EBIO 111 – Diversity of Life – Tulane University – Bruce Fleury

Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Description of Reproduction
Porifera Budding, fragmentation (breaking into fragments, the resulting fragments are
able to reconstitute into whole new individuals)
Sexual reproduction – hermaphroditic, producing eggs and sperm, larval
sponges ciliated
Cnidaria Dimorphic – existing either as a sessile polyp or a motile medusa
Hermaphroditic – individual has both male and female reproductive organs
Platyhelminthes Proglottid – a repeated body segment in tape worms that contains both male and
female reproductive organs
Gravid – containing eggs
Rotifera Parthenogenesis – the development of an egg without fertilization, as in aphids,
bees, ants, and some lizards
Mollusca Trochophore – a specialized type of free-living larva
External fertilization – males and females release their gametes into the water
Gastropods – internal fertilization, male inserts sperm directly into female body
Annelida Clitellum - thickened glandular section of the body wall in earthworms and
leeches, that secretes a viscid sac in which the eggs are deposited
Nematoda Sexually dimorphic
Copulatory hook – used to hold open the genital pore of the female
Uterus, oviduct, ovaries, testes (all paired)
Arthropoda Pronounced sexual dimorphism
Internal fertilization – adaptation for terrestrial life
Hemimetabolous – simple cycle, juvenile nymph looks like adult
Holometabolous – complete – has a pupal cocoon or chrysalis stage
Stages – egg, larvae or nymph, pupae, adult
Nauplius – a larval form characteristic of crustaceans
Echinodermata Asexual reproduction, regeneration, autotomy
Sexual and external – separate sexes
Gametes generally released into water column where fertilization occurs
Fertilized eggs of echinoderms usually develop into free-swimming, bilaterally
symmetrical larvae
Chordata Testes – produce sperm, ovaries – produce eggs, oviduct – transports eggs from
ovaries to cloaca (in frogs)
Neoteny – retention of juvenile characteristics in the adult
Amniotic egg – egg that is isolated and protected from the environment by a
more or less impervious shell during the period of its development and that is
completely self-sufficient requiring only oxygen
Milk
Marsupial – a mammal in which the young are born early in their development,
sometimes as soon as eight days after fertilization, and are retained in a pouch
Placenta – in mammals, a tissue formed in part from the inner lining of the uterus
and in part from other membranes, through which the embryo (later the fetus) is
nourished while in the uterus and through which wastes are carried away
Monotreme – an egg laying mammal

Reproductive Table created by Melissa Elli Geiss msjahban@tulane.edu

EBIO 111 – Diversity of Life – Tulane University – Bruce Fleury

Kingdom Fungi
Chytridiomycota Zoospore – a motile spore
Glomeromycota Mycorrizae – a symbiotic association between fungi and the roots of the plant
Gametangia – characteristic sexual structures formed from a pair of hyphae,
where gametes are formed
Zygomycota Zygospore results from meiosis and forms haploid spores
Asexual reproduction occurs via long hyphae called stolons that run along the
surface of their food, periodically sinking down root-like projections called
rhizoids
Long stalked sporangiophores arise from the stolons, bearing round sporangia
that break open to release spores
Zygosporangium
Ascomycota Ascocarp – mushroom-like fruiting body
Ascus – tiny sac formed by dikaryotic hyphal strands
Two nuclei in the ascus fuse together into a diploid nucleus, which undergoes
meiosis to form four haploid ascospores, which then divide again by mitosis to
form a total of eight haploid ascospores.
Asexual reproduction is accomplished by modified hyphae called conidiophores
that partition nuclei in beadlike conidia, which then mature and release and form
new organisms
Basidiomycota Produce fruiting bodies called basidiocarps – contain club-shaped structures
called basidia, lining tissues such as gills or pores. Within basidia, karyogamy
occurs, followed by meiosis to produce four basidiospores.

