Lesson 1: Universality of Ideas
Reading and writing are forms of
communication.
Communication in never a one way-street.
Intertextuality
 The roles and relationship between the
author, reader, and text.
 In order for a reader to understand what the
writer is trying to convey they should share
the same background, culture, life
experiences, education, vocabulary,
understanding of the subject, analytical
capabilities and other factors.
Hypertext is an electronic network of related
information, materials, and pages that are linked to
one another and accessible through a simple click of
button.
Hyperlinks a highlighted word or picture in a
document or web page that you can click on with a
computer mouse to go to another place in the same
or a different document or web page.
Lesson 2: The heart of the argument
Critical Thinking
 Evaluative thinking
Critical Reading
 Using your critical thinking skills from what
you are reading.
 Process through which a reader identifies
and understands arguments and ideas
presented in the text, evaluates supporting
claims, and responds by developing and
responds by developing independent
conclusions or counterarguments
Claims
 are statement through which an author
conveys or defends an idea.
Explicit Claims
 clear statements leaving no doubt about the
meaning
Implicit Claims
 statements that are understood though not
clearly or directly stated
3 types of claims usually found in a text
(Explicit Claims)
1. Claims of fact
Present an idea as true or false
2. Claims of value
Present ideas either as good or bad, right
or wrong, better or worse
3. Claims of policy
Present ideas as solutions to problems,
usually involving groups, organizations,
or society in general.
Lesson 3: Read between the lines
1. Bias
 Manifested through the use of statements
that favor one person or idea over another
 Relevant and vital information are left out of
the equation, leaving an unassuming reader
to focus only on what an author has laid on
the table, rather than what should have also
been presented.
2. Slanting
 Packaging of a subject or an idea for the
purpose of manipulating perception
 It is a clever and subtle way to lead a reader
to feel or think in a certain way about an
issue or a topic.
 Can be found in press realeases, sales, and
marketing kits, and propaganda materials.
3. Hedging
  Use of vague statements that do not directly
attempt to tackle an issues.
 It is a conscious effort to avoid making clear
stand on an issue.
 Includes the use of language such as, among
many other, may, might, probably and
likely.
4. Facts
 Can be categorized as either true or false.
5. Opinions
 Personal statements that are not necessarily
anchored on facts and hold inconsequential
value when used as evidence.
 These may include expressions of personal
beliefs or feelings that may or may not be
universally true.
Informed Opinion
 Viewpoint of an authority on subject matter.
 These statements are based on knowledge of
the facts and carefully considered principles
6. Untested Claims
 Are statements that are not supported by
solid evidence.
7. False Claims
 Statements that have been debunked by solid
evidence.
8. Generalizations
 are statements implying that an idea is
universally true even when it only applies to
a small subset of the population.
 Majority of….most of… many of… a
good number of….
Lesson 4: Truth of the Matter
Primary Sources
 Such as empirical studies, legal and
historical documents are valued for
providing firsthand evidence that an author
may use to support an argument
Secondary Source
 Present information that have been
recontextualized and transposed into a new
analysis or interpretation to suit the
requirements of a certain article or medium.
Lesson 5: Formulating Evaluative Statements
Evaluative Statements
 Present ‘s a readers take on the arguments
presented by an author and the manner
through which it was delivered.
Bibliophile
 People or persons who loves to read or
collect books.
Book
 Is an effective way of feeding your mind.
 One of the best thing ever invented or
created by man.
Book review
 Is a written literary criticism which gives
readers a heads up about a certain book
without spoiling its story
Parts of a Book Review
1. Introduction
 Information such as its title and author
 Provides the background of the story so the
readers will be able to understand what the
story is about and where it is headed.
2. Characterization
 Describes the attributes and emotions of the
characters in the story
 3. Plot
 Analysis of the plot examines the way the
introduction, suspense, climax and
conclusion are written.
4. Art and Delivery
 Critique the artistic aspect of the book
Typography
- Art and technique of arranging the letters to
make a written language readable and
beautiful
- Font size, font style, line length, line
spacing, letter spacing
