A Society of Petroleum Ennlnefirs

SPE 49056

Temperature Prediction for Deepwater Wells: A Field Validated Methodology

J, Romero, SPE, Scrilumberger Dowell, and E. Touboul, Ecole Nalionale Sup6rieure des Mines de Saint-Elienne

Ccpyright i&Ga. Society or Pelrdoum Englnoora. Inc.

hole circulating temperature can greatly impact the design of
TTiJ» paper *bs psopared far prasflntafrcn at (h* T993 SPE Annual Ttcflnk*! Ccnfei-flnca and
Ejchlbtton hold in Wow Qrloans. Louisiana, 27-30 Sflpfornber tflSfl.
the cement slurry. During drilling operations low fluid
temperature can cause formation of gas hydrates. The
TMs F^por wai .. ..-:>: [01 prosor^Qtico by an SPE Piogiam CommJ^oa Tollo^na tm\ow ot
InJarmfltioti corHained In an abiifid iubmiflfri fcy Uio nutiiarfs). Conranrs of tha pflpa'. ?s formation of hydrates can result in several adverse effects such
pjflia.itoJ. I .,,],..: been ^..■.,.:.J by tha Soclaty of Polroroum Cr.; r.t,or: n.H n:a :..',,-■ lo
conocUon by fio aulhoifs). Tho meloiral. bs piasonled, rfiwa no| nocessa;^ reflotf any
as plug formation in the subsea wellhead.2 The cool-down of
pcaftlon of Uio SocJaty ot PtUfdoum Engl^oaii, lit cfficBJB, or momboji, Ptipora pjosenlad at the fluid in the riser can also affect the mud rheology,
SPG moflli^gi «re subjod to publication fflvlB* by ETdllarial Gonun^eoi at iha Scclef/ of
'oleum EnalnMrs, Elscf/onlc ropJDtfucilon, dlUJibu'.ion, of &lcragea( uny pan of This paper especially for oil-base muds and cause high circulating
MmniBrdalpurposoiipvftfuj.jtU'swIrton censont of thg Sortetycrl Patioloum EnglnflflJi I*
Jiibitod, Pflimjjslon la <•-:■-]■.■.-> In print El restctadd 1q on abilracl of net more tdan 3CO
pressure when pumping is resumed after shutdown.
■Mrda. lllmuallonB may noi bd copied The abstract musL ccrita^n conaplcuoui The prediction of ivellhore temperature relies on one of
ac^ov^edgmonl ot ft4icro and by vrfiom in8 paper waa pj&ioj-itod, WrKa Librarian. SPE. P.O.
0<K BS3B3fl. ^iJianJion. TX 75DB3 333a, USA, lax Ot-972-052-9435. these three main methods:
— API correlation:1 The API has developed, from field
Abstract measurements, relationships between bottom hole circulating
A precise knowledge of downhole circulating (empcrature is temperature, total depth and temperature gradient.
necessary for the design of safe well construction operations. — Local experience: Some operators have observed, for
The reliability of existing correlation and models is sometimes example, that the use of API bottom hole circulating
reduced in deepwater wells. Indeed, the mechanism of heat temperatures is sometimes leading to abnormally long waiting
exchange with the sea is more complex lhan for rock time on cement or wet shoes; in a number of cases these
formation, requiring additional inputs such as sea current, riser observations have been confirmed by temperature
geometry and insulation. This paper describes an advanced measurements. Some operators have then developed their own
numerical simulator for the design and evaluation of downhole correlation based on iheir experience in a particular field.
circulating temperatures during drilling and cementing — Numerical simulators:"1'0 Several models have been
operaiions in deepwater wells. The equations governing heat developed to predict temperature profiles in a well while
transfer between the wellbore and the sea are developed first. circulating, placing cement and waiting on cement.
Several methods for obtaining offshore temperature Although the API correlation has been widely used, in
measurement arc presented and recommendations are given to many instances successfully, it should be used with caution, in
use measurcmcnt-wliile-drilling (MWD) data as part of the particular when the well characteristics differ substantially
design and evaluation process for wellbore temperature. A from the ones on which original measurement were made.
.-field case is then presented lo illustrate how such MWD data This is the reason current practices have sometimes diverged
n provide meaningful information for determining from the API correlation with more or loss success. Bottom
circulating and static temperature on deepwater wells. The hole circulating temperature is then based either on specific
down-hole measurements were compared to simulated temperature measurements on a job-by-job basts, which can be
temperature to illustrate how the MWD temperature can be time consuming, or on temperature predictions made by
correlated to bottom-hole circulating temperature. Finally, a temperature simulators.9'4
methodology is proposed to assess the effect of deep water on With deep-water exploration gathering pace, it is clear that
circulating temperature and cement design based on MWD one of the key challenges to successful exploration and field
temperature measurements. development is the understanding of the circulating
temperature in deep water conditions, for both design and
Introduction evaluation. Coupled with the increasing water depth, me
The knowledge of down hole circula'.ing temperature is resulting ccol-down effect on the riser fluid can be
essential lo the design of cementing and drilling operations. considerable. The API method is then no longer applicable
Inadequate knowledge of the temperature regime in Hie because the correlation has been developed for onshore wells.
wellbore during cementing operation is one cause of cement A numerical simulator has been developed to handle such
job failures. Indeed, a deviation of 10 or 20°F in the bottom- conditions and is presented here. However, the simulator must