Kingdom Plantae
Bryophyta Antheridium – sperm producing organ
Archegonium – the multicellular egg-producing organ in bryophytes and some
vascular plants
Sperm, egg, spores
Zygote – the diploid (2n) cell resulting from the fusion of male and female
gamestes (fertilization)
Sporophyte – the spore-producing, diploid (2n) phase in the life cycle of a plant
having alternation of generations
Sporangium (capsule) – a structure in which spores are produced, the capsule
breakes off
Protonema – juvenile gametophyte
Hepaticophyta Asexual reproduction via gemmae cups – little specialized structures that contain
tiny cloned plantlets (gemmae)
Thallus – body of a liverwort where gemmae cups are found
Psilophyta Sporangia
Lycophyta Strobili
Megaspores
Microspores
Heterosporous
Sphenophyta Strobilus – cluster of sporophylls
Reproductive Table created by Melissa Elli Geiss msjahban@tulane.edu
EBIO 111 – Diversity of Life – Tulane University – Bruce Fleury
Pterophyta A sporophyte (“spore plant”) has sporophylls (“spore leaves”) each bearing
numerous sori, which are clusters of sporangia that contain spores.
Prothallus = gametophyte
Rhizoid -
fiddlehead
indusium
Cycadophyta Microstrobilus – male cone
Megastrobilus – female cone
Microsporophyll – microsporangia
Megasporphyll – ovules, seeds
Ginkgophyta dioecious – separate male and female trees
Coniferophyta Aril – modified flesh scale found on the female cone that looks like a berry
The sporangia are located at the bases of the sporophylls in the strobilus (aka
pine cone)
Microsporophylls have two microsporangia – within which the microspore
mother cells produce pollen grains
The megaspore mother cell in the megasporangium produces megaspores.
Three of these megaspore degenerate and the fourth germinates into the female
gametophyte.
The female gametophyte typically consists of two archegonia, each with a
single egg. The megasporangium is covered with a layer of protective cells – the
integument – with a tiny opening (the micropyle) where the pollen tube witll
grow into the megasporangium.
Ovule = megasporangium + integument
A section of the surface of the scale usually detaches along with the seed, giving
it a little wing to aid dispersal
Male – pollen cone, staminate cone, microstrobilus
Female – seed cone, ovulate cone, megastrobilus
Anthophyta Each anther contains four microsporangia, where microspores develop by
meiosis from the microspore mother cell. Microspores develop into pollen grains
– the male gametophyte
The ovule (future seed) contains the megasporangium (nucellus) covered by
the protective integument
The large cell with eight nuclei is the embryo sac
One nucleus from each group of four migrates to the center. These are called the
polar nuclei.
At the top of the embryo sac are three antipodal cells, remains of the
megagametophyte
Only one cell at the bottom will act as the egg
The two that surround it become synergid cells that help conduct sperm cells to
the egg
When the pollen grain reaches the stigma of the carpel, it germinates to form a
pollen tube
The tube will grow through the style to a small opening called the micropyle
The male gametophyte has two cells – tube cell, sperm cell
Double fertilization – when the sperm nuclei enter, one sperm nucleus fuses wit

Reproductive Table created by Melissa Elli Geiss msjahban@tulane.edu

EBIO 111 – Diversity of Life – Tulane University – Bruce Fleury
the egg nucleus to form a diploid zygote. The other sperm nucleus fuses with the
fused polar nuclei to make a triploid cell. The triploid cell will divide repeatedly to
form the endosperm, the stored nutritive material inside the seed
The integuments develop in to the tough outer seed coat – protects the
developing embryo
Walls of ovary develop into the fruit
pedicel – stem of flower
Receptacle – attachment to the pedicel, bears the organs of the flower
Sepals – outermost whorl of leaf or petal-like structures that enclose the
developing flower (together form the calyx)
Petals – above the sepals (together form the corolla)
Stamens – the male part (androecium)
Anther – top of the stamen that contains the pollen grains
Filament - the stem of the stamen
Carpel - the female part (gynoecium); technically, a leaf modified to hold seeds.
Includes the stigma style and ovary
pistil – may be a single or multiple, fused carpels
stigma – tip of the pistil – where pollen grains land
style – long, slender neck of the pistil
ovary – round inner chamber that contains the ovules

Reproductive Table created by Melissa Elli Geiss msjahban@tulane.edu