Illustrations
- Drawing and other graphic materials found
in the book.
5. Final Verdict
 Is like a conclusion wherein final comments
and overall critiques are expressed.
 This is also where the book is rated based on
the viewers opinion and standards.
Steps in writing a book review
1. Choose a book
2. Write the book review
3. Reread and revise your book review
4. Share your book review with others
Research paper
 Careful study that is to be done to find
and report new knowledge about
something or the activity of getting
information about a subj.
Library Research
 In this kind of research people usually
think of a topic and research about it by
looking into previous studies
Steps In Writing A Library Research Paper
1. Choose a topic
 In choosing a topic, it is best if you choose
something that is close to your heart or
something that you find interesting
2. Scan for available resources
 Related literature, previous studies
3. Conceptualize
 Organize your thoughts through the use
of concept maps
4. Make a topic outline
 Serves as the skeleton of your research
5. Make a thesis statement
 A thesis statement is composed of a
specific topic and specific claim
6. Gather note cards
 Index cards that are used to record
information that may be in the form of
direct quotation, precis or paraphrase.
Resources must be cited in the notecards
 Title
 Authors name
 Publisher
 Place and date
7. Write
Research Proposal
 A document that summarizes the ideas,
impact, plans and processes from
beginning to end of the proposed
research.
 Foresees problems that may arise during
the research and presents how they will
be best addressed.
 Serves as a framework for other related
research projects.
Parts of a Research Paper
Introduction
 Gives an overview of the study to be done
 A. Significance of the Study
 Importance of the proposed study in the
individuals and society
B. Objectives
 Goals that the proposed study aims to
accomplished
C. Date and Place
 Specific date and place of the proposed
study would be conducted
D. Review of Related Literature
 Previous studies conducted, which are
related to the proposed study.
Methodology
 Gives details and processes that would be
done for the proposed study to happen.
a. Locale of the study
 Gives information about the place where
the study will be conducted
b. Respondents
 Shows which people will participate in the
study are
c. Sampling Procedure
 Shows how the respondents would be
selected. Since it is a research, only a
portion of the population would be
studied
d. Data Collection Strategy
 Gives information on how the data would
be gathered in the actual research
 Surveys, Interviews, Questionnaire
e. Data Analysis
 Part where the researcher tries to analyze
the data gathered from the respondents
f. Work Schedule
 Shows the timeline and division of tasks
on certain days. It would also show how
long the study will last
Literature Cited
 References or materials used in a
research, to avoid plagiarism
Budgetary Requirements
 Information about the estimated cost of
the project
Position Paper
 Are made to defend a stand or opinion of
an individual in a formal and academic
way.
Characteristics of a good position paper
1. Clear Purpose
What is the position paper trying to
accomplish? Is it trying to explain,
evaluate, predict, or advise?
2. Focused and limited topic
What or who is your subject?
What are the issues/concerns do you want
to tackle?
3. Organized and Orderly
How do you begin your paper?
How will you progress?
4. Factual and Reliable
Fact-based
Steps in writing a Position Paper
1. Choose an issue for a topic
2. Collect information on the issue
3. Organize and write your position paper
2 types of Appeals
1. Logical Appeals
- Use of facts in order to support a position;
it persuades the audience by targeting
their thinking
Argument from Transitivity
If a is b; and b is c; therefore a is c
2 premises and 1 conclusion
Argument from incompatibility
A cannot be b; if it is b, it cannot
be a, for a and b cannot be
combined
 Argument from reciprocity
these arguments say that
individuals and situations that can
be put together under the same
category through achieving the
requirements needed , should be
treated in the same way
Argument from comparison

AB AB

CD CD

Two entities should be sufficiently similar

Argument from generalization

one-subject is used in defining the
whole population
Argument from examples
A portion is used in defining the
whole population
Argument from a cause
An argument from cause posits
that A is caused by B, which
means that the presence of A
(Cause) will mean the presence of
B (Effect)
Argument from a sign
Use of a sign or an indicator
2. Emotional Appeals
Bandwagon or join the crowd
Appeal to common folk
False authority
Name calling or ad hominem
Association

Parts of a Position Paper

1. Introduction
2. Body