(ln

A sensoi is a delice that produes a neduble respone ro a chE.ge in a physical condition,

such a lemperatue or rbeft.l conductivily or to change in chemical concenhlion. SeNors are
pa(icularly uelul in indutrial p@cdss conlrcl.

Fr.loB io consider when choosi.e, sensor

Calib8tion (dbility to alibration)- rcquned lor nosl m6unng sys€ms since then
r€ding will drin orcr lime.

. Envirohnenl- sensrs lypically have tenpemtur€ & hunidny linils

. Range- lidirs of mebuEm€nls ofrhe s.$s
. Repealabilrty
. Resolurion- tn€ smallesl incensr de smsor cd detsu
Tvp6ofs€nsoB
Senes .re used to n€sG bNic physical phenon@ includine
l. A.celemlion{hoc( & vibialion
2. Angula./ Iinw position
l. Chehical/ s6 concentalion

Sensoa .an bE divid.d, ac.ording to th. rype ol

output.si$al (lrerc sisnrl m.aE Nually an d.cric

+
if a gndual chiise olrhe vilue
Pmriniiv.cnsoB

*7\' |--
ic M.gnetic Pnelmtic position sensoN

Binary Analosue Binary Analogue

A Ooximity sene! h the nore commonly urd sehsoi.

Prcximily *nso6 arc cldsified s

. Non-contact type

e(rirz sri.n. \tic1i. ar'i,areo $11a n a.hrne prn

'. p.siio- A..rv.,ion I. senffa.t)
In z .etuin b) d;.
a.rEhg 3 mddbh orsdrB.so timir 5$khe.a,. "f(rd
nonat) eol pp"d qrh
rnarSs\+!oidcc!aorbteofperio.ning.to.ing.op...rBo.chdrCeoverot.i.c...
Non conr.. ype prorimiry s€nson hrve:
- LongseBice tife
- Htehswil(hingEti.bjtly.
4 diraariol i. m.de betrel rhc.ortoling gmups otp,orim.s
i Mrtnenca y adivded pro\im[, *nsots(Reed lwnch,.
x DU6.

'. hdudve pbx imjty s.nsoh.

Capacirive po{imiry en$6 and
' Oplial prcximit s,nsors.
 Del(tion of mdallic obj4ts oorh ftuus & non-

Dere.tion ofnciallic & non-metaUic objecb

Us lisht stuitive elendts to dekcr obje.ts
Detet rh. pr€snce of p€@€nl @gnels

Reed swilchd ore mogneti@lly &ruared poxidity switch.s. They consht oflm contlct
rceds hous.d in aglasrube filled wiin ind g's.
when the s*itch enle6 a nag..lic r,cld c.g. rh. magnei on a cylinder phton, the ceds
,G closed and ourput dn clecdi€l 3ignal. Tbe op.ning tunclion of reed conlacts can t€
achieved by pc-slBing lhe @nhcl cds osinS smll masnets. This inilial stre$ is
ovcrcode by rhc onsideEbly slona.r swi@hinA nagncls.
R..d swiich6 d. chatuterized by tha following pmp€*i6:

i SwnchinA rinc - 0.2 ms,

i Limild rcsponse sensitivity,
' unsuiloble for ar6 wirh srong nagneric nclds. (e.s. Bistanc wldins

r4re.rk Pdlilv ei3} (E.dsN{.h6)

 Inductive boiinitv senso.s
Inducrire proxinily sensod are widely used in tbe moderh high speed process conlrol
enlironmenr for thedetcclion, posnioning & counling ofnetal(fe@us & non- fenoutobjcds.
Due to the methon of conslruction and suFdor perfomance of inductive senso6. lhcy arc
infeNingly used lo rcplace the lraditional Imn s*itch thus upsnding sF€ed & reliabilil) oa
eristing nachincry. They will also dctcct mctal ihroush a laycr ol non-mcral mrcrial

sensor consisls of rhree nranr componenls

1. Oscillatin! cncuit (i.e. scnsine pan)

Pi".ipl. of o?antior: when a vohase is applied lo $e lerniinals. lhc dr.ill./n,{ .,.rir

gc.ciaLcs a hish-frcquenc) electu ma-qnelic field. rhirh is emitted a.om lhe end lace oi the
prorimityscnsor.llagood elccricll conduclor is inrrod0ced i o rhG osciLhtnrs masnclic field.
nr oscillarins circun is datopened (dampenins ot the oscillari.g amdnude). The do\nslream
,'iascfi,( t.r? e!.luats dc oscillxring cncun sign.l (ie rahc or fall ofoscillarins trmthldc)
lhor i: a ttu s.r rolttge.lefthtd btrht nuniulhtt.h rh. tisqerihs stns trhln thc ihhtttt
ralas. d"r k os.ildihg.n|liltutle hiEho thah rhi! tr. !.troltasr n sisnul (qnth:j.)\i!t
^ lhe ssitching ourp (by a r/,,r,st ' of by a /r))nr,.)
,oss to rht LLrp (n tui| l nnd erivares
\ia the nDtplill*.'fhis outpul rcsponds by eil[cr closin8 lhe ouipul s\ritch (noridly open
le6ion NO) or by openinglhe oulput swnch (nomrally closed version lyp€ NC) Ttu opemting
di!r.nce olrhis sensor depends on lhc actualois shape & size and is srriclly link b ihc nilrr ol'
 Conn.ction dd Circuit Tcchnolqy

r_FdF' "