339
 J. ROMERO, AND E. TOUBOUL SPE 49056

be calibrated and validated using field data. Such calibrations
have not been done with deep-water wells, horizontal wells
and extended reach wells due to the lack of field
measurements. A method to collect temperature data in
offshore conditions is presented with preliminary results from
a field case in deep water.
Wellbore Temperature Model
During circulation of a fluid in a wellbore (see Fig. 1), heat is
transferred among the formation, the annular fluid and the
casing or drillpipe fluid. Within the flowing fluids, heat
exchange occurs by conduction-convection exchange at the
walls while in the formation, heat is diffused.
The governing equation for the temperature in the
formation is8
—
(1)
dt
^ where p is the density, Cp the specific heat and X the thermal
conductivity. For the flowing wellbore fluid, the equation
governing heat transfer is
(2)
where V is the fluid velocity. For turbulent flow, a one-
dimensional form of the energy equation is obtained by
integrating the full three-dimensional equation normal to the
direction of flow. The resulting equation is
where q is the heat flux at the boundary walls. The temperature
equations for the wellbore are then based on heat exchange
coefficients. For the casing or drillpipe we have
(4)
dt e dz ~ pCprci *■'
and for the annulus,
—y ^ - 2r<A«
(5)
The heat exchange coefficients hca and h^ are calculated from
the Nusselt number correlation, based on the following
equation:
ANu
h= (6)
where D is the equivalent diameter. Nusselt correlation relates
the wall heat transfer by conduction-convection to fluid flow
characteristic and fluid properties; i.e., Reynolds and Prandtl
numbers.
The above set of equations must be solved together with
the initial and boundary equations. A finite difference scheme
is used to solve the system of equations.
Sea Heat Exchange
When drilling in deep water wells, one of two circulation
configurations is used depending on the mud system. For the
shallow section, seawater is used to drill the well and mud can
be returned to the seabed. For this configuration, the fluid
going down the drill pipe is directly in contact with the
seawater because no annulus exists. For the deeper sections,
the wellbore is connected to the surface with a riser and the
mud is returned to the rig floor. In that configuration, the fluid
going down the drill pipe is indirectly connected to the sea; in
fact the annular space delays the heat transfer from the drill
pipe mud to the seawater.
Sea Convection Model. When water is flowing around the
riser or the drill pipe, a complex boundary layer develops (see
Fig. 2) that affects local heat exchange by forced convection.
If the flow remains laminar over the entire surface, the
distribution of the local Nusselt number is maximum at the
point of contact and undergoes monotonic decay along the
surface (see Fig 3). Such exchange can be modeled with an
average Nusselt number:8
Nu. (7)
where the coefficients n and A are based on published
correlations. Such correlations have been developed for
industrial heat exchanger.
To illustrate the effect of the sea current on heat exchange,
the sea Nusselt number is plotted against the Reynolds number
in Fig. 4. The typical value for the formation Nusselt number
is Nuj,m « 2, while the Nusselt number representative of heat
convection exchange is around NuUB =• 600. In most offshore
configurations, the riser does present a uniform outer surface
to the sea. Control lines or buoyancy devices can alter
significantly the flow around the riser and consequently
modify the amount of heat transferred to the sea.
To model this heat exchange along the riser or drill pipe,
one must know the sea velocity current and the sea
temperature as a function of depth. These additional inputs are
required by the temperature model in offshore conditions. The
effect of the sea temperature and current velocity on down-
hole circulating temperature has been presented in a previous
publication.4
Sea Variables. A knowledge of actual sea temperature and
velocity profile is a prerequisite for offshore well operations.
The National Oceanographic Data Center (N.O.A.A.) provides
a database of monthly and annual average sea temperatures as
a function of depth based on actual temperature surveys.11
Large deviations from the average sea temperatures could
affect the analysis of bottom-hole circulating temperature.
Note that seabed temperature is usually known from the
remotely operated vehicle temperature gauge.

