Electrical Machines-I Lab Manual R16 Modified PDF

1
1.Swinburne’s Test and Predetermination of

Efficiencies as Generator and Motor
Aim: To pre-determine the efficiency of a D.C shunt machine considering it
as a motor by performing Swinburne’s test on it.
Name plate details:

Parameters Motor
Rated Power
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Speed
Excitation current
Apparatus:
Sl.no Apparatus Range Type Qty
2
Observations:
Voltage 𝑉𝑜 Current
Sl.no 𝐼𝑠ℎ (amps)
(volts) 𝐼𝑜 (amps)
Determination of armature circuit Resistance Ra:
(0-2A)
MC
2A
+ A
DPST 500Ω/2A
A1
220V DC
supply V (0-300V)
MC
A2
2A
_
DPST
Tabular form
Sl.no V(volts) I(Amps) R
Average Ra
Ra = 1.5 x Rdc
Rdc = Cold resistance of armature
Ra = Hot resistance of armature
1.5 is due to skin effect and temperature effect
3
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.
2. Initially the external resistance in field circuit is kept at minimum
position.
3. Switch ON the power supply, start the motor with help of 3-point
starter.
4. Gradually cutoff the external resistance in the motor armature circuit
and adjust the field resistance till the motor attain the rated speed on
no load.
5. Take the readings of the voltmeter (Vo) and ammeter in armature circuit
(Ia0) and ammeter in field circuit (Ifo ).
6. Switch off the power supply and wire up the circuit for measuring
armature resistance.
7. Apply the 15 volts DC supply to armature and by varying position of the
potential divider impress different voltages across the armature and
note down the corresponding currents using ammeter and voltmeter.
8. Calculate the armature resistance, efficiency of the machine as motor
and as generator for different loads and plot the graph: efficiency Vs
output for both machine working as generator and motor.
Precautions:
1. Keep the motor field rheostat at minimum resistance position.
2. Before starting the motor make sure that motor is on no-load.
3. Loose connections must be avoided.
4. Take readings of meters without any parallax error.
4
Calculations:
Let, the supply voltage = 𝑉𝑜
No load current = 𝐼𝑜
No-load Input =𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜
Shunt field current = 𝐼𝑓
No load armature current = 𝐼𝑎𝑜 𝑜𝑟 (𝐼𝑜 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ )
Power input to the armature = 𝑉𝐼𝑎𝑜
No load power input to the armature supplies the following
1. Iron losses in the core
2. Frictional losses
3. Windage losses
4. Armature Cu. loss = (𝐼𝑜 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ )2 𝑅𝑎 𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑎𝑜
2
𝑅𝑎
Data from test: 𝑉𝑜 , 𝐼𝑎𝑜 , 𝐼𝑓 , 𝑅𝑎
Constant loses: 𝑊𝑐 = Input to motor - Armature Cu loss
2
𝑊𝑐 = 𝑉𝐼𝑜 − 𝐼𝑎𝑜 𝑅𝑎
Since constant losses are known, the efficiency of the machine at any other
load can be determined. Suppose it is desired to determine the efficiency of
the machine at load current I. Then,
Armature current, 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑜 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ ... if the machine is motoring

𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑜 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ ... if the machine is generating
Efficiency when running as motor
Input power to the motor = VI
Armature Cu loss=𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎 = (𝐼𝑜 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ )2 𝑅𝑎
Constant losses𝑊𝑐 = 𝑉𝐼𝑜 − 𝐼𝑎𝑜
2
𝑅𝑎
Total losses=𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑊𝑐
Motor Efficiency Ƞm=(Input-Losses)/Input = (𝑉𝐼 − (𝐼𝑜 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ )2 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑊𝑐 )⁄𝑉𝐼
Efficiency when running as generator

Output of generator = VI
Armature Cu loss=𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎 = (𝐼𝑜 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ )2 𝑅𝑎
Constant losses𝑊𝑐 = 𝑉𝐼𝑜 − 𝐼𝑎𝑜
2
𝑅𝑎
Total losses=𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑊𝑐
Motor Efficiency Ƞm =(Output/Output-Losses) = 𝑉𝐼 ⁄(𝑉𝐼 + (𝐼𝑜 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ )2 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑊𝑐 )
5
6
Motor:
𝐼 𝐼𝑎 = (𝐼𝑜 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ ) WL Efficiency
Sl.no (amps)
𝑜
Input Output
(amps) (watts) (Ƞ)
Generator:
𝐼 𝐼𝑎 = (𝐼𝑜 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ ) WL Efficiency
Sl.no (amps)
𝑜
Input Output
(amps) (watts) (Ƞ)
Graph:
Efficiency Generator
Motor
Output, Watts
7
8
9
Result:
Viva questions:
1. Why is it necessary to keep the speed to the rated value?
2. How does the armature copper loss vary with the current?
3. Why cannot this test be applied to series motor?
4. How are the friction and Iron losses determined?
5. Compare this result with brake test and comment on it?
6. Why the generator has higher efficiency than motor?
7. What are the main assumptions of this method?
8. For a given line current, the generator efficiency s more than motor
why?
10
11
2.Brake test on DC shunt motor. Determination of
performance curves.
Aim: To obtain the performance characteristics curves of a D.C. shunt motor
by conducting
break test on it.
Name plate details:

