What is Volcano?

 An opening in the Earth's crust from which lava, ash,

and hot gases flow or are ejected during an eruption.
 A usually cone-shaped mountain formed by the
materials issuing from such an opening.
 Volcanoes are usually associated with plate boundaries
but can also occur within the interior areas of a tectonic
plate.
What materials are ejected from
Volcanoes?
These materials may include:
 Lava  Lava bombs (The process by
 Steam which solid, liquid, and gaseous
 Gaseous Sulfur compounds materials are ejected into the
 Ash earth's atmosphere and onto the
 Broken rock pieces earth's surface by volcanic
 Pyroclastic material ( tephra ) activity)
 TAAL VOLCANO ALERT SIGNALS
Alert Level Criteria
0 Background, quiet
1 Low level seismicity, fumarolic, other activity
Low to moderate level of seismicity, persistence of local
but unfelt earthquakes. Ground deformation
2 measurements above baseline levels. Increased water
and/or ground probe hole temperatures, increased
bubbling at Crater Lake.
Relatively high unrest manifested by seismic swarms
including increasing occurrence of low frequency
earthquakes and/or harmonic tremor (some events
3 felt). Sudden or increasing changes in temperature or
bubbling activity or radon gas emission or crater lake
pH. Bulging of the edifice and fissuring may
accompany seismicity.
Intense unrest, continuing seismic swarms, including
harmonic tremor and/or “low frequency earthquakes”
4
which are usually felt, profuse steaming along existing
and perhaps new vents and fissures.
Base surges accompanied by eruption columns or lava
5
fountaining or lava flows.
Interpretation
No eruption in foreseeable future.
Magmatic, tectonic or hydrothermal disturbance; no
eruption imminent.
A) Probable magmatic intrusion; could eventually lead
to an eruption.
B) If trend shows further decline, volcano may soon go
to level 1
A) If trend is one of increasing unrest, hazardous
eruption is possible within days to weeks.
B) If trend is one of decreasing unrest, volcano may
soon go to level 2
Hazardous eruption is possible within days.
Hazardous eruption in progress. Extreme hazards to
communities west of the volcano and ash falls on
downwind sectors.
What are the signs of impending
Volcanoes?
These signs may include:
 Slight inflation or swelling of the  An increase in earthquakes
volcano and tremors near and under

 Increased emission of heat and gas the volcano

from vents on the volcano  Volcanic Gas

 An increase in rumbling noises  Lava

produced by a volcano  Volcanic Landslide

 Volcanic Ash  Pyroclastic Flows

What are Potential Volcano-Related
Hazards?
There are several kinds of events caused from volcanic action that can be harmful to
life and property, including:
 Pyroclastic Density Currents  Tephra fall and ballistic
 Lahars projectiles
 Debris flow-Avalanches  Volcanic gas
 Dome Collapse and the Tsunamis
formation of pyroclastic flows Volcanic Lightning
and surges
 Lava flows
What is Pyroclastic Density Currents?
 Gravity-driven, rapidly moving, ground-hugging mixtures of rock
fragments and hot gases.
 High concentration density flows are called "pyroclastic flows"
and are essentially non-turbulent and confined to valleys.
 Low concentration density flows are called "pyroclastic surges"
which can expand over hill and valley like hurricanes.
 Pyroclastic flows and surges are potentially highly destructive
owing to their mass, high temperature, high velocity and great
mobility.
What is Lahar?
 Part of the family of debris flows that are fluids composed of
mixtures of water and particles of all sizes from clay-size to
gigantic boulders.
 Composed of volcanic particles and originate directly or indirectly
from volcanic action.
 Can form by hot pyroclastic surges or flows entering watershed
systems or flowing over snow and ice, by eruptions through crater
lakes, by heavy rains on loose volcanic debris
Debris-flow Avalanches

 A debris avalanche is the sudden catastrophic

collapse (landslide) from an unstable side of a
volcano.
 Debris avalanches can be wet, dry or both, and if
wet, an avalanche may evolve and continue to flow
further down slope as a lahar.
Lava Flow