340
SPE 49068 TEMPERATURE PREDICTION FOR DEEPWATER WELLS: A FIELD VALIOATED METHODOLOGY
In addition, the daily operation of rigs in these new areas
requires knowledge of the currents in the water columns. This
can be obtained using acoustic Doppler current profilers
suspended below the rig. Such devices provide information on
the current speed and direction versus depth (see Figs. 5 and
6). The tide current velocity and direction can be clearly seen
on the figure.
Sea temperature profile and current in the North Sea as a
function of depth is given in Fig. 7. The sea temperature
decreases very quickly over the first few hundred meters to
reach a temperature of around 39°F and then remains almost
constant to the seabed. The velocity profile could be very
different from the temperature profile. Indeed, current velocity
remains important over the entire column of the water even in
deep waters.
Temperature Measurements for Validation
The temperature simulator has been validated against
pensive onshore field data and the API temperature data,
uecause drilling in deep water involves relatively recent
technology, there is very little information on circulating
temperature in these conditions. The possible methods for
offshore temperature measurement have been identified as
follows:
Surface Temperatures. The injection and return temperatures
are usually recorded during drilling. It has been observed that
flow-line temperature after an extended period of shutdown is
representative of the cool-down of the mud in the riser during
that period; hence, it could give an indication of the heat lost
to the sea during that period.9 Temperature data are usually
recorded by the mud logging company but are not often
analyzed.
Temperature Sub. Fluid temperature in the drill pipe is
measured with a temperature recorder located at the top of the
drill bit Measurements are made during static and circulation
period and the data are only accessible once the bottom hole
assembly is back on surface.3
Drill Pipe Temperature Sensor. Fluid temperature in the
annulus is measured using a temperature sensor in a drill pipe
finection. The API temperature database has been generated
using such a device. The procedure was the following: the
wellbore was kept static (fluid was not circulated) for an
extended time period prior to measuring temperature. Without
circulation, the temperature in the well returned the
undisturbed geothermal temperature. This temperature was
recorded and used to calculate a temperature gradient for the
well. After the static temperature was measured,
circulation through the drill string was resumed and the
wellbore temperature typically decreased. Sufficient volume
was then circulated to allow the temperature to stabilize to a
near-steady condition. This minimum was used as
circulating temperature of the well at sensor depth.
Wireline Temperature Sensor. Fluid temperature in the
casing or drill pipe can be measured with a wireline tool.7'12
However, operational problems can occur when the tool is left
in the hole during circulation.
Measurement While Drilling
On offshore rigs, several temperature measurements are made.
During drilling operations, surface temperatures and flow rates
are recorded and are accessible from the surface mud logging
company. Some sections of offshore wells are now being
drilled with MWD tools for hole survey, formation logging or
equivalent mud density analysis. These tools are recording in
real time the bottom hole temperature and transmitting the data
to surface with pressure pulses. Such temperatures can be
direct mud temperature measurement or circuit board
temperature measurement. The electronic temperature can be
assumed to be close to the mud temperature after a certain lag
time. However there has been very limited use of such
readings because of the poor understanding of the tool
temperature measurement and temperature increase with
drilling. The temperature readings collected by such means are
important; they include,
— static temperature while running in the tool,
— circulating and drilling temperature once the flow is
resumed and,
— temperature wellbore profile during the tool tripping out.
Field investigations have demonstrated that such tools are able
to effectively measure mud circulating and static temperature.9
However, each temperature tool gauge responds differently to
mud temperatures depending on its location and setup. Data
analysis has been done in the North Sea in order to evaluate
temperature measurements from different MWD and logging-
while-drilling LWD tools.
In future MWD measurements, a temperature sub in the
drill pipe may be added to estimate the temperature lag time as
well as the temperature offset between mud and electronic
measurements.
Field Example
Several temperature measurements from offshore wells have
been analyzed. To illustrate our methodology, some results of
our study in the North Sea are given here with down-hole
temperature measurements collected from several LWD-MWD
tools.
Well Configuration. The well was drilled from a semi-
submersible rig at 1243 ft from the sea bed with an air gap of
68 ft. Temperature data were collected while drilling two
different sections of the well (17V4-in. and 12'/4-in.), the 12V4-
in. section being the longest section {2070 m) of the well.
fluid Daily mud reports were available together with surface
measurements and down-hole measurements from LWD and
MWD tools.
While drilling these two sections, the mud was flowed back
the to surface with a 21-in. riser. The sea surface temperature was
observed to be constant and equal to 50°F, and the sea current
velocity was known from Doppler profile current
measurements (see Fig. 5). Two different drilling muds were
used for these sections: polymer mud for the 17V4-in. section
341
 J. ROMERO. AND E. TOUBOUl
and synthetic-based mud Tor 12V*-in. section.