Parameters Motor
Rated Power
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Speed
Excitation current
Apparatus:
1
2
3
4
5
6
12
Spring
Torque
Sl. balance S Speed Input Output= %ƞ=
V I =9.81*r*
no (N) = V*I 2πNT/60 OP/IP
S1 S2 (S1-S2)
13
Procedure:
1. Give connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Initially the external resistance in armature circuit is kept at maximum
position and resistance in field circuit is kept at minimum position.
starter.
4. Gradually cutoff the external resistance in the motor armature circuit
and adjust the field resistance till the motor attain the rated speed.
5. Note down the no-load readings of the voltmeter and ammeter at rated
speed.
6. The load is applied on the motor by tightening the belt around the
brake- drum of the motor gradually. Apply the load insteps and note
the readings ammeter, voltmeter, spring balances, and the speed at
each step.
7. Then apply brake gradually up to rated full load current and the voltage,
current, speed,
and tension of the spring balances are noted in steps.
Now the load is reduced to zero and switch off the supply.
Precautions:
1. The motor field rheostat should be kept in minimum position at the
time of stating of motor
2. Avoid loose connections in the circuit.
3. Select rated and required range of ammeters and voltmeters.
4. Take the readings without parallax error.
14
CALCULATIONS:
Shaft torque developed by the motor 𝑇 = (9.81 ∗ (𝑆1 − 𝑆2 ) ∗ 𝑅) 𝑁 − 𝑀
Motor output power =(2𝜋𝑁𝑇 ⁄60) 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
Motor input power = VI Watts
Efficiency = Ƞ = Output/Input *100
Model graphs:
1. Output Vs Speed
2. Output Vs Torque
3. Output Vs Efficiency
4. Output Vs Current
%ƞ
T I N %ƞ Load current
Speed
Torque
Output power in BHP
15
16
17
Result:
Viva questions:
1. Why does the speed fall slightly when the D.C. shunt motor is loaded?
2. What will happen if the field current of the D.C. shunt motor gets
interrupted?
3. What are the possible errors in the experiment?
4. How will you avoid the breaking arrangements getting heated?
5. Up to what capacity of motor can this type of test to be done?
6. Based upon its performance characteristics suggest some important
applications of shunt motor.
7. Why DC shunt motor is called practically constant speed motor.
8. Specify the relation between speed and torque in DC shunt motor
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19
3.Speed control of DC shunt motor by Field and
armature Control.
Aim: To perform Speed control of DC Shunt Motor with armature voltage
control and field flux control method.
Name plate details:

Parameters Motor
Rated Power
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Speed
Excitation current
Apparatus:
20
Tabular column:
Armature control:
𝐼𝑓1 = 𝐼𝑓2 = 𝐼𝑓3 =
Armature Armature Armature
Sl.no Speed Speed Speed
voltage voltage voltage
N (rpm) N (rpm) N (rpm)
𝑉𝑎 (volts) 𝑉𝑎 (volts) 𝑉𝑎 (volts)
Field control:
𝑉𝑎1 = 𝑉𝑎2 = 𝑉𝑎3 =
Field Field Field
Sl.no Speed Speed Speed
current current current
N (rpm) N (rpm) N (rpm)
𝐼𝑓 (amps) 𝐼𝑓 (amps) 𝐼𝑓 (amps)
Model graphs:
If1
Speed N If2 Speed N Va1
Va2
If3 Va3
Voltage Va Field current If
21
Procedure:
Armature Control:
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. After checking the maximum position of armature rheostat and
minimum position of field rheostat, DPST switch is closed
3. Field current is fixed to various values and for each fixed value, by
varying the armature rheostat, speed is noted for various voltages
across the armature.
Field Control:
2. After checking the maximum position of armature rheostat and
minimum position of field rheostat, DPST switch is closed.
3. Armature voltage is fixed to various values and for each fixed value, by
adjusting the field rheostat, speed is noted for various field currents.
4. Bringing field rheostat to minimum position and armature rheostat to
maximum position DPST switch is opened.
5. Do not exceed the speed above 1800rpm
Precautions:
1. Field Rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance position at
the time of starting and stopping the motor.
2. Armature Rheostat should be kept in the maximum resistance position
at the time of starting and stopping the motor.
3. Loose connections must be avoided.
4. Take readings of meters without any parallax error.
22
23
Result:
Viva questions:
1. Which speed control will give the speed greater than the rated speed and
which one will give less than the rated speed? State also the reason.
2. What are the factors that decide the speed of a dc machine?
3. What are the various methods of speed control in dc series motor?
4. Write few merits and demerits of the rheostatic control?
5. What will happen if the field winding of a running dc motor is opened?
24
4.Magnetization characteristics of dc shunt
generator. Determination of critical field resistance
and critical speed
Aim: To draw the magnetization characteristics of a self-excited D.C. Shunt

Generator and to determine the critical field resistance and critical speed of
the generator
Name plate details:

Parameters Motor Generator
Rated Power
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Speed
Excitation current
Apparatus:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Procedure:
1. Note down the ratings of the D.C. shunt motor and the D.C. shunt
generator.
2. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.
3. Keep the generator field rheostat at maximum resistance position,
motor field rheostat at minimum resistance position and open the
switch ‘SW’.
4. Now start the motor and bring the speed to rated speed of the
generator by using motor field rheostat.
5. Note the residual voltage and close the switch ‘SW’.
6. Now decrease the field rheostat in the generator field and record the
values of 𝐼𝑓 and 𝐸𝑔 up to the rated voltage of the Generator.
7. Maintain the speed of the motor (Prime Move) at a constant value
during the experiment.
8. Plot the magnetization curve and draw a tangent to obtain the critical
field resistance.
25
Observation Table:
for 𝑅𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑁𝑐 Critical speed calculations critical Resistance
Sl.no 𝐼𝑓 (field amps) 𝐸𝑔 (volts) Sl.no Speed (rpm) 𝐸𝑔 (volts)
Model graph:
1. Generated Emf 𝐸𝑔 Vs Field Current 𝐼𝑓
2. Generated Emf 𝐸𝑔 Vs Speed N
Crictical field
resistanceRc
Armature Generating
voltage Eg EMF Eg
Field current If Nc speed
26
Procedure for critical speed:
1. Close the switch ‘SW’ and keep the generator field rheostat at
minimum position.
2. Now increase the speed of the motor gradually, and note down the
speed and generated voltage up to the rate voltage of the generator.
3. The speed at which the generator builds up an appreciable voltage is
called critical speed.
Precautions:
1. Keep the motor field rheostat at minimum resistance position.
2. Keep the generator field rheostat at maximum resistance position.
3. At the time of starting the generator should be in no-load condition.
4. Loose connections are to be avoided
27
Model graph:
Rsh
Generating
EMF Eg B
O H
Q G
Field current If
To find the critical resistance

