Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Example #2
Now let's visualize the figure 2 below, it shows a similar type of configuration as in figure1. expect the
secondary which now has 1 additional turn, that is 2 numbers of turns.
Needless to say, that now the secondary would be going through twice as many lines of flux compared
to the figure 1 condition which had just a single turn.
So here the secondary winding would read around 12/10 x 2 = 2.4V because the two turns would be
influenced by a magnitude of counter EMF that may be equivalent across the two winding on the
primary side of the trafo.
Therefore from the above discussion in general we can conclude that in a transformer the relation
between the voltage and number of turns across the primary and the secondary are quite linear and
proportional.
Impact Of Load
Whenever a load or an electrical device is hooked up across the secondary winding of a transformer,
current or amps runs across the secondary side of the winding along with the load.
The magnetic flux generated by the current in the secondary winding interacts with the magnetic lines
of flux generated by the amps in the primary side. This conflict between the two lines of fluxes is
generated as a result of the shared inductance between the primary and secondary winding.
Mutual Flux
The absolute flux in the core material of the transformer is prevalent to both the primary and secondary
windings. It is additionally a way through which electrical power is able to migrate from the primary
winding to the secondary winding.
Due to the fact that this flux unites both the windings, the phenomenon generally known as MUTUAL
FLUX. Also, the inductance which generates this flux is prevalent to both windings and is termed
mutual inductance.
Figure (2) below exhibits the flux created by the currents in the primary and secondary winding of a
transformer each time supply current is switched ON in the primary winding.
Figure (2)
Whenever the load resistance is connected into the secondary winding, the voltage stimulated into the
secondary winding triggers current to circulate in the secondary winding.
This current produces a flux rings around the secondary winding (indicated as dotted lines) that may be
as an alternative to the flux field around the primary (Lenz's law).
Consequently, the flux around the secondary winding cancels most of the flux around the primary
winding.
With a smaller amount of flux encircling the primary winding, the reverse emf is cut down and more
amp is sucked from the supply. The supplementary current in the primary winding releases additional
lines of flux, pretty much reestablishing the initial amount of absolute flux lines.
Phasing in Transformers:
Normally, when we examine transformers, most of us believe that the primary and secondary winding
voltage and currents are in phase with each other. However, this may not be always true. In
transformers, the relation between the voltage, current phase angle across primary and secondary relies
on how these winding are turned around the core. It depends on whether they are both in anticlockwise
direction, or clockwise direction or may be one winding is turned clockwise while the other winding
anticlockwise.
Let's refer to the following diagrams to understand how the winding orientation affects the phase angle:
In the above example, the winding directions look identical, that is both primary and secondary
winding are turned in the clockwise direction. Due to this identical orientation, the phase angle of the
output current and voltage is identical to the phase angle of the input current and voltage.
In the second example above, the transformer winding direction can be seen wound with opposite
orientation. As can be seen the the primary seems to be the clockwise direction while the secondary is
wound in anticlockwise. Due to this opposite winding orientation, the phase angle between the two
winding is 180 degrees apart, and the induced secondary output shows an out of phase current and
voltage response.
Dot notation used in the illustration below shows the DOTs placed across the opposite points of the
primary and the secondary winding. This indicates that the winding orientation of the two sides are not
the same and therefore the phase angle across the two winding will be 180 degrees out of phase when
an AC input is applied on one of the winding.
Losses in a Real Transformer
The calculations and formulas considered in the above paragraphs were based on an ideal transformer.
However in real world, and for a real transformer, the scenario may be a lot different.
You will find that in an ideal design the following fundamental linear factors of real transformers will
be ignored:
(a) Many types of Core losses, together known as magnetizing current losses, that may include the
following types of losses:
• Hysteresis losses: this is caused due to nonlinear influences of the magnetic flux on the core of
the transformer.
• Eddy current losses: This loss is generated due the phenomenon called joule heating in the
transformer core. It is proportional to the square of the voltage applied to the primary of the
transformer.
(b) In contrast to the the ideal transformer, the resistance of the winding in a real transformer can never
have a zero resistance. Meaning the winding will eventually have some resistance and inductances
associated with them.
• Joule losses: As explained above, The resistance generated across the winding terminals gives
rise to Joule losses.
• Leakage flux: We know that transformers heavily depend on magnetic induction across their
winding. However, since the winding are built on a common single core, magnetic flux show a
tendency of leaking across the winding via the core. This gives rise to an impedance called
primary/secondary reactive impedance, which contributes to the losses of the transformer.
(c) Since a transformer is also a kind of inductor, it is also affected by phenomenon such as parasitic
capacitance and self-resonance, on account of electric field distribution. These parasitic capacitance
usually can be in 3 different forms as given below:
• Capacitance generated between the turns one above the other inside a single layer;
• Capacitance generated across two or more adjoining layers;
• Capacitance created between the transformer core and the winding layer(s) lying adjacent to the
core;
Conclusion
From the above discussion, we can understand that in practical applications calculating a transformer,
especially an iron core transformer may not be as simple as an ideal transformer would be.
To get the most accurate results for the winding data we may have to consider many factors such as:
flux density, core area, core size, tongue width, window area, core material type etc.