Question.

1
Gear Pump Working:

External gear pumps are similar in pumping action to internal gear pumps in that two gears
come into and out of mesh to produce flow. However, the external gear pump uses two
identical gears rotating against each other -- one gear is driven by a motor and it in turn drives
the other gear. Each gear is supported by a shaft with bearings on both sides of the gear.

1. As the gears come out of mesh, they create expanding volume on the inlet side of the pump.
Liquid flows into the cavity and is trapped by the gear teeth as they rotate.

2. Liquid travels around the interior of the casing in the pockets between the teeth and the
casing -- it does not pass between the gears.

3. Finally, the meshing of the gears forces liquid through the outlet port under pressure.

Because the gears are supported on both sides, external gear pumps are quiet-running and are
routinely used for high-pressure applications such as hydraulic applications. With no overhung
bearing loads, the rotor shaft can't deflect and cause premature wear.

Qustion.2 Classification of pumps:

Question.3
Basic power symbols for hydraulic system components

Question.4
An actuator is a component of a machine that is responsible for moving and controlling a
mechanism or system, for example by opening a valve. In simple terms, it is a "mover".
An actuator requires a control signal and a source of energy.
Classification of Hydraulic Actuators:
1. Linear actuator: For linear actuation (hydraulic cylinders).
2. Rotary actuator: For rotary actuation (hydraulic motor).
3. Semi-rotary actuator: For limited angle of actuation (semi-rotary actuator)
Question.5
A piston pump is a type of positive displacement pump where the high-pressure seal
reciprocates with the piston. Piston pumps can be used to move liquids or compress gases.
They can operate over a wide range of pressures. High pressure operation can be achieved
without a strong effect on flow rate. Piston pumps can also deal with viscous media and media
containing solid particles. This pump type functions through a piston cup, oscillation
mechanism where down-strokes cause pressure differentials, filling of pump chambers, where
up-stroke forces the pump fluid out for use. Piston pumps are often used in scenarios requiring
high, consistent pressure and in water irrigation or delivery systems.
Qusetion 6
Double-Acting Cylinder:
1. Double-acting cylinder with a piston rod on one side.
2. Double-acting cylinder with a piston rod on both sides.
(i) Double-Acting Cylinder with a Piston Rod on One Side Figure 1.4 shows the
operation of a double-acting cylinder with a piston rod on one side. To extend the
cylinder, the pump flow is sent to the blank-end port as in Fig. 1.4(a). The fluid from
the rod-end port returns to the reservoir. To retract the cylinder, the pump flow is sent
to the rod-end port and the fluid from the blank-end port returns to the tank as in
Fig.1.4(b).
(ii) Double-Acting Cylinder with a Piston Rod on Both Sides:

A double-acting cylinder with a piston rod on both sides is a cylinder with a rod
extending from both ends. This cylinder can be used in an application where work can
be done by both ends of the cylinder, thereby making the cylinder more productive.
Double-rod cylinders can withstand higher side loads because they have an extra
bearing, one on each rod, to withstand the loading.

Question 7:
A rotary actuator is an actuator that produces a rotary motion or torque. The
simplest actuator is purely mechanical, where linear motion in one direction gives rise to
rotation. The most common actuators though are electrically powered.

Rack-and-pinion rotary actuators

Vane-type rotary actuators

Question 8:

Pressure-control valves are used in hydraulic systems to control actuator force (force = pressure
× area) and to determine and select pressure levels at which certain machine operations must
occur.

Simple Pressure-Relief Valve:

The most widely used type of pressure control valve is the pressure-relief valve because it is
found in practically every hydraulic system. Schematic diagram of simple relief valve is shown
in Fig. and three-dimensional view is shown in Fig. It is normally a closed valve whose
function is to limit the pressure to a specified maximum value by diverting pump flow back to
the tank. A poppet is held seated inside the valve by a heavy spring. When the system pressure
reaches a high enough value, the poppet is forced off its seat. This permits flow through the
outlet to the tank as long as this high pressure level is maintained. Note the external adjusting
screw, which varies spring force and, thus, the pressure at which the valve begins to open
(cracking pressure). It should be noted that the poppet must open sufficiently to allow full pump
flow. The pressure that exists at full pump flow can be substantially greater than cracking
pressure. The pressure at full pump flow is the pressure level that is specified when referring
to the pressure setting of the valve. It is the maximum pressure level permitted by the relief
valve.