Rc=OP/OQ
To find critical speed
Nc = N*GH/GB
28
Result:
Viva questions:
1. Why the OCC curve is not a straight line?
2. What happens at the rated value of the voltage of the generator?
3. Why does the curve get saturated after that value?
4. Does the curve change with speed? If, yes how? If not, why?
5. In case the curves are drawn with increase in excitation and decrease
in excitation, there is lag and the curve is not the same, why?
6. How OCC can be constructed for series generator?
7. What are the causes for failure of voltage buildup in DC generator?
8. What we have to do if residual magnetism lost DC machine?
9. State the conditions of self-excitation?
10. What is relation between critical field resistance and critical speed?
29
30
5.Retardation Test on Dc Shunt Motor Determination
of Losses at Rated Speed
Aim: To separate the no-load losses and find moment of inertia of DC

machine rotor by performing the Retardation Test on given DC machine.
Name plate details:

Parameters Motor
Rated Power
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Speed
Excitation current
Apparatus:
31
Observations:
Case-I Case-II
Sl.no Speed (rpm) Time(sec) Sl.no Speed (rpm) Time(sec)
Case-III
Sl.no Speed (rpm) Time(sec)
Calculations:
1
Kinetic energy of the armature = 2 𝐽𝜔2
Where 𝐽 is the moment of inertia of the armature and 𝜔 is the angular speed
at this instant.
𝑑 1 𝑑𝜔
Rotational losses 𝑃𝑠 = 𝑑𝑡 (2 𝐽𝜔2 ) = 𝐽𝜔 𝑑𝑡
2𝜋𝑁
Since 𝜔 = 60
2𝜋 𝑑𝑁
Rotational losses 𝑃𝑠 = ( 60 )2 𝐽𝑁 𝑑𝑡
Hence to determine stray losses, the values of moment of inertia of armature