Down-Hole Temperature Measurement. Two temperature
gauges recorded the tool temperature on each run:
— The first one was located on the Logging While Drilling
tool electronics. The sensor recorded temperature every 10
min even during static conditions. The LWD tool was located
at about 50 m from the drill bit.
— Another temperature sensor was located in the MWD tool
and transmitted data to surface during each MWD survey.
These temperatures were very close to the recorded LWD
temperatures. The temperature data from the MWD tool is
available only if the pump rate is higher than 300 gal/min.
A pressure drop of about 300 psi had been expected to
occur through the MWD tool. For each section, one LWD-
MWD run was made; the corresponding data are given in Figs.
9 and 10.
Static Temperature. Wireline logs from an offset well in the
same field are presented in Fig. 8. Because the well had been
shut down for more than 24 hrs when the LWD tool was
tripped in, a static temperature profile had been assumed based
on the temperature measurements (see Fig. 8). The static
temperature profile as given by the LWD tool may not be very
accurate because of the high running speed and temperature
lag time measurement. However before circulation was
resumed, the LWD static measurement was confirmed as
consistent with the wireline log measurement from the offset
well.
The LWD tool recorded static temperature when the tool
was run into the hole, down-hole circulating temperature
during circulation and wellbore temperature profile when
tripped out of the hole.
Temperature While Drilling. The down-hole temperature
measured by the LWD-MWD tool had been analyzed on two
different sections.
The 17W-in. section was completed with one tool run from
680 m to 1235 m. Fig. 9 summarizes the recorded LWD
temperature as a function of time with the corresponding drill
bit depth. The down-hole drilling temperature increased by
2TF while the geothermal temperature increased by 23"F. The
difference of 4°F could be attributed to the additional friction
losses in the mud motor. As seen in Fig. 9, at the start of the
section drilling, a sudden increase in down-hole temperature,
probably caused by the mud motor resistance.
The 12 W-in. section was drilled from 1235 to 3300 m. At
the start of the section, the hole had been circulated with sea
water to displace the polymer mud used in the previous section
and replace it with synthetic-based mud. The drill pipe had
been filled with seawater at each stand during tripping in. The
initial circulation stage for mud displacement had been
simulated and compared to field measurements. The surface
and down-hole temperature comparisons are given in Fig. 11
and 12.
After hole conditioning, drilling was resumed and the tool
was left in the hole for a couple of days. Again, the increase in
down-hole circulating temperature was observed to be the sum
342
SPE 49056
of the static temperature increase and the initial temperature
increase caused by the bottom hole assembly friction. This
observation was made while drilling the previous section.
The temperature gauge in the LWD tool was recording
electronic temperature but was not a direct mud temperature
sensor. Because of its location, the temperature gauge does not
instantly react to changing mud temperature and there is a
temperature lag between the actual and the measured
temperature. The data recorded during these two runs indicate
that the time lag can be important. When running in the tool, it
was observed on two occasions that the measured temperature
varied as a function of time while the drill bit depth was
constant at static condition.
It is not certain that the temperature gauges had been
calibrated correctly. However, the static measurements
recorded during the trip in were consistent with temperature
logs from the previous well.
Discussion. The following comments can be made regarding
the temperature comparisons:
— The return temperature (flow-line temperature) is very
close to the injection temperature; i.e., to the recorded
surface sea temperature.
— The bottom-hole circulating temperatures were higher
than sea temperature even at shallow well depths.
— The drilling temperature was higher than circulating
temperature. Circulating temperature refers to the bottom-
hole fluid temperature when mud is circulated prior to
drilling.
Temperature Analysis Methodology
The previous section discussed a systematic evaluation of
the MWD temperature measurement. MWD temperature
analysis, fluid properties and static wireline log data were
primarily used for this comprehensive drilling evaluation.
Generally, this information is either readily available (e.g.,
logs, fluid properties) or can easily be obtained (e.g., MWD
temperature measurements) for most wells. A MWD
temperature measurement may not be possible in each drilling
section but flow-line return temperature is always available.
Therefore, the evaluation technique applied here is general and
can be applied to most drilling operations.
The MWD temperatures were primarily used to estimate
bottom-hole circulating temperature, drilling temperature,
static temperature and fluid cool-down in the riser. Heat
exchange coefficient could also have been estimated during an
extended shut-down period if drilling operation had stopped.
This methodology illustrates how a considerable amount of
information can be obtained primarily by temperature analysis
and thus highlights its importance for drilling operations
evaluation.
It was pointed out earlier and it is emphasized here, that
drilling evaluation can be important for cementing design
operation. Even if drilling geometry is different from
cementing configuration, the described methodology provides
the necessary information to design the cementing operation
SPEATO56 TEMPERATURE PREDICTION FOR OEEPWATER WELLS: A FIELD VALIDATED METHODOLOGY

