 power supply to all households, industrial and commercial consumers
from April, 2019 and adequate supply of power to agricultural consumers as per State policy.
• Government of India supplement the efforts of the States through its various schemes including
o Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY),
o Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS),
o Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana- Saubhagya and
o Ujjwal Discom Assurance Yojana (UDAY).
Deendayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY)

• It is the flagship programme of Ministry of Power to provide 24X7 power supply to rural areas.
• It focuses on feeder separation (rural households & agricultural) and strengthening of sub-
transmission & distribution infrastructure including metering at all levels in rural areas.
• This will help in providing round the clock power to rural households and adequate power to
agricultural consumers.
• Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) has been subsumed in it.
Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS)

• It aims to provide 24×7 power supply in the urban area. Components are:
1. Strengthening of sub-transmission and distribution networks in the urban areas.
2. Metering of distribution transformers / feeders / consumers in the urban areas.
3. IT enablement of distribution sector and strengthening of distribution network
4. Underground cabling to include additional demand of States and smart metering solution
for performing UDAY States and Solar panels on Govt. buildings with net-metering are also
permissible under the scheme.

Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (SAUBHAGYA)

• Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana – ‘Saubhagya’ was launched in September, 2017.
• Under Saubhagya free electricity connections to all households (both APL and poor families) in
rural areas and poor families in urban areas.
• Rural Electrification Corporation (REC) has been designated as nodal agency for the Saubhagya
scheme.
• The scheme aims to achieve universal household electrification in all parts of the country.
• All DISCOMs including Private Sector DISCOMs, State Power Departments and RE Cooperative
Societies shall be eligible for financial assistance under the scheme in line with Deen Dayal
Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY).
• The prospective beneficiary households for free electricity connections under the scheme would
be identified using SECC 2011 data.
Scope of the Scheme:

• Providing last mile connectivity and electricity connections to all unelectrified households in rural
areas.
• Providing Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) based standalone system for unelectrified households located
in remote and inaccessible villages / habitations, where grid extension is not feasible or cost
effective.
• The beneficiary household will get five LED lights, one DC fan, one DC power plug.
• It also includes the Repair and Maintenance (R&M) for 5 years.
Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana (UDAY)

• It is to provide financial and operational turnaround of power distribution companies.
• It has target of making all DISCOMs profitable by 2018-19 through four initiatives such as
Improving operational efficiencies of Discoms, Reduction of cost of power, Reduction in interest
cost of Discoms, Enforcing financial discipline on DISCOMs through alignment with state finances.
• Under this programme, States shall take over 75% of DISCOM debt over two years.
• Government of India will not include the debt taken over by the states as per the above scheme in
the calculation of fiscal deficit of respective states.
• DISCOM debt not taken over by the state shall be converted by the banks / FIs into loans or bonds.
Electrification definition
• A village is deemed to be electrified if basic infrastructure such as a distribution transformer and
distribution lines are in place in the inhabited locality, electricity is provided to public places like
schools, panchayat office, health centres, dispensaries, community centres and at least 10% of the
households in the village are electrified.
• The Saubhagya scheme defines the electrification of a household as including a service line cable,
energy meter, and single point wiring.

SATAT scheme
SATAT is an initiative aimed at providing a Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable
Transportation as a developmental effort that would benefit both vehicle-users as well as farmers
and entrepreneurs. SATAT was launched with a four-pronged agenda of-
1. utilising more than 62 million metric tonnes of waste generated every year in India
2. cutting down import dependence,
3. supplementing job creation in the country and
4. reducing vehicular emissions and pollution from burning of agricultural / organic waste.
• Bio-gas is produced naturally through a process of anaerobic decomposition from waste / bio-
mass sources like agriculture residue, cattle dung, sugarcane press mud, municipal solid waste,
sewage treatment plant waste, etc. After purification, it is compressed and called CBG, which has
pure methane content of over 90%.
• Compressed Bio-Gas(CBG) is exactly similar to the commercially available natural gas in its
composition and energy potential. CBG can be used as an alternative, renewable automotive.
• Compressed Bio-Gas plants are proposed to be set up mainly through independent
entrepreneurs. CBG produced at these plants will be transported through cascades of cylinders to
the fuel station networks of OMCs for marketing as a green transport fuel alternative.
About Compressed Bio-Gas:

Compressed Bio-Gas is exactly similar to the commercially available natural gas in its composition and
energy potential. With calorific value (~52,000 KJ/kg) and other properties similar to CNG,
Compressed Bio-Gas can be used as an alternative, renewable automotive fuel.
• Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) can be produced from biomass and organic waste sources like paddy
straw & farm stubble, agricultural residue, cattle dung, sugarcane press mud, distillery spent wash,
municipal solid waste, sewage treatment plant waste, forest residue etc.
• As part of the SATAT scheme, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Bharat Petroleum Corporation
Limited, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited, Gail (India) Limited and Indraprastha Gas
Limited had launched an Expression of Interest (EoI) for procurement of CBG from the
entrepreneurs at an assured price.

Pradhan Mantri Jl-VAN yojana

The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has approved the "Pradhan Mantri JI-VAN (Jaiv Indhan-
Vatavaran Anukool fasal awashesh Nivaran) Yojana" for providing financial support to Integrated
Bioethanol Projects using lignocellulosic biomass and other renewable feedstock.
About the yojana:
Under this Yojana, 12 Commercial Scale and 10 demonstration scale Second Generation (2G) ethanol
Projects will be provided a Viability Gap Funding (VGF) support in two phases:
Phase-I (2018-19 to 2022-23): wherein six commercial projects and five demonstration
projects will be supported.
Phase-II (2020-21 to 2023-24): wherein remaining six commercial projects and five
demonstration projects will be supported.
• Support this nascent industry by creating a suitable ecosystem for setting up commercial projects
and increasing Research & Development in this area.
• The ethanol produced by the scheme beneficiaries will be mandatorily supplied to Oil Marketing
Companies (OMCs) to further enhance the blending percentage under EBP Programme.
Benefits of the programme:
• Meeting Government of India vision of reducing import dependence by way of substituting fossil
fuels with Biofuels.
• Achieving the GHG emissions reduction targets through progressive blending/ substitution of fossil
fuels.
• Addressing environment concerns caused due to burning of biomass/ crop residues & improve
health of citizens.
• Improving farmer income by providing them remunerative income for their otherwise waste
agriculture residues.
• Creating rural & urban employment opportunities in 2G Ethanol projects and Biomass supply
chain.
• Contributing to Swacch Bharat Mission by supporting the aggregation of nonfood biofuel
feedstocks such as waste biomass and urban waste.
• Indigenizing of Second-Generation Biomass to Ethanol technologies.
Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme:

Government of India launched Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme in 2003 for undertaking
blending of ethanol in Petrol to address environmental concerns due to fossil fuel burning, provide
remuneration to farmers, subsidize crude imports and achieve forex savings.
UDAN 4.0
The Ministry of Civil Aviation has launched the 4th round of Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS)-
UdeDeshKaAamNagrik (UDAN) to further enhance the connectivity to remote and regional areas of
the country.