𝑑𝑁
( 𝐽 ) and rate of change of speed must be known
𝑑𝑡
32
Procedure:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
3. Keep the load resistance in maximum position and ensure DPDT
switches is kept open
4. Close the DPST switch towards terminals 2, 21 start the motor the help
of 3-point starter.
5. Adjust the armature rheostat so that voltmeter reads rated value.
Adjust the field rheostat so that motor runs at 5-10% above the rated
speed (i.e. 200-300 rpm rated speed).
CASE 1:
1. When the machine is running with 5-10% above the rated speed. Switch
off the power supply by opening the DPST switch, so that power to
armature as well as field is cutoff.
2. When the machine slows down note down the time taken for slowing
down and speed.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for various values of fall in speeds & corresponding
time in seconds.
4. Draw the graph showing speed as a function of time for fallen speed.
5. dN/dT at rated speed is determine by drawing a tangent to the curve at
rated speed
CASE 2:
1. When the machine is running with 5-10% above the rated speed. The
DPDT switch is which initially placed 2-21 terminal is opened such that
power to the field system is kept unchanged (the machines slows down
against the combined mechanical and iron losses PN and PI.
2. When the machine slows down note down the time taken for slowing
down and speed.
3. Repeat steps 1 and 2 for various values of fall in speeds & corresponding
time in seconds.
rated speed.
CASE 3:
1. Start the motor with the help of 3-point starter by closing DPST and
DPDT switch (DPDT switch terminal initially kept at 2-21 terminals).
2. Adjust the field rheostat so that motor runs at 5-10% above the rated
speed (i.e. 200-300 rpm rated speed).
3. When the machine is running with 5-10% above the rated speed. The
DPDT switch is which initially placed 2-21 terminal is switched to
terminals 3-31. i.e. the supply to armature is cut of and armature is
connected to load resistance.
4. Here the machine slows down against the combined mechanical, iron
and load losses.
33
Methods of finding moment of inertia (𝑱) in retardation test
a. Using Flywheel
b. Without using Flywheel
Using Flywheel in retardation test
In this method, we use the fly wheel whose moment of inertia is I1 to find the
I value. In first case retardation test is performed with armature alone and
𝑑𝑁
is determined. In next case, flywheel is employed on the shaft, change in
𝑑𝑡
1
𝑑𝑁
speed, 𝑑𝑡 is noted. Addition of fly-wheel will not materially affect the rotational
2
losses.
2𝜋 𝑑𝑁
In first case, rotational losses 𝑃𝑠 = ( 60 )2 𝐽𝑁 𝑑𝑡
1
2𝜋 𝑑𝑁
In second case, rotational losses 𝑃𝑠 = ( 60 )2 (𝐽 + 𝐽1 )𝑁 𝑑𝑡
2
2𝜋 2 𝑑𝑁 2𝜋 2 𝑑𝑁
( ) 𝐽𝑁 = ( ) (𝐽 + 𝐽1 )𝑁
60 𝑑𝑡1 60 𝑑𝑡2
𝑑𝑁 𝑑𝑁
𝐽𝑁 = (𝐽 + 𝐽1 )𝑁
𝑑𝑡1 𝑑𝑡2
𝑑𝑁 𝑑𝑁 𝑑𝑁
𝐽( − ) = 𝐽1 ( )
𝑑𝑡1 𝑑𝑡2 𝑑𝑡2
𝑑𝑁
𝐽1 ( )
𝑑𝑡2
𝐽=
𝑑𝑁 𝑑𝑁
( − )
𝑑𝑡1 𝑑𝑡2
𝑑𝑡1 𝑡1
𝐽 = 𝐽1 ∗ = 𝐽1 ∗
𝑑𝑡2 − 𝑑𝑡1 𝑡2 − 𝑡1
Since the values of 𝐽1 , 𝑡1 and 𝑡2 are known, the moment of inertia 𝐽 of the
armature can be determined.
Without using Flywheel in retardation test:
Without using flywheel, 𝐽 is eliminated from the expression by an experiment.
First, retardation test is performed with armature alone. The rotational losses
are given by;
2𝜋 𝑑𝑁
𝑃𝑠 = ( 60 )2 𝐽𝑁 𝑑𝑡
1
Next the motor is loaded with a known amount of power W' with a brake. For
𝑑𝑁
the same change in speed, 𝑑𝑡 is noted. Then,
2
2𝜋 𝑑𝑁
𝑃𝑠 + 𝑃𝑠′ = ( 60 )2 𝐽𝑁 𝑑𝑡
2
𝑑𝑁
𝑃𝑠 + 𝑃𝑠′ 𝑑𝑡2
=
𝑃𝑠 𝑑𝑁
𝑑𝑡1
𝑃𝑠 + 𝑃𝑠′ 𝑑𝑡1
=
𝑃𝑠 𝑑𝑡2
34
5. When the machines slow, downs note down the readings of slowing
down time, ammeter and also the voltmeter.
rated speed.
Precautions:
1. Avoid lose connections.
2. Check the connections carefully before the motor is starter.
3. Ensure that field rheostat is kept in minimum position at the time of
starting of DC motor.
35
𝑑𝑡2
𝑃𝑠 = 𝑃𝑠′ ∗
𝑑𝑡1 − 𝑑𝑡2
𝑑𝑁
= 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑑𝑡1
𝑑𝑁
= 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝑑𝑡2
Graph:
B
Speed N
P
A
Time T
𝑑𝑁 𝑂𝐵 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑝𝑚
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑂𝐴 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
36
37
38
Result:
Viva questions:
1. Why does the speed drop, when the machine is switched off?
2. What are the various losses during the retardation tests of the motor?
3. What is the moment of inertia of the motor? Is it constant (or) variable?
4. How does the moment of inertia effect the Retardation?
5. How can you determine the Rate of change of speed?
6. How can you find the moment of inertia of the motor?
7. If a voltmeter is connected across the armature, when it is taken off
from supply? While Retarding, will the voltmeter Read? And in what
direction? will the reading be varying Why?
8. Is the moment of inertia is useful (or) not in case of motor?
39
40
6.Separation of losses in DC shunt motor
Aim: To separate Iron (Hysteresis and eddy current losses) and frictional
(mechanical) losses in a D.C. shunt motor
Name plate details:

Parameters Motor
Rated Power
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Speed
Excitation current
Apparatus:
41
Observation:
Full excitation =
Sl.no Voltage V Current A Speed N 𝑊 = 𝑉𝐼𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎 W/N (watts /rpm)

(volts) (amps) (rpm)
Reduced excitation =
Sl.no Voltage V Current A Speed N 𝑊 = 𝑉𝐼𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎 W/N (watts /rpm)

(volts) (amps) (rpm)
Calculations:
Friction and windage losses = 𝐴𝑁 + 𝐵𝑁 2 .
Where A and B are friction and windage loss corresponding
constants Hysteresis and eddy current losses = 𝐶𝑁 + 𝐷𝑁 2
Where C and D are Hysteresis and eddy current loss corresponding
constants
Total iron and mechanical losses (𝑊) = 𝐴𝑁 + 𝐵𝑁2 + 𝐶𝑁 + 𝐷𝑁2
𝑊/𝑁 = (𝐴 + 𝐶) + (𝐵 + 𝐷)𝑁
From graph 𝑂𝑃 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 − − − (1)
Slope 𝑃𝑄 = Tan Ɵ1 = 𝐵 + 𝐷 − − − (2)
At reduced excitation constants C and D varies to C’ and D’
𝑂𝑅 = 𝐴 + 𝐶’ − − − −(3)
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑅𝑆 = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝜃2 = 𝐵 + 𝐷’ − − − −(4)
Now, 𝐶 ⁄𝐶 𝐼 = (flux at normal excitation/flux at reduced excitation), and
𝐷⁄𝐷𝐼 = (flux at normal excitation/flux at reduced excitation)
So, if we determine the ratio (flux at normal excitation/flux at reduced
excitation) we can find
A, B, C, D, CI, & DI.
42
Procedure:
starter.
4. Reduce the armature circuit resistance in steps, increasing the speed.
5. Take the readings of voltmeter, ammeter and speed at constant field
current
6. Continue the experiment till maximum speed is obtained by cutting out
the complete resistance in armature circuit. (Do not exceed the rated
speed.)
7. Bring the armature rheostat back to full resistance (initial) position.
8. Repeat the experiment with a reduced field current. (75% rated
excitation)
9. Measure the armature resistance by voltmeter-ammeter method
Precautions:
1. Avoid lose connections.
2. Check the connections carefully before the motor is starter.
3. Ensure that field rheostat is kept in minimum position at the time of
starting of DC motor.
43
Subtracting 3 from 1 and 4 from 2
OP-OR= C-C’-----(5)
PQ-QR=Tanθ1-Tanθ2 =D-D’ ------(6)
C and C’ are Hysteresis loss constant proportional to ɸ1.6
D and D’ are eddy current loss constant proportional to ɸ2
ɸ and ɸ′ are fluxes of full and reduced excitation proportional to 𝐸𝑏1 and 𝐸𝑏2
𝐶 1.6
= (ɸ⁄ɸ′) = (𝐸𝑏1 ⁄𝐸𝑏2 )1.6 − − − (7)
𝐶′
𝐷 2
= (ɸ⁄ɸ′) = (𝐸𝑏1 ⁄𝐸𝑏2 )2 − − − (8)
𝐷′
From equation (5), (6), (7), (8) B, B’, C, C’ are calculated
After knowing the constants, the various losses can be computed at any
given speed and at any
specified excitation
Model graph:
Full excitation
Q
W/N
θ1 S
P Reduced excitation
R θ2
O
Speed N
44
45
46
Result:
Viva questions:
1. How hysteresis and eddy current losses vary with the change in speed
of DC shunt motor?
2. How we can improve eddy current losses in shunt motor?
3. What are the total losses that occur in DC shunt motor on load?
4. Why magnetic and mechanical losses are considered as constant
losses?
47
48
7.Open Circuit & Short Circuit Test on a Single-Phase
Transformer
Aim: To conduct OC & SC tests on the given 1-ɸ Transformer and to