by estimating static temperature, the amount of heat exchange study and the permission to publish this paper.
in the riser and wellbore circulating temperature prior to
cementation. It is imperative in deep water wells that all References
available data and analysis techniques are considered to
optimize the cement slurry and placement design. 1. A.P.I. Spec 10: "Specification for Materials and Testing for
Well Cements." Washington. DC. Fifth Edition, (1990).
2. Baker, J.W., and Gomez, R.K.: "Formation of Hydrates During
Conclusions
Deepwaler Drilling Operations," JPT, pp 297-301, (March
1. An advanced numerical model for predicting down-hole
1989),
circulating temperature in deep water wells has been 3. Bittlestone, S.H. : "A Two Dimensional Simulator To Predict
developed. The simulator has shown that it is important to Circulating Temperatures During Cementing Operations," paper
include an accurate description of the sea temperature and SPE 20448 presented at the Annual Technical Conference,
current velocity field. New-Orleans. September 23-24, (1990).
2. Measurement While Drilling data are a valuable source of 4. Calvert. D.G., and Griffin, T.J.: "Determination of Temperature
down-hole temperature measurements. All available data for Cementing in Wells Drilled in Deep Water," paper SPE
including temperature during tripping in, circulation, 39315 presented at SPE/1ADC Drilling Conference. Dallas,
March 3-6. (1998).
drilling and tripping out should be analyzed.
5. Cloud, W.B.: "Downhole Temperature Tool Accurately
3. A field methodology to evaluate drilling operations and
Measures Wellbore Profile." Oil & Cos Journal, pp 101-104,
design cement operations, based on MWD temperature (1992).
measurements while circulating, can be used. 6. Davies, S.N., Gunningham, M.M., Bittlestone, S.H., Guillot, F.,
and Swanson, B.W.: "Field Studies of Circulating Temperature
Nomenclature Under Cementing Conditions," SPE Drilling & Completion, pp
Cp = heat capacity 12-16, March (1994).
h = heat transfer coefficient 7. Guillot, R, Boisnault, J.M., and Hujeux, J.C.: "A Cementing
hgf = annulus-formation heat transfer coefficient Temperature Simulator to Improve Field Practice," paper
SPE/1ADC 25696 presented at the SPE/1ADC Drilling
hta = casing-annulus heat transfer coefficient
Conference, Amsterdam. Feb 23-25, (1993).
q - heat flux
8. Incropera, P.P., and De Witt, D.P.: "Fundamentals of Heat and
Nu = Nussclt number
Mass Transfer," Third Edition. John Wiley & Sons, (1990).
Pr = Prandtl number 9. Kaistad, E., and Aadnoy, S.: "Analysis of Temperature
rc = casing/drill pipe average diameter Measurements during Drilling," paper SPE 38603 Annual
1*4 = annulus inner radius Technical Conference, San Antonio, October 5-8, (1997).
rn = casing/drill pipe outer radius 10. Mitchell, R.F.. and Weldelich, H.F.: "Prediction of Downhole
rri = casing/drill pipe inner radius Temperature Can Be Key for Optimal Wellbore Design," paper
To, = annulus outer radius SPE 18900 presented at the Production Operations Symposium,
Oklahoma City, March 13-14, (1989).
Re = Reynolds number
11. N.O.A.A.: "World Ocean Atlas," Informal Report no. 13.
/ =lime
(1994).
Ta = annulus temperature
12. Merio, M., Maglione, R., Guillot, F.. and Bodin, D.:
T, = casing/drill pipe temperature Temperature Field Measurements and Computer Program
Tf = formation temperature Predictions Under Cementing Operation Conditions," paper
Ttto - geothermal temperature SPE 28822 presented at the European Petroleum Symposium.
0^ = fluid velocity London, October 25-27. (1994).
.a = annulus fluid velocity
V, = casing/drill pipe fluid velocity SI Metric Conversion Factors
z =: depth bblxl.59 E-01=m3
X = thermal conductivity cpxl.O E-03 = Pa.s
p = density ft x 3.048 E-01=m
in. X 2.54 E+00 = cm
Acknowledgments lbm/gal x 119.9 E+00 = kg/m3
The authors thank B.P. for providing field data used in this psix 6.8947 E+O0=kPa
study. Acknowledgment is also due to Gerard Daccord and
(°F~32)x5/9 E+00 = °C
Dominique Guillot for their guidance throughout the
development of this work. Appreciation is expressed to
Schlumberger Dowell for the opportunity to undertake this