Focus on Priority Regions North East Region, Hilly States, J&K, Ladakh and Islands.
Some of the key features of the Scheme are:
• Revision of (Viability Gap Funding) VGF cap
• Promoting short-haul routes
• Well defined Prioritization framework
o Airports that has already been developed by AAI would be given higher priority for award of
VGF under the Scheme.
• Flexibility to change the frequency of flight operation
o The Selected Airline Operator (SAO) would be allowed to change the frequency of flight
operation, during the tenure of flight operation of the given route, provided that the total
scheduled flight operation submitted as part of the Technical Proposal, is conformed and
adhered to within a period of one year.
• Inclusion of helicopter and seaplane operation under NSOP Non-Scheduled Operator’s Permit
license
UDAN Scheme
UDAN-RCS, UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Naagrik) is a regional airport development and “Regional
Connectivity Scheme” (RCS) for providing connectivity to un-served and under-served airports of the
country through revival of existing air-strips and airports.
It would provide a win-win situation for all stakeholders:

1. The citizens would get the benefit of affordability, connectivity and more jobs.
2. The Centre would be able to expand the regional air connectivity and market.
3. The state governments would reap the benefit of development of remote areas; enhance trade
and commerce and more tourism expansion.
4. For incumbent airlines there was the promise of new routes and more passengers while for start-
up airlines there is the opportunity of new, scalable business.
5. Airport operators will also see their business expanding as would original equipment
manufacturers.
Gold Monetisation Scheme
In a move to revive the flagging Gold Monetisation Scheme, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has made
it easier for depositors to hand over their holdings of Gold.
Key Facts:
• RBI has liberalised the GMS, 2015, allowing depositors to directly deposit their bullion with banks,
refiners or Collection and Purity Testing Centres (CPTCs).
• Temples, High Networth Individuals (HNIs) and entities like fund houses, trusts and even
government entities would now find it easier to deal directly with banks instead of CPTCs.
• Banks may accept the deposit of gold at designated branches.
• All designated banks have now been mandated by the RBI to give adequate publicity to the
scheme through their branches, websites and other channels.

About Gold Monetisation Scheme

• The scheme was launched in November 2015 along with sovereign gold bonds and India gold
coins.
• It facilitates the depositors of gold to earn interest on their metal accounts.
• The objective of the scheme is to mobilize the gold held by households and institutions in the
country to put this gold into productive use.
• And in the long run to reduce the current account deficit by reducing the country’s reliance on
imports of gold to meet the domestic demand.
Char Dham Programme
Prime Minister has laid the foundation stone of Char Dham highway development project or
Chardham Mahamarg Vikas Pariyojna in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. The Chardham Mahamarg Vikas
Pariyojna is an ambitious initiative to improve connectivity to the Char Dham pilgrimage centres in the
Himalayas.
Chardham Mahamarg Vikas Pariyojna

• The project’s main objective is to develop around 900 km of national highways.
• It will allow uninterrupted access for pilgrims to the four Himalayan shrines of Kedarnath,
Badrinath, Gangotri and Yamunotri in Uttarakhand.
• The all-weather roads will have tunnels, bridges and fly-overs to enhance road safety and
uninterrupted access.
• It will have proper slope stabilisation to ensure protection against landslides. It will benefit people
visiting holy shrines in Uttarakhand.
• It will generate additional employment for the local population and will change the economy of
the State as it will give a strong boost to connectivity and tourism.
Kisan Credit Card scheme
The Government of India has extended the facility of Kisan Credit Card (KCC) to fisheries and animal
husbandry farmers to help them meet their working capital needs.
About Kisan Credit Card Scheme:

• The KCC scheme is being implemented by the all Co-operative banks, Regional Rural Banks and
Public Sector Banks throughout the country.
• To provide adequate and timely credit support from the banking system to the farmers at the
cheap rate of interest.
• To provide credit at the time of requirement.
• To support post-harvest expenses.
• To provide Working capital for maintenance of farm assets and activities allied to agriculture.
Salient features of the Scheme:

• Revolving cash credit facility involving any number of withdrawals and repayments within the
limit.
• Limit to be fixed on the basis of operational land holding, cropping pattern and scale of finance.
• Card valid for 5 years subject to annual review. As an incentive for good performance, credit limits
could be enhanced to take care of increase in costs, change in cropping pattern, etc.
• Conversion/ reschedule of loans also permissible in case of damage to crops due to natural
calamities.
Electoral bond scheme
Electoral bonds have been introduced to promote transparency in funding and donation received by
political parties.
What are electoral bonds?

Electoral bonds will allow donors to pay political parties using banks as an intermediary.
Key features:
• Electoral Bonds may be purchased by only citizen of India.
• An individual can buy Electoral Bonds, either singly or jointly with other individuals.
• The bonds can only be encashed by an eligible political party only through a bank account with the
authorized bank.
• Electoral Bonds are valid for fifteen calendar days from the date of issue.
• If the Electoral Bond is deposited after expiry of the validity period, no payment is made to any
Political Party.
• The Electoral Bond deposited by an eligible Political Party in its account is credited on the same
day.
• The bonds are issued in multiples of 1000, 10000, 1 lakh, 10 lakh, 1 crore.
Benefits of Electoral bond:

• Transparent political funding.
• Protecting donors from harassment.
• No disclosure of information to third parties.
• Achieving Digital India vision.
• Bringing donations under tax preview.
Border Area Development Programme

