2/18/20

ENNUMA
NUMERICAL METHODS(LEC)

ROOTS OF EQUATION
Roots of Equation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

Roots of Equation Roots of Equation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

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v A function typically changes sign in the vicinity ofa

root
v Two initial guesses of the root are required

Roots of Equation Roots of Equation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

v A simple method for obtaining an estimate of the

root of the equation f(x) = 0 is to make a plot of the
function and observe where it crosses the x axis.

Roots of Equation Roots of Equation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

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v Use the graphical approach to determine the drag

coefficient c needed for a parachutist of mass m =
68.1 kg to have a velocity of 40 m/s after free- falling
for time t =10 s. Note: The acceleration due to gravity
is 9.81 m/s2.

Roots of Equation Roots of Equation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

Roots of Equation Roots of Equation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

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In general, if f(x) is real and continuous in the interval
from xl to xu and f(xl) and f(xu) have opposite signs, that
is,
then there is at least one real root between xl and xu
Bisection method, which is alternatively called binary
chopping, interval halving, or Bolzano’s method, is one
type of incremental search method in which the
interval is always divided in half. If a function changes
sign over an interval, the function value at the midpoint
is evaluated.

Roots of Equation Roots of Equation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

Step 1: Choose lower xl and upper xu guesses for the root Step 3: Make the following evaluations to determine in
such that the function changes sign over the interval. This which subinterval the root lies:
can be checked by ensuring that f(xl)f(xu) < 0

Step 2: An estimate of the root xr is determined by

Roots of Equation Roots of Equation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

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Use bisection to solve the same problem approached

graphically in Example 1

Roots of Equation Roots of Equation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

Continue Example 2 until the approximate error falls

below a stopping criterion of es = 0.5%.

Roots of Equation Roots of Equation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

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Solve example 1 using false position

Roots of Equation Roots of Equation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

Use bisection and false position to locate the root of

Roots of Equation Roots of Equation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

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based on formulas that

require only a single starting
value of x or two starting
values that do not
necessarily bracket the root.
As such, they sometimes
diverge or move away from
the true root as the
computation progresses

Roots of Equation Roots of Equation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

v one-point iteration or successive substitution

v rearranging the function f(x)=0 so that x is on the
left-hand side of the equation:

Roots of Equation Roots of Equation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

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Use simple fixed-point iteration to locate the root of

f(x) = e-x - x.

Roots of Equation Roots of Equation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

v If the initial guess at the root is xi, a tangent can be

extended from the point [xi, f(xi)].
Use simple fixed-point iteration to locate the root of
v The point where this tangent crosses the x axis
f(x) = e-x - x. Employing an initial guess of 0
usually represents an improved estimate of the root

Roots of Equation Roots of Equation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP

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An assignment will be sent to our

Canvas

Digital Modulation

Prepared by: Engr. Mark Macawile, MSc, PMP