343
 J. ROMERO, AND E. TOUBOUL SPE 49056

Casing/Drillpipe Previous Casing

I*

t
vc

Formation

Nu

I J 9
jc/2 n

rai Fig. 3 —Nusselt number distribution around the riser.

Fig. 1 —Schematic plot of wellbore and formation.

Riser
1OOOO
1

Drillpipe 1000

too

Boundary
Layer 10

Feonation Nuuall Numbw

I
1.5*00 t.E+01 1.E+O3 1.E.O4 1.E*05 1.E+O6
Re

Fig. 4 —Nusselt number as a function of sea Reynolds

number.
Fig. 2 —Boundary layer development around the riser.

344
&PE.48Q56 TEMPERATURE PREDICTION FOR DEEPWATER WELLS: A RELD VALIOATED METHODOLOGY

Octal at depth 18a

2.0Q

18:00 JUUpO 06:00 12:00 16:00 <flp_}00 06:00 12:00

Currant Speed Iktal at depth 158m
2.01

18:00 Jp_jpOr"06:00 12:00 18:00" ^jfl0, 06:00 12:00

Currant speed ()<t») at depth 222w

SVFt
18:00 40:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 JWlOO 06:00 12:00
31"Mar oi-Apr
41'F/

Fig. 5 —Sea current velocity at different depths.

" 500 ft

„ Current Direction (deq T) at depth J18w

■ - 1.000 ft
3VF

18:00 JWtOO 06:00 12:00 18:00 06:00 12:00

j. Current Direction Idea Tl at depth 158m

Sea Current Sea Temperature

Fig. 7 —Sea temperature and velocity profiles.

18:00 £0^0. 06:00 12:00 18:00 ^0^00 06:00 12:00

Currant Direction (deq T) at depth 222n

18:00 J10_y)0"06:00 12:00 18:00 ^0_^00r 06:00 12:00

Current Direction (deo Tl at depth 318w

18:00 jpjS>° 06:0° 12:0° 18:00 06:00 12:o6'

Fig. 6 —Sea current direction at different depths.

345
 J. ROMERO, AND E.TOUBOUL SPE 49056

60 100 60 1400

log T«np«riturt (d*gF)

1200
60
Fig. 8 —Static temperature.
1000.
40

600 '
30
600

2000 u
I10
400

200
1600

20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (mln)
1000]

Fig. 11 —Comparison between simulated and measured

return temperature.
BOO

Ttm« 1600

1400

Fig. 9 —Downhole drilling temperature and depth in the 1200?

llVt-in. section.

BOO o

600*
Field Measurement
Simulated ♦00 C

Flow Rate 200

40 60 80 100 120
Time (mln)

Fig. 12 —Comparison between simulated and measured

bottomhole temperature at 120S m.

Time

F/g. 70 —Down-hole drilling temperature and depth in the

12'A-in. section.

346