• BADP Border Area Development Programme was started in the year 1986-87 for balanced
development of border areas of states bordering Pakistan, namely, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab,
Gujarat, and Rajasthan. It was subsequently extended to all the land borders.
• The programme is administered by the Department of Border Management of the Ministry of
Home Affairs (MHA).
• States are provided a 100% non-lapsable Special Central Assistance fund under BADP to meet the
special developmental needs and well-being of the people living in remote and inaccessible areas
situated near the international border.
• The programme was amended in 2015 to provide the provision for third party inspection and
quality control mechanism under MHA for random inspections of the BADP schemes.
Target Olympic Podium Scheme
It was formulated in July 2014 under overall ambit of National Sports Development Fund (NSDF).
Aim:
To identify, groom and prepare potential medal prospects for the Olympic and Paralympic Games.
Highlights:
• Till date, 352 athletes have received assistance under TOP Scheme in the sports disciplines of
Archery, Athletics, Badminton, Boxing, Cycling, Fencing, Gymnastics, Hockey, Judo, Shooting,
Squash, Swimming, Table Tennis, Tennis, Weightlifting, Wrestling, Winter Olympics, Wushu, Para
Sports, Para Athletics, Para Shooting, and Para Badminton.
High priority category

• It has been created to put focus on and incentivize those sports disciplines played in the Olympics
in which India has won medals in the last conducted Asian Games as well as Commonwealth
Games or in which India has a good chance of winning medals in the Olympics. Presently, nine
sports disciplines viz.,
(i) Athletics,
(ii) Badminton
(iii) Hockey
(iv) Shooting
(v) Tennis
(vi) Weightlifting
(vii) Wrestling,
(viii) Archery and
(ix) Boxing
have been categorised as ‘High Priority’. At present, there is no proposal to expand the list of high
priority sports.
• Other than High Priority Sports disciplines assistance is given for participation in international
sporting events, conduct of international events in India, conduct of National Championships and
coaching camps.
• Identification and nurturing of identified talented sports persons belonging to various sports
disciplines is done under the promotional schemes of Sports Authority of India and Khelo India
Scheme.

AyushmanBharat - PradhanMantri Jan ArogyaYojana
• Government of India has launched Ayushman Bharat – Pradhan Mantri Jan ArogyaYojana (AB-
PMJAY) on 23.09.2018.
i. PMJAY is a centrally sponsored scheme.
ii. It is entirely funded by Government and the funding is shared between Centre
and State governments as per prevailing guidelines of Ministry of Finance.
• PMJAY provides health cover up to Rs. 5 lakh per family per year for secondary and tertiary
hospitalization to around 10.74 crore poor and vulnerable families (approx. 50 crore beneficiaries).
• PMJAY is an entitlement based scheme. This scheme covers poor and vulnerable families based on
deprivation and occupational criteria as per SECC (Socio Economic and Caste Census) database.
• PMJAY provides cashless and paperless access to services for the beneficiary at the point of service
in any (both public and private) empanelled hospitals across India. In other words, a beneficiary
from one State can avail benefits from an empanelled Hospital anywhere in the Country.
• Under PMJAY, the States are free to choose the modalities for implementation. They can
implement the scheme through insurance company or directly through the Trust/ Society or mixed
model.
• There is no restriction on family size, ensuring all members of designated families specifically girl
child and senior citizens get coverage.
• A well-defined Complaint and Public Grievance Redressal Mechanism, has been put in place
through which complaints/ grievances are registered, acknowledged, escalated for relevant action,
resolved and monitored.
• PMJAY has created a robust IT system for implementation and role of real time transaction data.
• At National level, National Health Authority (NHA) has been set up as an attached office to the
Ministry of Health and Family Welfare to manage the implementation of the scheme.
National Food Security Mission (NFSM)
• It was launched in 2007-08 to increase the production of rice, wheat and pulses through
o Area expansion and productivity enhancement,
o Restoring soil fertility and productivity,
o Creating employment opportunities and
o Enhancing farm level economy.
• Coarse cereals were also included in the Mission from 2014-15 under NFSM.
• The interventions covered under NFSM include
o Cluster demonstrations on improved package of practices,
o Demonstrations on cropping system,
o Seed distribution of high yielding varieties,
o Farm machineries/resources conservation machineries/tools,
o Efficient water application tools,
o Plant protection measures,
o Nutrient management/soil ameliorants, cropping system based trainings to the farmers
etc.
• The country achieved bumper production of foodgrains during 2017-18 at 285.01 million tonnes.

• NFSM is being implemented in identified districts of 29 states in the country.

National Food Security Act, 2013
• It aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two thirds of India's population i.e 75%
in rural areas and 50% in urban areas.
• It converts the various existing food security schemes into legal entitlements (i.e.) from welfare
based approach to rights based approach.
• It includes the Midday Meal Scheme, ICDS scheme and the PDS. It also recognizes maternity
entitlements.
• Under NFSA, each beneficiaries is entitled to 5 kilograms of food grains per month at Rs3 ,Rs. 2 ,
Rs. 1 per kg for rice, wheat and coarse grains respectively.
• However, the beneficiaries under Antyodaya Anna Yojana will keep receiving the 35 Kg per
household per month at the same rates.
• It guarantees age appropriate meal, free of charge through local anganwadi for children up to 6
months and one free meal for children in age group 6-14 years in schools
• Every pregnant and lactating mother is entitled to a free meal at the local anganwadi as well as
maternity benefits of Rs 6,000, in installments. Maternal benefits not extended to Government
employees.
• The identification of eligible households is left to state governments.
Intensified Mission Indradhanush 2.0
Union Minister of Health and Family Welfare have reviewed the preparedness within States for
rollout of Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) 2.0.
Intensified Mission Indradhanush 2.0

• The IMI 2.0 aims to achieve targets of full immunization coverage in 272 districts in 27 States and
shall be implemented in the block level (652 blocks) in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.
• IMI was built on MI, using additional strategies to reach populations at high risk, by involving
sectors other than health.
• It was an effort to shift routine immunization into a Jan Andolan, or a “peoples’ movement”.
Salient features of IMI 2.0:

• Enhanced immunization session with flexible timing, mobile session and mobilization by other
departments.
• Enhanced focus on left-outs, dropouts, and resistant families and hard to reach areas.
• Focus on urban, underserved population and tribal areas.
• Inter-ministerial and inter-departmental coordination.
• Enhance political, administrative and financial commitment, through advocacy.
Mission Indradhanush

