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1. General Description of the Equipment

Axial flow impeller for use in potentially explosive atmospheres, composed primarily of a central hub in
aluminium and individual blades in aluminium or polymer material of designation “PAGAS”.
The impeller is intended to move air for the purpose of ventilation or cooling of mechanical equipment.

Aluminium
Designation: EN AC-47100 - Al Si12Cu1(Fe)

Manufacturing process: high pressure die casting

Mechanical properties (as cast):


• Tensile strength Rm MPa : 240
• Yield strength Rp0,2 MPa : 140
• Elongation A50mm % : 1
• Brinell hardness HBW : 70

Chemical compositions: can be found in EN 1706.

Flammability: Not flammable in the solid component state; only flammable in powder form.

Electrical conductivity: 15 – 20 MS/m

Surface temperature: Not self-heating; same temperature as the surroundings of the impeller itself.

Operational limits:
Tip speed: see tip speed limit provided by Multi-Wing Optimiser software.
This limit is valid within standard operating conditions, which are:
• Airflow: Evenly distributed and undisturbed
• Temperature: min. temp. –60 °C max. temp. +245 °C

Polymer
Special grade polyamide 6 designed for electrical conductivity properties.
Designation: PAGAS

Manufacturing process: injection moulding. Multi-Wing International a·s uses several moulds with different
surface finishes, either smooth polish or micro-blasted to impart a rough texture (approx. Charmilles 36
roughness grade).

Mechanical properties (conditioned):


• Tensile strength (MPa) : 70
• Tensile modulus (MPa) : 4400
• Strain at break (%) : 6

Chemical compositions: Based on PA6, glass fibre reinforced.

Flammability: HB rating at 3mm (based on ISO 1210)


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Surface resistance: tested to be below 1 GΩ at 23 ˚C 50% Rh, for both the smooth mould surface and
micro-blasted mould surface.

Surface temperature: Not self-heating; same temperature as the surroundings of the impeller itself.

Operational limits:
Tip speed: see tip speed limit provided by Multi-Wing Optimiser software.
This limit is valid within standard operating conditions, which are:
• Airflow: Evenly distributed and undisturbed
• Temperature: min. temp. –40 °C max. temp. +110 °C

2. Conceptual design drawings

See representative drawings of typical impellers in Appendix I.

3. Procedures and recommendations

General balancing procedure


If our customers require nothing else, impellers are balanced according to G6.3 at 950 RPM. As standard
the following types of impellers are balanced:

• 12 and 14 bladed type H


• All type Z
• All type W
• All type G
• All impellers with Al-blades

Risk assessment
The main causes for failures in operation we have experienced are due to:
• Foreign objects
• Fatigue due to dynamic load

To reduce the dynamic load the following should be observed:


• Do not run the fan in stalled condition!
• Avoid objects disturbing the airflow (shadow effects)
• Ensure an even flow distribution

Installation
Tip clearance: The minimum clearance between rotating components such as the impeller and fixed
components e.g. the fan casing shall be at least 1 % of the relevant contact diameter (diameter of a
rotating part at the point where it can contact a stationary part) of the finish component, but shall not be
less than 2 mm in the axial or radial directions nor be more than 20 mm (EN 14986:2017).
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On applications fitted with anti-vibration mounts, consideration to increased tip clearance should be given
to allow for movement and vibration.

Mounting of impeller: The axial distance between impeller and protection guard as well as the density of
the protection guard should as a minimum conform to any regulations set by local authorities or industrial
organizations.

Earthing conducting parts; the requirements of EN ISO 80079-36:2016 shall apply. Note: it is normally
sufficient to ground the static parts of the fan. If there is a voltage build-up in the rotating parts, this is
sufficiently grounded through metallic antifriction bearings to prevent ignition by electric spark […]. (EN
14986:2017, 4.11).

Impeller-shaft attachment; […] shall be designed in a way that (even in the event of expected malfunction)
no drift can occur and that the joint is secured against loosening (EN 14986:2017, 4.21).

If possible, avoid the use of hammers. If unavoidable, use a mallet or strike with a wooden mandrel.
Alternatively aluminium hubs may be heated to ease mounting.

4. Applicable standards

List of standards applied in the design of the impellers in compliance with Directive 2014/34/EU:
EN 1127-1:2011
EN ISO 80079-36:2016
EN 14986:2017

5. Design calculations

According to EN 14986:2017 chapter 4.7, “Impellers shall be of a rigid design and shall be able to
withstand a test run at a minimum of 1.15 times the maximum operational rotating speed for at least 60 s
without causing an ignition risk, i.e. the impeller shall not contact the casing.”

This design criteria is therefore satisfied if the design tip clearance of min. 1% is never closed due to blade
deflection/elongation under 1.15 times the maximum operational speed.
Multi-Wing has developed a software to compute blade deflection/elongation (radial deflection = blade
elongation; axial deflection = deflection on impeller’s rotation axis) under load based on FEM (Finite
Elements Method) analyses. The FEM analyses were done using the tensile properties described in Figure
2 in the next chapter.
The program will output the deflections in mm and these can be compared to the min. 1% tip clearance.

As an example, for a Ø650 mm, 5 blades, 2Z impeller, running at a maximum operating speed of 1500
RPM at 60 °C, we have the deflections given in Figure 1. The deflection is therefore calculated for
1500 RPM x 1.15 = 1725 RPM
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Figure 1: Deflection calculation from software


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6. Examinations carried out

Tensile testing

a)

b)
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c)
Figure 2 a, b and c): Tensile testing results over temperature range

Spin test & stress


Based on actual spin to burst tests, the maximum allowable blade centrifugal force is determined. As a
matter of safety, the maximum allowable centrifugal force is 1/4 of the calculated blade centrifugal force at
break. This translates to a maximum allowable speed of 50% of the failure speed.

Short term exposure to flame


Flammability test according to chapter 4.23 of EN14986 has been carried out by the supplier of PAGAS on
moulded blades. The blades selected (1H, 4Z, 6W) range from the smallest and thinnest one moulded in
PAGAS (1H) to a “medium large blade”, i.e. Multi-Wing International moulds blades in PAGAS larger than
the largest one tested but it was deemed that if these satisfy the requirements, so will even larger blades.
The flame has been applied on various locations and the time to extinction was recorded. In all tests, the
flames – if there were flames – extinguished within 200 seconds, leaving the blade only partly damaged.
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Figure 3: 1H blade with times to extinction

Figure 4: 4Z blade with times to extinction


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Figure 5: 6W blade with times to extinction

7. Test reports

Surface resistance test report according to EN 13463-1:2009 in Appendix II. Test conditions are the same
as EN ISO 80079-36:2016.
As mentioned in Chapter 1, Multi-Wing International a·s uses several moulds with different surface finishes,
either smooth polish or micro-blasted to impart a rough texture (approx. Charmilles 36 roughness grade).
Therefore both types of surface textures have been tested in order to validate the compliance to EN 13463-
1:2009. EN ISO 80079-36:2016.
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Appendix I
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Appendix II
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