calculate its
1) Equivalent circuit parameters
a). Referred to H.V side
b). Referred to L.V side
2) Efficiency at various loads.
3) Regulation at various power factors
4) Maximum Efficiency.
Name plate details:

1-ф Transformer
Transformer LV side HV side
Rated power
Rated voltage
Rated current
Frequency
Apparatus required:
Sl.no Name of the equipment Rating Type Quantity
49
Observations:
O.C test
Sl.no Voltage Current Power

Vo( Volts) Io(Amp) Wo (Watts)
S.C test
Sl.no Voltage Current Power

Vsc ( Volts) Isc (Amp) Wsc (Watts)
Calculation
O.C test:
𝑊𝑜
1)No load power factor cosфo=
𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜
Iw=Iocosфo Iµ=Iosinфo
𝑉
2) Resistance to account for core losses Ro= 𝑜 Ω
𝐼𝑊
𝐼𝑜
3) Magnetizing reactance xo= Ω
𝐼µ
50
Electrical Machines-I Lab
S.C test:
𝑊𝑠𝑐
Short circuit power factor cosфsc=𝑉
𝑠𝑐 𝐼𝑠𝑐
𝑊𝑠𝑐
Equivalent winding resistance refered to HV side𝑅01 = 2
𝐼𝑠𝑐
Equivalent winding resistance refered to LV sideR02=R01K2

Where K (Transformation Ratio) = (V2/ V1)
𝑉𝑠𝑐
Equivalent winding Impedance referred to H V side 𝑍01 = 𝐼𝑠𝑐
Equivalent winding Impedance referred to LV side Z02=z01k2
Equivalent winding Reactance referred to HV side 𝑋01 = √𝑍01

2 2
− 𝑅01
Equivalent winding Reactance referred to LV side X02=X01k2
To find Efficiency:
Core loss or Constant loss (WI)
Rated short circuit current I2 sc
KVA rating of transformer
Copper loss (Wsc) at full load Current
Output for other power factor=V2I2cosф
Total power loss WT=WI+WSC
Output =(X*kVA*cosф)watts
where Xis fraction of load
KVA is the power rating of the transformer
Cosф is power factor
Copper losses =X2Wsc in watts
Where Wsc Is Copper loss in short circuit condition
Where ‘X’ is Fraction of load
Total power loss = (Copper Loss + Iron Loss) In Watts
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
% efficiency =𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡+𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 × 100
𝑉𝐼𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠ф
% efficiency =𝑉𝐼 × 100
𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠ф+𝑊𝑇
𝐼2 𝑅02 cosф+𝐼2 𝑋02 𝑠𝑖𝑛ф

% voltage regulation= × 100
𝐸2
( +Ve for lagging and unity PF; - Ve for leading PF )
51
EEE department, MVRCOE
TABULAR COLUMNS:
Efficiency Vs Load
Power Factor Lagging

Load
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
25%
50%
75%
%REGULATION
Lagging power factor Leading power

Sl.no Power factor Cosф
%regulation factor %regulation
1. 0
2. 0.2
3. 0.4
4. 0.6
5. 0.8
6. 1.0
Graphs :
1)% efficiency Vs output

2) % Regulation Vs Power factor
Y
% reg
cosɸ1
%ƞ
cosɸ2
Leading PF Lagging PF X
Output power (KW)
52
PROCEDURE:
Open circuit test:
2. Ensure that variac is set to zero output voltage position before starting
the experiment.
3. Switch ON the supply. Now apply the rated voltage to the Primary
winding by using variac.
4. The readings of the Voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted down
in Tabular form.
5. Then Variac is set to zero output position and switch OFF the supply.
6. Calculate Ro and Xo from the readings.
Short Circuit Test:

2. Ensure that variac is set to zero output voltage position before starting
the experiment.
3. Switch ON the supply. Now apply the rated Current to the Primary
winding by using Variac.
4. The readings of the Voltmeter, ammeter and wattmeter are noted down
in Tabular form.
5. Then Variac is set to zero output position and switch OFF the supply.
6. Calculate Ro1 and Xo1 from the readings
PRECAUTIONS
1. Loose connections are to be avoided.
2. Circuit connections should not be made while power is ON.
3. Ensure variac position is zero before starting the experiment.
4. Readings of meters must be taken without parallax error.
53
54
55
56
Result:
Viva Questions:
1. What is regulation of a transformer?
2. What are the different losses in a transformer?
3. What are the different types of transformers?
4. What is the efficiency of a transformer when compared with Induction
motor?
5. What is the working principle of transformer?
6. What happens when DC is given to primary of a transformer?
7. Why the transformers are rated in KVA?
57
58
8.SUMPNER’S TEST ON A PAIR OF 1-Ф

TRANSFORMER
AIM: To conduct OC & SC tests on the given 1- Transformer and to
calculate its
1) Equivalent circuit parameters
A). Referred to H.V side
b). Referred to L.V side
2) Efficiency at various loads.
3) Regulation at various power factors
4) Maximum Efficiency
Name plate details: 1-ф Transformers
Transformer-1 Transformer-2
Transformer
L.V H.V L.V H.V
Rated power
Rated voltage
Rated current
Frequency
Apparatus required:
Name of the
Sl.no Range Type Quantity
apparaturs
59
Observations:
Primary side Secondary side

Sl.no
V1(Volts) I1(Amps) W1(Watts) V2(Volts) I2(Amps) W2(Watts)
Calculations:
Iron losses of each transformer W0=W1/2
No load current of each transformer I0=I1/2
Full load copper losses of each transformer Wsc=W2/2
Injected voltage of each transformer Vsc=V2/2
Efficency at full load and power factor =cosɸ
Output =KVA* cosɸ
Total losses of each transformer under full load W0+ Wsc= W1/2 + W2/2
Input =Output +Total losses
Efficency=(Output /Input)*100%
W0
W0=V1I1 cosɸ0 ɸ0 = cos −1 V
1 I1
60
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. The secondary winding terminals of the two transformers are
connected in series with polarities in phase opposition which can
check by means of a voltmeter.
3. Before starting the experiment, check the variacs are in minimum
output voltage position.
4. Close the first DPST-1 switch and switch ON the supply.
5. Increase the variac slowly, and apply rated voltage to the primary
windings of 1- ɸ transformers and check the voltmeter reading
connected across the secondary terminals.
6. If the voltmeter reading is Zero, continue with step 8.
7. If the voltmeter reading is not zero, interchange the secondary
terminals.
8. Now close the DPST-2 switch and vary the variac-2 slowly till rated
current flows in the two series-connected secondaries.
9. Note down the readings of V1, V2, I1, I2, W1, and W2 and enter them
in a tabular column.
10. W1 = 2Pc, W2= 2Psc. Losses of each transformer = (W1+W2)/2
11. Now the Variacs are brought to zero voltage position and open
DPST switches.
Precautions:
1. There should not be loose connections in the circuit.
2. Don’t apply the secondary current greater than full load current of a
transformer.
3. Ensure that the variac should be at zero position while switching ON.
4. LV range voltmeter must be connected in secondary side after
checking the phase
Opposition
61
62
63
64
Result:
Viva Questions:
1. What is the other name for sumpner’s test?
2. What are the advantages of Sumpner’s test when compared with the
other tests?
3. Define regulation of a transformer
4. What are the disadvantages of Sumpners Test?
5. Sumpner’s test is a direct test or indirect test
65
66
9.Parallel operation of Single Phase Transformers
Aim: To operate two transformers in parallel and to determine the relation

of sharing of loads to their impedances
Name plate details:
Apparatus required:
Name of the
Sl.no Range Type Quantity
apparaturs
67
Observation:
Sl.no Transformer 1 Transformer 2 Load current IL

current I1 current I2
68
Procedure:
Polarity Test
2. Apply voltage of say 100 V.
3. Measure voltage across terminals A-a
4. If VA-a is equal to V1+V2 then it is Additive polarity.
5. If VA-a is equal to V1-V2 then it is Subtractive polarity.
6. Mark the terminals (Dot convention) after the polarity test.
Parallel operation
2. Switch on the power supply.
3. Slowly increase the voltage up to its rated value of transformer
primaries.
4. Verify the voltage across the switch is one of the secondary of
transformer, if it is zero, then close the switch, otherwise switch off
the supply and change for correct polarity and repeat the steps 3 and
4.
5. After closing the switch, gradually increase the load in steps and note
the values of all meters at each step till full load is reached. Decrease
the load and switch off the mains supply
6. Tabulate the readings as shown.
Result:
Viva Questions:
1. What should be the rating of two transformers for parallel operation
2. What is the advantage of parallel operation of transformers?
3. With the help of parallel operation can we calculate the efficiency
4. What are the different losses in a transformer?
5. If the regulation is less than the transformer is a good transformer or
not
6. Define regulation of a transformer
7. What is the effect on losses of a transformer with variation supply
frequency?
69
70
10.Scott Connection of Transformers
Aim : To obtain a balanced connection two-phase supply from 3-phase

system by using Scott connection
Name plate details:
Transformers Main Transformer Teaser Transformer