Mission Indradhanush has been selected as one of the 12 best practices globally and has been
featured in a special issue of the British Medical Journal
Mission Indradhanush’s Goal
1. The ultimate goal is to ensure full immunization with all available vaccines for children up to
two years of age and pregnant women against seven vaccine preventable diseases.
2. The diseases being targeted are diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, poliomyelitis,
tuberculosis, measles and Hepatitis B.
3. In addition to these, vaccines for Japanese Encephalitis and Haemophilus influenzae type B are
also being provided in selected states.
4. In 2016, four new additions have been made namely Rubella, Japanese Encephalitis, Injectable
Polio Vaccine Bivalent and Rotavirus.
5. In 2017, Pneumonia was added to the Mission by incorporating Pneumococcal conjugate
vaccine under Universal Immunization Programme.
6. The Government has identified 201 high focus districts across 28 states that have the highest
number of partially immunized and unimmunized children.
Unnat Bharat Abhiyan

Common Service Centre’s (CSC) e-Governance Services India Limited, under the Ministry of
Electronics & IT, has tied up with IIT-Kanpur to upscale ‘Unnat Bharat Abhiyan’.
About Unnat Bharat Abhiyan
• ‘Unnat Bharat Abhiyan’ is an initiative of the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD).
• Its 2.0 version was launched in the year 2018.
• It aims to create a vibrant relationship between the society and the higher educational
institutions, with the latter providing the knowledge and technology support to improve
livelihoods in rural areas and to upgrade the capabilities of both the public and private
organizations in the society.
• It covers two major domains for holistic development of villages
a) Human development and
b) Material (economic) development
• Institutes through their faculty and students carry out studies of living conditions in the adopted
villages, assess the local problems and needs and thus accordingly prepare a workable action plan.
About Common Service Centres (CSCs)
• The CSC is a strategic cornerstone of the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP).
• The objective of CSCs is to provide high quality and cost-effective video, voice and data content
and services, in the areas of e-governance, education, health, telemedicine, entertainment as well
as other private services.
• A highlight of the CSCs is that it offers web-enabled e-governance services in rural areas, including
application forms, certificates, and utility payments such as electricity, telephone and water bills.

National Nutrition Mission

• National Nutrition Mission (NNM) (or) Poshan Abiyaan is a multi-ministerial convergence mission
with the vision to ensure attainment of malnutrition free India by 2022.
• The objective of POSHAN Abhiyaan to reduce stunting in identified Districts of India with the
highest malnutrition burden by improving utilization of key Anganwadi Services and improving the
quality of Anganwadi Services delivery.
• It aim to ensure holistic development and adequate nutrition for pregnant women, mothers and
children.
• Ministry of Women and Child Development is implementing POSHAN Abhiyaan.
• It will create synergy, ensure better monitoring, issue alerts for timely action, and encourage
States/UTs to perform, guide and supervise the line Ministries and States/UTs to achieve the
targeted goals.

2. MATERIAL SCIENCE
Inkjet printed solar panels
Scientist has developed a novel inkjet processing method for perovskites.
• A perovskite solar cell is a type of solar cell which includes a perovskite structured compound,
most commonly a hybrid organic-inorganic lead or tin halide-based material, as the light-
harvesting active layer.
• Example for perovskite materials are methylammonium lead halides, all-inorganic cesium lead
halide etc.
• Solar cell efficiencies of devices using these materials have increased from 3.8% in 2009 to 23.3%
in late 2018.
• Perovskite solar cells are the fastest-advancing solar technology to date.
• The recent development makes it possible to produce solar panels under lower temperatures,
thus sharply reducing costs.
• Solar panels coated with peroviskites are light, flexible, efficient, in expensive and come in varying
hues and degrees of transparency.
• They can easily be fixed to almost any surface be it laptop, car, drone, spacecraft or building to
produce electricity.
Nano electronics based on graphene
A team of researchers from Denmark have solved one of the biggest challenges of making effective
nano electronics based on graphene – for instance by making a very fine pattern of holes that subtly
changes the quantum nature of the electrons, without preventing them from flow freely between the
holes.
Graphene:
• The graphene is ultra-thin - in fact, only one atom thick and therefore two-dimensional
• It is excellent for conducting electrical current
• It should be suited for brand new forms of electronics that are faster and more energy efficient.
• It can be altered to perform many different tasks within e.g. electronics, photonics or sensors
simply by drawing tiny patterns in it.
• One task which was difficult, is to induce a band gap - which is crucial for making transistors.
• Graphite is a naturally-occurring form of crystalline carbon.
• It is a native element mineral found in metamorphic and igneous rocks.
• It is extremely soft, cleaves with very light pressure, and has a very low specific gravity.
• It is the only non-metal element that is a good conductor of electricity.
• It is also known as a dry lubricant for its greasy feel.

Super injection in Semiconductors

• A physical effect known as superinjection underlies modern light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and
lasers.
• For decades this effect was believed to occur only in semiconductor heterostructures—that is,
structures composed of two or more semiconductor materials.
• Researchers from the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology have found superinjection to be
possible in homostructures, which are made of a single material.
Superinjection
If one places a semiconductor between two semiconductors with wider bandgaps and applies a
forward bias voltage, the concentration of electrons and holes in the middle layer can reach values
that are orders of magnitude higher than those in the outer layers.
New development:
● The physicists found that it is possible to achieve superinjection with just one material.
● In the case of silicon and germanium, superinjection requires cryogenic temperatures. But in
diamond or gallium nitride, strong superinjection can occur even at room temperature.
● This opens up new prospects for designing highly efficient blue, violet, ultraviolet, and white LEDs,
as well as light sources for optical wireless communication (Li-Fi), new types of lasers, transmitters
for the quantum internet, and optical devices for early disease diagnostics.
Solid state battery technology
New research out of a Columbia University Engineering team has uncovered a method to stabilize
solid electrolytes in lithium metal, a.k.a solid-state battery.
• Utilizing a boron nitride nano-coating can produce batteries that offer up to 10 times the charge
capacity of graphite-based Li-ion batteries.
• In addition, ceramic electrolytes often used in solid-state battery design are non-flammable,
reducing safety concerns.
• Dendrite is a crystal-like build-up of lithium metal that typically starts at the anode and can grow
throughout the battery. This occurs as a result of high current charging and discharging, where
ions in the solid electrolyte combine with electrons to form a layer of solid lithium metal.
• Dendrite built-up reduces the available electrolyte capacity of the battery, reducing its store of
charge.
Benefits of Solid-state battery technology:
• Up to six times faster charging
• 2-to-10 times the energy density
• Longer cycle life of up to 10 years
• No flammable components.