C"D.ciryof r capacitance

d = dislme between capmitors

r, - a functio! oflh€ dielectic malerial

berween rhe c.paciror

c = capacndce ;f lhe capacito!

whei€,&A d c
ld +,

5
 Capaciiive n.oriiit' sensoF
Capacitive sensoN are used for non-comacr dekcdon ol nerallic objecG and non-frerallic
objects (liquid. plastic, *ooden naicriah & etc.).(i.e. respond to oy subsbnce {nh a high
dieleclric constml like waler, oil. fuel, sugar. paper erc.). Dielecrric narerial ofrhG rype sensor
is$ean. An clcctssmdc field is buildup in rhe spacc bet{cen ?ne octie (entot) e|.dntu Md
the .arlh ele.tade. C^gacirive proximny *nso6 measurc rhe change in caplcirancc in nr
clcclrical ficld ofa capacib caused by rhe approach olan o6jecr. when rhe objecr is ar a pfcscr
dkance from lhe sensnive side ol the sensor. an elecrronic circun insidc rhc *nsor be-{ins ro
osciUale. The rheorrhc lallofsuchoscillltionsis idenlified byrhe eleclronic cncuir and illeads
ro an anpliner lor lhe operation. As $e toe.rion in rhe in,luctive sensoA- d sinilar ndhod is
uscd to get signal fronr NO or NC. fhc op*ating distancc of lhis scnsor dcpcnds oD 11[
acruaroas sbape & size and isslrictly linklo lhc narufc ofrhc matcrial. A scrcw is placcd in rlr
back side to chhse the operalirrs distancc a.d it will bc uscfulin many applicalions.lo son our
tlll Md €npr] conlainers.

Symbol
t

l+ft I

.\-i

Agis31s9!!r!qs$94
\edi. irgurF o{a(in |''er r. "- of * . D,o.in.r'e_o'
L Th'ough-bcam sensoG
2. Reto+eiecr iv€ scnsos

Ihe rlmugh-beam sensor consisc ofspalidLy sp.mrcd tansmitrer and tr{eLver unns
Thc.onponcns are mounrcd in strclr a $a! rltr fie trnlhiner is ain,sd d rccrLv rr rhc
rcccivor.Ilrhe liSht 6errn is i cfruprcd, rhc conbcaopcd or close
In rclroi.oective snso6, ihe rransminer and de rcceiver arc mounted side
commonhousing- For ihc @n@r funciion ofrhese sensoN, a renebr must
in such a qay rhar the light b€m emi cd by rhe hnsmilr.r 6 morc or
Eileredonlorhcr€eivcn l enuptionofdeliehtbeameusestxes.nsorto

Schemallcdiag|am
Symbol

IEFF]*-ial
fl
1-*""'*' f -1".".

ru-
The hnsmiter ard r.c.iver of the difiue sensor are mounted in a sinilar war ro rhat ol
thc rto-ft,lecrive sensor.lfthe r@smitler isaimed !lrreflecring objcct, rhe reUected
lighr h aberbed by rhe receirr and a swiiching signal is genedcd. Thc ARrer lhe
renalion prcpe'ries of lhe abj{t in quesiion, lhe more reliabl} rhc objecr can be

rm*p
rE
i\
&sq4s89!
P!6sure switchs oe usd $ @nlol or monitoring devic.s- They m b. uscd lo op€!,
.lose oi chona. bctwen cncuits when a preer p@sure is rech.d. The supply pBure
acr. on a pisio. sufoce, Thr rcsulting force acrs asainsl d .dju$bl. sprins pEsurc. lf ^i

rh. prc$ue is s@ter thrn tfie for€ of the spring: rhe pisroi is moved and actuate the

In pr.$uE swilches wilh mechdically acluoted mnl&t emblies, a diaphragn, a

bellos.ora Bodson >pring can b. u.?d in plae olrhe heltal:pring

Rcccntly, incEsing use hs be.n made of diaphragm prc$urc s{itches. where lhe
conbcl k no longer m.chan ico lly octuat€d bur eletonically switched This al$ rcquircs
the use ofpre$ure- or forcc{ensitive senso6which exploit one ofrhe followin8Phvsical

. The resin.ncc eifect (diaphBsm *ith sldin gau8e, change in electical resislance
with snape chan8.),
. The pido{6isrire €lfel (chang. in electri@l reskhco with ohlige in
mechanical tension),
. Thc piezoclecinc efTect (generation ofan eleclrical.h.tSc lhroush mechanicol i
. The capacirive.fiict (chanse in capaciranccwith change in mechonica|st€$)

The prcssureiensirive clemcnl in this pocess is crealed though diffusion, vapo.

deposning o. etchins on lhe diaphragm. A suitable polecdve .lecimn ic circuil suptli.s
an amplified analosue sisnal. This sisnal can be u$d for presure indislion or ror
ludher switching opcmrions-