L.V H.V L.V H.V
Rated power
Rated voltage
Apparatus required:
Sl.no Name of the apparaturs Range Type Quantity
71
Tabular form:
For balanced two phase supply
Sl.no V1(volts) V2(volts) V3(volts)
Under loaded condition
Voltage
Sl.no I1(Amps) I2(Amps)
(volts)
72
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in the fig.
2. Ensure that the switches S1 and S2 are open
3. Adjust the 3-phase variac for minimum voltage at its output
4. Switch on the A.C. supplies and apply the rated voltage across the
primaries of the transformers
5. Record the voltages V1, V2 and V3 and verify that the output is
balanced two-phase supply
6. Switch off the A.C. supplies and remove the dotted connection of the
two secondary’s and the voltmeter V3. Adjust the variac to minimum
output
7. Switch on the A.C. supply again. Adjust the output voltage of the
variac as per the rated voltage of the primaries of the transformer.
8. Close the switches S1 and S2 to load both the secondaries. Adjust
equal loading conditions also.
9. Switch off the load from both secondary’s and adjust the variac, so
that its output voltage is minimum and then switch off the supply
Precautions:
1. Loose connections must be avoided
2. Properly rated and required ranged meters are used
3. The tapping ratios must be properly observed
Result :
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What is a teaser transformer?
2. What are the advantages of Scott Connection?
3. What do you mean by Tertiary Winding?
4. What is the percentage of winding at which Scott connection is made?
5. What are the applications of Scott Connection?
73
74
Hopkinson’s Test on Dc Machines Predetermination

of Efficiency
Aim: To perform Hopkinson's Test on two identical DC shunt machines and

find their efficiencies.
Name plate details:
Parameters Motor Generator
Rated Power
Rated Voltage
Rated Current
Rated Speed
Excitation current
Apparatus:
75
Measurement of Ra for both Generator and Motor

Generator circuit
(0-2A)
MC
2A
+ A
DPST 500Ω/2A
A
220V DC
supply G V (0-300V)
MC
AA
2A
_
DPST
Motor
(0-2A)
MC
2A
+ A
DPST 500Ω/2A
A
220V DC
supply M V (0-300V)
MC
AA
2A
_
DPST
Ra of the Motor Ra of the generator

Voltage Current 𝑅𝑎𝑚 Voltage Current 𝑅𝑎𝑔
Sl.no Sl.no
V(volts) I(amps) = 𝑉 ⁄𝐼 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 V(volts) I(amps) = 𝑉 ⁄𝐼 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
Avg of 𝑅𝑎𝑚 = Avg of 𝑅𝑎𝑔 =
76
Procedure:
2. Ensure motor field rheostat is kept in minimum position, generator field
rheostat is in maximum position and keep the SPST switch open.
3. The supply is switched on and the motor is started with the help of 3-
point starter.
4. Adjust the speed of motor generator set to its rated speed with the help
of field resistance in motor circuit.
5. The voltage of the generator is adjusted by its field resistance until V1
(voltage across the SPST) reads zero there by showing that its voltage is
the same both in polarity and magnitude as that of the main supply.
6. Then close the SPST switch this condition is called floating condition.
7. Slightly increase the field current of generator by reducing the rheostat
in generator field circuit. The speed of set may decrease due to increase
in I3. Adjust the speed of set value by varying (increasing) field rheostat
in motor circuit. Now note down the readings of all the meters.
8. The load on generator can be increase by increasing its field current in
steps and maintain the speed of set constant at each step. Take the
readings of all meters at each step.
9. Repeat the step 8 for different values of the load current until full load
is obtain for generator.
10. Slowly reduce the excitation of generator set open the switch and
switch of the supply.
11. Measure armature resistances of both the machines.
12. Tabulate the readings and calculate the efficiencies.
Precautions:
1. The polarities of the meters, should be carefully observed.
2. The 0-600 volts’ voltmeters connected between the two machines. This
is to prevent the damage of the voltmeter in case the polarities of one of
the machines are inverted by mistake, the voltmeter may read more
than 300 volts.
3. Avoid loose connections
77
Observations:
Armature
Armature
current of
current of
Sl. Supply 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝐼3 𝐼4 the
the motor
no voltage (amps) (amps) (amps) (amps) generator
(𝐼𝑚 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )
(𝐼𝑔 = 𝐼3 + 𝐼4 )
(amps)
(amps)
CALCULATIONS:
Motor current 𝐼𝑚 = 𝐼𝑙 + 𝐼𝑔
Motor input = 𝑉𝐼𝑚

Generator output = 𝑉𝐼𝑔 where V is the bus-bar voltage
If Ƞ𝑚 and Ƞ𝑔 are the efficiencies of motor and generator respectively,
Then the motor output = 𝑉𝐼𝑚 Ƞ𝑚