Superconductivity at room temperature
Scientists from the Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru confirms that their material exhibits
major properties of superconductivity at ambient temperature and pressure. If correct, it would be
the greatest work done in India since the discovery of Raman Effect.
• The material is — a tiny sphere of gold, placed 10-20 tinier spheres of silver inside it
• The material shows a sharp drop in resistivity
• In superconductivity when the resistance goes to zero the diamagnetic drop should coincide with
resistance drop. Here the resistance drops to zero at 175 K but the diamagnetic drop is at 165 K.
About superconductivity:
• It is a state in which a material shows absolutely zero electrical resistance.
• Because of zero resistance, superconducting materials can save huge amounts of energy, and be
used to make highly efficient electrical appliances.
• The another properties of superconductors is:
1) Diamagnetism - A diamagnetic substance repels an external magnetic field, in sharp contrast to
normal magnetism, or ferromagnetism, under which a substance is attracted by an external
magnetic field.
Poly (Diketoenamine) – Recyclable Plastic
US researchers have designed a fully recyclable plastic which can be disassembled into its constituent
parts at molecular level. The name of newly created recyclable plastic is Poly (Diketoenamine), or
PDK.
• The monomers of PDK plastic could be recovered and freed from any compounded additives
simply by dunking the material in a highly acidic solution.
• It can be fully recycled into new materials of any form, shape or colour without any loss of its
performance or quality.
• Not only does acid break down PDK polymers into monomers, but the process also allows the
monomers to be separated from entwined additives.
• The new material takes recycling into consideration from a molecular perspective. It means that
this recyclable plastic can be disassembled into its constituent parts at molecular level.
Cracking the mystery of nature's toughest material
Nacre, the rainbow-sheened material that lines the insides of mussel and other mollusk shells, is
known as nature's toughest material.
Uses:
• We can use the mussel's methods to create nano-engineered composite surfaces that could be
dramatically lighter and stronger than those available today.
How it works:
• Researchers have known the basics of nacre's secret —
o it's made of microscopic "bricks" of a mineral called aragonite, laced together with a
"mortar" made of organic material.
o This bricks-and-mortar arrangement clearly lends strength, but nacre is far stronger than its
materials suggest.
• They found that the "bricks" are actually multi sided tablets only a few hundred nanometres in
size.
• Ordinarily, these tablets remain separate, arranged in layers and cushioned by a thin layer of
organic "mortar."
• But when stress is applied to the shells, the "mortar" squishes aside and the tablets lock together,
forming what is essentially a solid surface.
• When the force is removed, the structure springs back, without losing any strength or resilience.
• This resilience sets nacre apart from even the most advanced human-designed materials. Plastics,
for example, can spring back from an impact, but they lose some of their strength each time.
• Nacre lost none of its resilience in repeated impacts at up to 80% of its yield strength.
• If a crack does form, nacre confines the crack to a single layer rather than allowing it to spread,
keeping the shell's structure intact.
Ceramic Membrane to Clean Toxic Effluents

The scientists at Council of Scientific and Industrial Research- North East Institute of Science and
Technology (CSIR-NEIST) have developed a ceramic membrane with the help of a mixture of potter’s
clay, stone dust and tea waste which can clean toxic effluents.
Applications:
• These filters are especially useful in petrochemical processing, where it is not possible to use
organic membranes.
• Ceramic filters and membranes are commonly used in several sectors like food and beverage,
drugs and chemicals, waste recovery and recycling industries.
Properties of the membranes:
• Ceramic membranes can withstand frequent cleaning, harsh operating environments and
situations that require continuous flows of material.
• They can also be regenerated over many cycles and used for separation of both aqueous and non-
aqueous solutions.
• The newly developed membrane has good thermal and chemical stability.
• The used membrane could also be regenerated by heating at 400 degrees for 30 minutes, without
much loss of efficiency.

3.SAFETY
Novel fire extinguisher
Scientists have developed a novel fire extinguisher for use in space environments that sucks in the
flame as well as combustion product.
Highlights:
● The Vacuum Extinguish Method (VEM is based on the completely "reverse" operation of widely-
used fire extinguisher, namely, spraying extinguisher agent(s) into the firing point.
● VEM is based on the suction of the combustible products and the flame with vacuum, and then
collecting them into a vacuum container to be isolated.
● It is useful for the special environments that are highly enclosed -- such as space vehicles and
submarines -- to prevent spreading the harmful combustion products such as fume, particulate
matters, and toxic gas component across the entire enclosed cabin.
Motor Vehicles Amendment Bill

• The Lok Sabha passed the Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill, 2019, which seeks to transform
Indian roads with adequate safety measures to reduce road accidents, imposing stiffer penalties
for violations and weeding out corruption.
• As part of the initiative, the Centre will develop a system for cashless treatment of road accident
victims in the so-called golden hour—the period up to an hour after a traumatic injury, during
which there is highest likelihood of preventing death by providing medical care.
• The bill also seeks to protect good Samaritans, ensuring that people who come forward to help
accident victims will not be harassed by the law.
• Towards safety issues, the proposed law has suggested higher penalty for offences such as
1. Driving without a licence,
2. Speeding,
3. Dangerous driving,
4. Drunk driving and
5. Vehicles plying without a permit.
6. There will be strict provisions and suspension of licence for dangerous driving and
driving without seat-belts.
• The Centre will have the power to increase the penalty by 10% every year.
• Under the bill, the Centre can tell an automobile manufacturer to recall motor vehicles in case of
defects that cause damage to the environment.
• The bill caps the maximum liability for third-party insurance in case of an accident at ₹5 lakh,
compared with ₹50,000 now.