 Lava flows are streams of molten rock that pour or

ooze from an erupting vent.
 Lava is erupted during either non-explosive activity
or explosive lava fountains.
 Rarely threaten human life because lava usually
moves slowly
Tephra falls and Ballistic Projectiles
formed on Land
 TEPHRA FALLS refers to volcanic rock and lava materials that are ejected
into the air by explosions or carried upward by the eruption column's hot
gases or lava fountains.
 Burial by tephra can collapse roofs of buildings, break power and
communication lines and damage or kill vegetation
 Ballistic Projectiles are volcanic materials which are directly ejected from the
volcano's vent with force and trajectory. These objects endanger life and
property due to the force of impact of falling fragments, but this occurs only
close to an eruption vent.
 Synonym for "pyroclastic material."
Volcanic gas
 Volcanic gases are gases given off by active volcanoes; these include gases
trapped in cavities in volcanic rocks, dissolved or dissociated gases in magma and
lava, or gases emanating directly from lava or indirectly through ground water
heated by volcanic action.
 The most abundant volcanic gas is water vapor; other important gases are carbon
dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur oxides, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, and fluorine.
 Elements react with water to form poisonous acids damaging to the eyes, skin and
respiratory systems of animals even in very small concentrations.
 The acids can destroy vegetation, fabrics and metals. Atmospheric veils of dust or
acid aerosols caused by large-volume explosive eruptions can effect regional or
global climate.
Tsunamis
 A tsunami is a long-period sea wave or wave train generated
by a sudden displacement of water.
 Tsunamis travel at very high speeds through deep water as
low broad waves and build to great heights as they approach
the shallow bottom of shores.
 Most are caused by fault displacements on the sea floor,
but many have been caused by volcanic action.
Volcanic Eruption
 Volcanic Eruption bring us calamities. It will destroy
everything in its path and it is very destructive. It brings us
many bad things and one of those things is death. To avoid
those bad things, we must know what to do during, before,
and after and after a volcanic eruption. Knowing these things
can help us be alive and even save lives. We must value our
safety and help others that are in need when this time comes.
What to do before a Volcanic Eruption?
IF YOU ARE UNDER A VOLCANO WARNING:
 Listen for emergency information and alerts.
 Follow evacuation or shelter orders. If advised to evacuate,
then do so early.
 Avoid areas downstream of the eruption.
 Protect yourself from falling ash.
 Do not drive in heavy ash fall.
What to do during a Volcanic Eruption?
 Use goggles and wear eyeglasses instead of contact lenses.
 Use a dust mask or hold a damp cloth over your face to help
with breathing.
 Stay away from areas downwind from the volcano to avoid
volcanic ash.
 Stay indoors until the ash has settled unless there is
a danger of the roof collapsing.
What to do after a Volcanic Eruption?
 Listen to your local radio stations for civil defence advice and follow
instructions.
 Stay indoors and away from volcanic ashfall areas as much as
possible.
 When it is safe to go outside, keep your gutters and roof clear of ash as
heavy ash deposits can collapse your roof.
 If there is a lot of ash in the water supply, do not use your dishwasher
or washing machine.
What to do after a Volcanic Eruption?
 Avoid driving in heavy ashfall as it stirs up ash that can clog engines and cause
serious abrasion damage to your vehicle.
 Keep animals indoors where possible, wash away ash on their paws or skin to
keep them from ingesting the ash, and provide clean drinking water.
 Use a mask or a damp cloth and eye protection when cleaning up. Moisten the ash
with a sprinkler before cleaning.
 Look for and report broken utility lines to appropriate authorities.
 If your property is damaged, take notes and photographs for insurance purposes.
 If you rent your property, contact your landlord and your contents insurance
company as soon as possible.
Do you want to download your Hazard Map?
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/volcano-hazard/volcano-alert-level

Why do people still choose to live close to a Volcano?

Today, many millions of people live close to volcanoes for this very
reason. People live close to volcanoes because Geothermal energy can be harnessed
by using the steam from underground which has been heated by the Earth's magma…
Apart from the volcano itself, hot springs and geysers can also bring in the tourists.
the .
 Largest Active Volcano in the planet: Hawaii's Mauna Loa
 Largest Active Volcano in the country: Mayon Volcano
 The word volcano originally comes from the name of the Roman
god of fire, Vulcan.
 Most destructive volcanic eruption in the country: In 1991, Mount
Pinatubo exploded and became one of the world's biggest volcanic
eruptions of the 20th century, killing about 800 people.

The end of our report…

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Prepared by:
---Group 4---