𝑉𝐼𝑔
Generator input = Ƞ𝑔
But motor output = generator input

𝑉𝐼𝑔
𝑉𝐼𝑚 Ƞ𝑚 =
Ƞ𝑔
𝐼𝑔
Ƞ𝑚 Ƞ𝑔 =
𝐼𝑚
Assuming armature, field and stray losses in both of the machines equal
then Ƞ𝑚 = Ƞ𝑔
𝐼𝑔 𝐼𝑔 𝐼𝑚 − 𝐼𝑙
Ƞ𝑚 = Ƞ𝑔 = √ =√ =√
𝐼𝑚 𝐼𝑔 + 𝐼𝑙 𝐼𝑚
The assumptions will not cause ant error in case of large machines due to
very slight difference in their armature and excitation current, but in case of
small machines the difference between the armature current and shunt field
currents is large and it is not good to make above assumptions.
78
To obtain accurate results, armature and shunt field losses are determined
separately and stray losses are assumed to be equal in both machines.
Current drawn from supply mains, 𝐼𝑙 = 𝐼𝑚 − 𝐼𝑔
Motor intake current = 𝐼𝑚
Motor shunt field current = 𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑚
Motor armature current 𝐼𝑎𝑚 = (𝐼𝑚 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑚 )
Generator output current =𝐼𝑔
Generator shunt field current = 𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑔
Generator armature current, 𝐼𝑎𝑔 = (𝐼𝑔 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑔 )
Bus bar voltage =V
Total losses of both machines = power drawn from the supply = 𝑉𝐼𝑙
Armature copper losses in motor =(𝐼𝑚 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑚 )2 𝑅𝑎𝑚
Armature copper losses in generator =(𝐼𝑔 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑔 )2 𝑅𝑎𝑔
Shunt field copper loss in motor = 𝑉𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑚
Shunt field copper loss in generator = 𝑉𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑔
Total copper losses =(𝐼𝑚 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑚 )2 𝑅𝑎𝑚 + (𝐼𝑔 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑔 )2 𝑅𝑎𝑔 + 𝑉𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑚 + 𝑉𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑔
Stray power losses of each machines,
𝑃𝑠 = 𝑉𝐼𝑙 − (𝐼𝑚 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑚 )2 𝑅𝑎𝑚 + (𝐼𝑔 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑔 )2 𝑅𝑎𝑔 + 𝑉𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑚 + 𝑉𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑔
𝑃
Stray losses of each machine = 2𝑠
Efficiency of motor
Motor input = 𝑉𝐼𝑚
Total losses in motor = armature loss + field loss + stray power loss.
𝑃𝑠
= (𝐼𝑚 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑚 )2 𝑅𝑎𝑚 + 𝑉𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑚 +
2
𝑃𝑠
Motor output = 𝑉𝐼𝑚 − (𝐼𝑚 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑚 ) 𝑅𝑎𝑚 + 𝑉𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑚 + 2
2
Motor efficiency, Ƞ𝑚 = 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡⁄𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 ∗ 100

Efficiency of generator
Generator output = 𝑉𝐼𝑔
Total losses in generator = armature loss + field loss + stray power loss.
𝑃𝑠
= (𝐼𝑔 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑔 )2 𝑅𝑎𝑔 + 𝑉𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑔 +
2
𝑃𝑠
Generator input = 𝑉𝐼𝑔 − (𝐼𝑔 + 𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑔 ) 𝑅𝑎𝑔 + 𝑉𝐼𝑠ℎ𝑔 + 2
2
Generator efficiency Ƞ𝑔 = 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡⁄𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 ∗ 100
79
Graphs:
Efficiency Generator
Motor
Output, Watts
80
81
82
Result:
Viva questions:
1. What are the advantages of this test?
2. What are the precautions needed to conduct this test?
3. What causes are responsible for over-heating of commutator in a D.C.
motor?
4. Explain what happens when a D.C. motor is connected across an A.C.
supply?
5. Can we conduct this test on series machines? If not give the reasons?
6. Compare to Swinburne’s test Hopkinson's test results are more
accurate. Why?
83

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1

1.Swinburne’s Test and Predetermination of

Name plate details:

Determination of armature circuit Resistance Ra:

Armature current, 𝐼𝑎 = 𝐼𝑜 − 𝐼𝑠ℎ ... if the machine is motoring

Efficiency when running as generator

Name plate details:

Output power in BHP

Name plate details:

Voltage Va Field current If

Aim: To draw the magnetization characteristics of a self-excited D.C. Shunt

Name plate details:

Sl.no 𝐼𝑓 (field amps) 𝐸𝑔 (volts) Sl.no Speed (rpm) 𝐸𝑔 (volts)

Field current If Nc speed

To find the critical resistance

Aim: To separate the no-load losses and find moment of inertia of DC

Name plate details:

Hence to determine stray losses, the values of moment of inertia of armature

Name plate details:

Sl.no Voltage V Current A Speed N 𝑊 = 𝑉𝐼𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎 W/N (watts /rpm)

Sl.no Voltage V Current A Speed N 𝑊 = 𝑉𝐼𝑎 − 𝐼𝑎2 𝑅𝑎 W/N (watts /rpm)

Aim: To conduct OC & SC tests on the given 1-ɸ Transformer and to

Name plate details:

Sl.no Voltage Current Power

Sl.no Voltage Current Power

Equivalent winding resistance refered to LV sideR02=R01K2

Equivalent winding Impedance referred to LV side Z02=z01k2

Equivalent winding Reactance referred to HV side 𝑋01 = √𝑍01

𝐼2 𝑅02 cosф+𝐼2 𝑋02 𝑠𝑖𝑛ф

( +Ve for lagging and unity PF; - Ve for leading PF )

Power Factor Lagging

Lagging power factor Leading power

1)% efficiency Vs output

Output power (KW)

Short Circuit Test:

8.SUMPNER’S TEST ON A PAIR OF 1-Ф

Name plate details: 1-ф Transformers

Primary side Secondary side

Iron losses of each transformer W0=W1/2

No load current of each transformer I0=I1/2

Full load copper losses of each transformer Wsc=W2/2

Injected voltage of each transformer Vsc=V2/2

Efficency at full load and power factor =cosɸ

Output =KVA* cosɸ

Input =Output +Total losses

9.Parallel operation of Single Phase Transformers

Aim: To operate two transformers in parallel and to determine the relation

Name plate details:

Sl.no Transformer 1 Transformer 2 Load current IL

10.Scott Connection of Transformers

Aim : To obtain a balanced connection two-phase supply from 3-phase

Name plate details:

Transformers Main Transformer Teaser Transformer

Sl.no Name of the apparaturs Range Type Quantity

For balanced two phase supply

Sl.no V1(volts) V2(volts) V3(volts)

Under loaded condition

Hopkinson’s Test on Dc Machines Predetermination

Aim: To perform Hopkinson's Test on two identical DC shunt machines and

Measurement of Ra for both Generator and Motor

Ra of the Motor Ra of the generator

Avg of 𝑅𝑎𝑚 = Avg of 𝑅𝑎𝑔 =

Motor input = 𝑉𝐼𝑚