• The new law is also expected to make the registration process for new vehicles simpler, and will
make Aadhaar mandatory for obtaining a driving licence.
• The validity of driving licences is also proposed to be increased.
Preventing Fire Incidents
NDMA (National Disaster Management Authority) 15th Formation Day Function
• The theme is ‘Fire Safety’.
• Fire risk in the country, its prevention and mitigation, key issues and institutional challenges with
regards to fire risk reduction were discussed.
Reasons for choosing fire risk reduction as the theme

• Fire accidents, if not handled carefully, can lead to a huge loss of life
• The recent fire incidents like the Surat fire tragedy, which have emphasized upon the need and
importance of enforcing rules and regulations to save precious lives and property.
• In India fire accidents are one of the biggest risks to business.
• It is important to take special measures to strengthen the ecosystem for a proactive approach of
fire risks prevention, mitigation and preparedness for response.
Outlining the challenges:
• The local authority, in-charge for rule enforcement at state level, must have a clear understanding
of the techno-legal regime and profound knowledge of various risk scenarios.
• Another challenge identified was the need for state-of-the-art equipment for responding to fire
incidents.
Solutions:
• Adopting international best practices for fire risk prevention and mitigation.
• Skill upgradation of government functionaries as well as awareness generation among people
about fire risks and precautionary measures through mock drills.
• Community participation with the government functionaries is a must to prevent fire incidents and
minimizing the resultant socio-economic losses.
Vishwakarma Rashtriya Puraskar and National Safety Awards
• The “National Safety Awards (NSA)” and “Vishwakarma Rashtriya Puraskar (VRP)”.(Previously
known as ShramVir National Awards) are operated since 1965 under the Ministry of Labour and
Employment.
• VRP is awarded in recognition of outstanding suggestions given by a worker or a group of workers.
• NSA is awarded for the outstanding safety performance of construction sites, ports, industrial
establishments, and installations under the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB) in the
management of accident prevention programs.


4. GENERAL KNOWLEGE
J&K loses its special status, divided into two UTs
The Union government changed the terms of engagement with Jammu and Kashmir by doing away
with the special status the state enjoyed under Article 370, scrapping Article 35A and splitting the
sensitive border state into two Union Territories of J&K and Ladakh.
Major changes:
• Jammu and Kashmir will no longer have separate constitution, flag or anthem. The citizens of
Jammu and Kashmir will not have dual citizenship-they will be citizens of India alone.
• The proposed J&K UT will, like Delhi and Puducherry, have a legislature while the one designed for
Ladakh, like Chandigarh, will not have one.
• All laws passed by Parliament will be applicable in Jammu and Kashmir, including the Right to
Information Act and the Right to Education Act.
• The Indian Penal Code will replace the Ranbir Penal Code of Jammu and Kashmir
• Article 35 (A), which originates from the provisions of Article 370 stands null and void. Any Indian
citizen from any part of the country can now buy property in Jammu and Kashmir, take a state
government job and enjoy scholarships and other government benefits. Children of a woman
marrying outside Jammu and Kashmir will not lose property rights.
UNESCO Sites
UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN)
• UNESCO has designated Mumbai as a member of UNESCO Creative Cities Network (UCCN) in the
field of Film and Hyderabad in the field of Gastronomy.
Gastronomy:
• It is the study of the
relationship
between food and culture, the art of
preparing and serving rich or delicate
and appetizing food, the cooking
styles of particular regions, and the
science of good eating.
• Food gastronomy is connected
with food and beverages and their
genesis.
• The UNESCO Creative Cities Network now counts a total of 246 cities.
Mission of UCCN:

• Placing creativity and the creative economy at the core of their urban development plans to make
cities safe, resilient, inclusive and sustainable, in line with the United Nations 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development.
The 7 categories for recognition under UCCN are as follows–
• Crafts and Folk Arts
• Design
• Film
• Gastronomy
• Music
• Media Arts
• Literature
Previously, 3 Indian cities were recognized as members of UCCN, namely-
• Jaipur-Crafts and Folk Arts(2015)
• Varanasi-Creative city of Music (2015)
• Chennai-Creative city of Music(2017)
UNESCO Global Geoparks
• UESCO Global Geoparks are single, unified geographical
areas where sites and landscapes of international geological
significance are managed with a holistic concept of protection,
education and sustainable development.
• At present, there are 147 UNESCO Global Geoparks in 41
countries
• In 2018 Lonar Lake in Maharashtra and St. Mary’s Island
and Malpe beach in coastal Karnataka are listed for UNESCO
Global Geopark Network status.
Importance:
• To enhance awareness and understanding of key issues facing society in the context of the
dynamic planet we all live on.
• Mitigating the effects of climate change
• Reducing the impact of natural disasters.
• By raising awareness of the importance of the area’s geological heritage in history and society
today.
• The creation of innovative local enterprises, new jobs and high-quality training courses is
stimulated as new sources of revenue are generated through sustainable geotourism, while the
geological resources of the area are protected.
Jaipur City declared as a World Heritage site

• India has 38 world heritage sites, that include 30 Cultural properties, 7 Natural properties and 1
mixed site.
• Jaipur is an exemplary development in town planning and architecture that demonstrates
amalgamation and important interchange of several ideas over the late medieval period.
About World Heritage sites:
• A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area which is selected by the United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as having cultural, historical, scientific or other form
of significance, and is legally protected by international treaties.
• The sites are judged important to the collective interests of humanity.
• Sites are demarcated by UNESCO as protected zones.
UNESCO:
• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, specialized agency of the United
Nations (UN) for the promotion of international collaboration in education, science, and culture.
• The agency’s permanent headquarters are in Paris, France.
Awards
Sardar Patel National Unity Award

The government of India instituted the Highest Civilian Award for contribution to Unity and Integrity
of India in the name of India’s first deputy prime minister Sardar Vallabhai Patel
• On 31 October, observed as National Unity Day on the occasion of Sardar Patela’s birth
anniversary, the first award will be presented
• The person conferred with the award will receive a medal and a citation, but not a monetary
reward
• This is awarded to recognise notable and inspiring contributions to promote the cause of national
unity and integrity and to reinforce the value of a strong and united India.
• A maximum of three awards will be given in a year and it would not be conferred posthumously
except in very rare and highly deserving cases.
• Any Indian national or institution or organisation based in India would be able to nominate an
individual for consideration for this award.
• Individuals may also nominate themselves. State governments, UT administrations and ministries
of the Government of India may also send nominations.
Zayed medal
• UAE awards PM Narendra Modi with ‘Zayed medal’ in recognition of efforts in giving “a big boost”
to bilateral relations between both the countries.
• The ‘Order of Zayed’ is the highest civil decoration instituted by the UAE.
• It is awarded to Heads of Government/Head of State for their international relations with UAE.
• Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan is the founding father of the United Arab Emirates.
Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First

• The Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi has been conferred with the “Order of the Holy
Apostle Andrew the First,” the highest civilian award of Russia.

