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Mineralogy is the branch of geology that studies the composition, structure, appearance, stability, occurrence, and associations of minerals. Minerals are a naturally occurring solid crystalline substance, usually inorganic, with a specific chemical composition. Minerals can be found in rocks, sand, soil, water, and air.
Mineralogy is the branch of geology that studies the composition, structure, appearance, stability, occurrence, and associations of minerals. Minerals are a naturally occurring solid crystalline substance, usually inorganic, with a specific chemical composition. Minerals can be found in rocks, sand, soil, water, and air.
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Mineralogy is the branch of geology that studies the composition, structure, appearance, stability, occurrence, and associations of minerals. Minerals are a naturally occurring solid crystalline substance, usually inorganic, with a specific chemical composition. Minerals can be found in rocks, sand, soil, water, and air.
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Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Скачайте в формате DOC, PDF, TXT или читайте онлайн в Scribd
o Mineralogy- the branch of geology that studies the composition, structure, appearance, stability, occurrence, and associations of minerals o Mineral- a naturally occurring solid crystalline substance, usually inorganic, with a specific chemical composition Naturally occurring Solid crystalline substance • Crystalline- the tiny particles of matter, or atoms, that compose it are arranged in an orderly, repeating, 3D array Usually inorganic Specific chemical compound • The Structure of Matter o The structure of atoms The Nucleus: Protons and Neutrons • Nucleus contains positive (+1) protons and neutral neutrons
o Atoms of the same chemical element may have
different numbers of neutrons, but the number of protons does not vary o Ex. All Carbon has 6 protons • Electrons-surrounds nucleus, negative (-1) charge o Same number of protons and protons= balanced nucleus of atom Atomic Number and Atomic Mass • Atomic Number- the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom o Ex. All atoms with 6 protons are carbon atoms • Atomic Mass- an elements is the sum of the masses of its protons and its neutrons o Isotopes- atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons Ex. Carbon • Chemical Reactions- interactions of the atoms of two or more chemical elements in certain fixed proportions that produce chemical compounds Electron sharing, Ex. Carbon and Silicon, Diamonds (Carbon Sharing) Electron transfer, Ex. NaCl, sodium loses one electron, which chlorine gains Ion- Atom or group of atoms that has an electrical charge, either positive or negative, because of the loss or gain of one or more electrons • Cation- positively charged ion • Anion- negatively charged ion o Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds- simplest form of chemical bon, formed by electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge, when electrons are transferred, dominant in minerals Covalent Bonds- elements that do no readily gain or lose electrons to form ions, instead form compounds by sharing electrons, stronger • Ex. Diamond Metallic Bonds (type of covalent bond)- atoms of metallic elements, which have usually lose electrons pack together as cations and the freely mobile electrons are shared and dispersed among those cations, free electron sharing results • The Formation of Minerals o Atomic Structure of Minerals Crystallization- the atoms of a gas or liquid come together in the proper chemical proportions and in the proper arrangement to forma solid substance Anions take up more space than cations Cations of similar sizes and charges can substitute for each other • Common in Silicate ion (SiO4 ^-4) o Crystallization of Minerals Begins with the formation of single crystals, 3d arrays of atoms in which the basic arrangement is repeated in all directions • Crystal faces- natural flat (planar) surfaces, external expressions of the mineral’s internal atomic structure, o How Do Minerals Form? Lowering liquid below freezing point, magma, evaporation • Classes of Rock- Forming Minerals 1. Native elements- occur naturally as un-ionized pure elements • most others are classified by their anions (copper) 2. Silicates- most common in crust, Oxygen (O) and Silicon (Si) • SiO4^4- -> olivine (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 • Bonds to cations (na+, K+, Ca^2+, mg^2+, fe^2+ • Structures Isolated tetrahedral- linked by the bonding of each oxygen ion of the tetrahedral to a cation Ex. Olivine Single- chain structures- formed by sharing of oxygen ions 3. Carbonates- composed of carbon and oxygen- combo with calcium and magnesium • CO33^2- -> calcite (CaCO4) 4. Oxides- composed of oxygen anion (O^2-) and metallic cations • O^2- -> hematite (Fe2O3) 5. Sulfides- sulfide anion (S^2-) and metallic cations • S^2- -> Pyrite (FeS^2) 6. Sulfates- sulfate anion (SO4^2-) and metallic cations • SO4^2- -> Anhydrite (CaSO4)