• The order was presented to the Prime Minister of India for his distinguished contribution to the
development of a privileged strategic partnership between Russia and India and friendly ties
between the Russian and Indian people.
• The Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First is awarded to prominent government and public
figures, prominent representatives of science, culture, art and various sectors of the economy for
“exceptional services that contribute to the prosperity, greatness, and glory of Russia”.
New railway zone - South Coast Railway (SCoR)

Indian Railways announces creation of a new zone with headquarter at Visakhapatnam.
Key facts:
• The new zone named “South Coast Railway (SCoR)”, will comprise of existing Guntakal, Guntur and
Vijayawada divisions of Andhra Pradesh.
• Waltair division shall be split into two parts.
1. One part of Waltair division will be incorporated in the new zone i.e. in South Coast Railway
and will be merged with the neighbouring Vijayawada division.
2. Remaining portion of Waltair division shall be converted into a new division with
headquarter at Rayagada under East Coast Railway (ECoR).
• South Central Railway will comprise of Hyderabad, Secunderabad and Nanded divisions.
China’s Chang’e-4 lunar rover

China recently launched Chang’e-4 spacecraft, which has landed on the dark side of the moon.
The Lunar rover:
• The lunar rover is named as ‘Yutu 2’.
• Rover carries out low-frequency radio astronomical observations and probing of structure and
mineral composition of the terrain.
• With its Chang’e 4 mission, China has possibly become the first country to make a soft landing (a
landing of a spacecraft during with no serious damage).
Significance of the mission:

• It could reveal formation and early evolution of moon, which could guide astronomers in
planetary studies and help in understanding exoplanets.
• The probe is the first mini-greenhouse to reveal whether plants can grow on the moon, which is a
crucial step toward long-term human missions beyond Earth.
The first photograph of a black hole
• It was revealed by Event Horizon Telescope (EHT).
• A black hole is a region of space whose mass is so large and dense that not even light can escape
its gravitational attraction. Because no light can escape, it is black and invisible.

• There’s a boundary at the edge of a black hole
called the event horizon, which is the point of no return —
any light or matter that crosses that boundary is sucked
into the black hole.
• Anything that crosses the event horizon is destined
to fall to the very centre of the black hole and be squished
into a single point with infinite density, called the
singularity.
How can we detect or photograph them?
• By looking for the effects of their extreme gravity, which pulls stars and gases toward them.
• Also, while anything past the event horizon is invisible, outside that boundary, there is sometimes
a spiral disk of gas that the black hole has pulled toward.
• The gases in that accretion disk are heated up as they accelerate toward the black hole, causing
them to glow extremely brightly. The colours they glow are invisible to us, but are detectable with
an X-ray telescope.
Where are black holes found?

• Supermassive black holes are found at the centre of most galaxies.
• The one in our galaxy is called Sagittarius A* and is one of those the Event Horizon Telescope has
been attempting to photograph.
How black holes are formed?
• Stellar mass black holes form when a star with a mass greater than three times that of our sun
runs out of fuel. It explodes into a supernova and collapses into an extremely dense core that we
know as a black hole.
• Supermassive black holes are believed to form at the same time as the galaxy is formed.
About Event Horizon Telescope (EHT):

• The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a large telescope array consisting of a global network of
radio telescopes and combining data from several very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI)
stations around the Earth.
• The aim of the EHT project is to observe the immediate environment of supermassive black holes,
with an angular resolution high enough to resolve structures on the size scale of the black hole's
event horizon.
Gravitational waves detected for the first time from newly born black hole
• The gravitational waves from a newly born black hole, found that the ringing pattern of the waves
predicts the cosmic body’s mass and spin, providing more evidence for Einstein’s General Theory
of Relativity.
• Scientists have also detected the gravitational waves generated when two black holes collide.
What are Gravitational Waves?
• These are ripples in the fabric of space-time that are produced, when black holes collide and stars
explode, gravitational waves are produced when objects accelerate.
• Gravitational waves were first proposed, 100 years ago by Albert Einstein, as part of the Theory of
Relativity.
Thirty Meter Telescope
Thirty Meter Telescope is set to begin Construction.
• It is a proposed astronomical observatory with an extremely large telescope (ELT).
• It is an international project being funded by scientific organisations of Canada, China, India, Japan
and USA.
• It is proposed to be located in Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii in the US state of Hawaii.
• The TMT is designed for near-ultraviolet to mid-infrared observations, featuring adaptive optics to
assist in correcting image blur.
• TMT will enable scientists to study fainter objects far away from us in the Universe, which gives
information about the early stages of evolution of the Universe.
• It will give us finer details of not-so-far-away objects like undiscovered planets and other objects in
the Solar System and planets around other stars.
Arms and Ammunitons
Scorpene submarine “KHANDERI”

• Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Limited delivers second Scorpene submarine“KHANDERI” to Indian
Navy
• Khanderi, a Kalvari-class diesel-electric attack submarine, will be commissioned into the Navy.
• Khanderi has been named after the wide-snouted Sawfish, a deadly predator of the Indian Ocean
• Khanderi is capable of targeting surface ships as well as hunt enemy submarines.
• The submarine can also undertake intelligence gathering, mine laying and area surveillance
operations.
DRDO successfully conducts Agni II missile’s night trial for first time

• The Strategic Forces Command of the Indian Army test-fired the versatile surface-to-surface
medium-range nuclear-capable missile from launching complex IV of the Integrated Test Range.
• Developed by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and integrated by
Bharat Dynamics Limited, Hyderabad, the missile has already been inducted into the armed forces.
• The 20-metre-long, two-stage ballistic missile has a strike range of 2,000 km.
• It has a launch weight of 17 tonnes and can carry a payload of 1,000 kg.
INAS 314 - “Raptors”

• INAS 314 derives its name “Raptors” from the “Bird of Prey” family.
• ‘Raptors’ are large bird of prey known for excellent sensory capabilities, powerful and sharp talons
and strong wings symbolising the capabilities of the aircraft and envisaged roles of the squadron.
• The squadron will operate the Dornier aircraft, a multi-role SRMR aircraft, with twin turboprop
engine manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautical Ltd (HAL) Kanpur.
• The aircraft can be used for electronic warfare missions, maritime surveillance, search and rescue
and to provide targeting data to weapon platform.
BRAHMOS Supersonic Cruise Missile

• BRAHMOS supersonic cruise missile featuring Indian propulsion system, airframe, power supply
and other major indigenous components, was successfully test fired from ITR, Chandipur in
Odisha.
• The missile test-fired for its full range of 290-km during the launch jointly conducted by DRDO and
BrahMos Aerospace.
• With this successful mission, bolstered India’s defence indigenisation and the flagship ‘Make in
India’ programme.
• The missile was jointly developed by India and Russia, BRAHMOS has been operationalized in the
Indian Armed Forces with all three services.
DRDO successfully flight-tests MPATGM
Indian Army, Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) today successfully flight
tested indigenously developed low weight, fire and forget Man Portable Anti-Tank Guided Missile
(MPATGM) in the ranges of Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh.
• The missile was launched from a man portable Tripod launcher and the target was mimicking a
functional tank.
• The missile hit the target in top attack mode and destroyed it with precision. All the mission
objectives were met.
• This is the third series of successful testing of MPATGM.
• The missile is incorporated with state-of-the-art Infrared Imaging Seeker along with advanced
avionics.
Rocket Launching Pad in Tamil Nadu
Union Government is planning to set up a new rocket launch pad near Kulasekarapattinam in Tamil
Nadu.

At present, the Indian Space Research organisation (ISRO) has two launch pads at Satish Dhawan
Space Centre (SDCC) in Sriharikotta, Andhra Pradesh.
The development comes on the backdrop of increasing launches from India, both for domestic as well
as international customers.
The new launch pad
• It is intended to be used for future Indian rockets including- Geosynchronous Satellite Launch
Vehicle (GSLV) Mk III, Avatar Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV), Unified Modular Launch Vehicle
(UMLV), Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV), and even older ones like Polar Satellite Launch
Vehicle (PSLV) and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV).
Nobel prize in physics awarded for work on cosmology
• Canadian-American cosmologist James Peebles and Swiss scientists Michel Mayor and Didier
Queloz won the 2019 Nobel Prize for Physics
• For work revealing the evolution of the universe and for the first discovery of an exoplanet.
• This year’s Nobel laureates have painted a picture of our universe far stranger and more
wonderful than we could ever have imagined.
• The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which awards the prize, research had “transformed our
ideas about the cosmos”.
• While James Peebles' theoretical discoveries contributed to our understanding of how the
universe evolved after the Big Bang.
• Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz explored our cosmic neighbourhoods in the hunt for unknown
planets.
• Their discoveries have forever changed our conceptions of the world.
Chemistry Nobel
The 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry will be awarded to

• John D. Goodenough,
• M. Stanley Whittingham and
• Akira Yoshino
for the development of lithium-ion batteries,

• Lithium-ion batteries have revolutionised our lives and are used in everything from mobile phones
to laptops and electric vehicles.
• In the early 1970s, Dr. Whittingham developed the first functional lithium battery.
• Dr. Goodenough doubled the lithium battery’s potential, creating the right conditions for a vastly
more powerful and useful battery.
• Dr. Yoshino succeeded in eliminating pure lithium from the battery, instead basing it wholly on
lithium ions, which are safer than pure lithium. This made the battery workable in practice.The
result was a lightweight, hardwearing battery that could be charged hundreds of times before its
performance deteriorated.
The advantage of lithium-ion batteries:
• They are not based upon chemical reactions that break down the electrodes, but upon lithium ions
flowing back and forth between the anode and cathode.
• It also to store significant amounts of energy from solar and wind power, making possible a fossil
fuel-free society.
Nobel peace prize
• Ethiopian Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed has been awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for 2019
• For recognition of his efforts to end his country's long-running border conflict with Eritrea.
• Announced dramatic reforms and "Abiymania" began.
• Ethiopia would accept a peace agreement with Eritrea, ending one of Africa's longest-running
conflicts,
• Eritrea's longtime leader visited Addis Ababa and communications and transport links were
restored.
• For the first time in two decades people could, long-divided families made tearful reunions.
Nobel Prize in Physiology/ Medicine 2019
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2019 was jointly awarded to
• William G. Kaelin,
• Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe, and
• Gregg L. Semenza,
for ‘their discoveries on how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.’
• The discovery by scientists aims to identify the molecular machinery that regulates the activity of
genes in response to varying levels of oxygen and understand how underlying cells adapt to such
variations in oxygen supply.
• Gregg L. Semenza was awarded the Prize for the discovery of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1)
protein. This protein is responsible for switching genes on and off in response to low oxygen levels
in the cells.
• Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe (Professor at Oxford University), earned his share of the Prize for discovering a
mechanism common to all cells of the human body. When oxygen levels are low in the cells, this
mechanism signals the kidneys to produce more red blood cells, which carry the vital molecule
throughout the body
• William G. Kaelin (Professor at Harvard University) received the Prize for his work investigating a
genetic syndrome called Von Hippel-Lindau’s (VHL) disease. He found that the gene behind VHL
encodes for a protein that seems to prevent cancer, and was implicated in its response to low
oxygen levels.



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iesgeneralstudies.

CONSOLIDATED CURRENT AFFAIRS FOR ESE 2020

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National Nutrition Mission .............................................................................................................. 25

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1. KEY GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES

Actuals Budgeted Revised Budgeted %change(RE 2018-

Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan-Dhan Yojana

Price Support Scheme (PSS):

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National Urban Livelihoods Mission (DAY-NULM) gets Governance award

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About About DAY- NULM:

Objectives of the mission are:

About PaiSA portal:

About Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Urban (PMAY-U):

Light House Projects challenge

Initiatives under the Program

3. National Digital Library of India (NDL)

5. Free and Open Source Software for Education (FOSSEE)

• It is a project promoting the use of open source software in educational institutions.

Steps taken to ensure education of children with disability

The major objectives of the Scheme are:

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About the scheme:

National Electric Mobility Mission Plan

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Deendayal Upadhyay Gram Jyoti Yojana (DDUGJY)

Integrated Power Development Scheme (IPDS)

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Pradhan Mantri Sahaj Bijli Har Ghar Yojana (SAUBHAGYA)

Scope of the Scheme:

Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana (UDAY)

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About Compressed Bio-Gas:

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Pradhan Mantri Jl-VAN yojana

Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) programme:

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It would provide a win-win situation for all stakeholders:

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About Gold Monetisation Scheme

Chardham Mahamarg Vikas Pariyojna

About Kisan Credit Card Scheme:

Salient features of the Scheme:

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What are electoral bonds?

Benefits of Electoral bond:

Border Area Development Programme

High priority category

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• NFSM is being implemented in identified districts of 29 states in the country.

Intensified Mission Indradhanush 2.0

Salient features of IMI 2.0:

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Unnat Bharat Abhiyan

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National Nutrition Mission

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Super injection in Semiconductors