What is an Emotion?

Love is an example of an emotion, but what is an emotion? This question was asked by
William James, father of American psychology, in 1884. The answer around which this
book is based was proposed nearly two and a half millennia ago in Greece, and is today
widely accepted. It is that emotions are most typically caused by evaluations –
psychologists also call them appraisals – of events in relation to what is important to us:
our goals, our concerns, our aspirations.
Emotions may include bodily changes such as a glow and smile of happiness, the
pounding heart of anxiety, the clenched fist of anger. Indeed, William James argued that
an emotion is the perception of any such bodily change. The common idea that when we
see a bear in the woods, we are frightened and therefore run is quite wrong, said James.
We see the bear and run. The fear is the perception of our body arousing itself for the
emergency and moving to escape. Although the evidence to support the order of events
that James postulated is somewhat equivocal, most modern theorists accept that
emotions involve both mind and body.
The term ‘‘emotion’’ covers a wide range of phenomena. To denote this range some
writers have revived the terms ‘‘affect’’ and ‘‘affective,’’ which had been used in English
in the early seventeenth century. 7 More commonly nowadays, however, the terms
‘‘emotion’’ and ‘‘emotional’’ are used to denote this range.
The kind of emotion that is most commonly experienced occurs somewhat suddenly. We
feel suddenly happy when, at the airport, we greet a friend whom we’ve not seen for
some time. Or we may feel anger at a slight. Such an emotion fills our consciousness. It
might best be called a reactive emotion, though it’s often just called an emotion.
On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of
your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and
other document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate
with your current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the
document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home
tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls
offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To
change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To
change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set
command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you
can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. On
the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of
your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and
other document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate
with your current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the
document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home
tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls
offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To
change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To
change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set
command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you
can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. On
the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of
your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and
other document building blocks.

When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your current document
look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a look
for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also format text directly
by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of using the look from the
current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To change the overall look of your
document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To change the looks available in the
Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both the Themes gallery and
the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always restore the look of your
document to the original contained in your current template. On the Insert tab, the galleries include
items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document. You can use these
galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document building blocks.
When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your current document
look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a look
for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also format text directly
by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of using the look from the
current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To change the overall look of your
document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To change the looks available in the
Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both the Themes gallery and
the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always restore the look of your
document to the original contained in your current template. On the Insert tab, the galleries include
items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document. You can use these
galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document building blocks.
When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your current document
look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a look
for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab.

You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a
choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To change
the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To change
the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both
the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always
restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. On the Insert
tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your
document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other
document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with
your current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document
text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can
also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of
using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To change the
overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To change the
looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both the
Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always restore
the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. On the Insert tab, the
galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document. You
can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document
building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your
current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text
by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also
format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of
using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly.

To change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab.
To change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set
command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you
can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. On
the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of
your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and
other document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate
with your current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the
document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home
tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls
offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To
change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To
change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set
command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you
can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. On
the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of
your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and
other document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate
with your current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the
document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home
tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls
offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To
change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To
change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set
command.

Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always
restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. On the Insert
tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your
document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other
document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with
your current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document
text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can
also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of
using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To change the
overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To change the
looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both the
Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always restore
the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. On the Insert tab, the
galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document. You
can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document
building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your
current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text
by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also
format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of
using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To change the
overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To change the
looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both the
Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always restore
the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. On the Insert tab, the
galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document.

You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document
building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your
current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text
by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also
format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of
using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To change the
overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To change the
looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both the
Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always restore
the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. On the Insert tab, the
galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document. You
can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document
building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your
current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text
by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also
format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of
using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To change the
overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To change the
looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both the
Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always restore
the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. On the Insert tab, the
galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document. You
can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document
building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your
current document look.

You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a look for the
selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also format text directly by
using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of using the look from the
current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To change the overall look of your
document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To change the looks available in the
Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both the Themes gallery and
the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always restore the look of your
document to the original contained in your current template. On the Insert tab, the galleries include
items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document. You can use these
galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document building blocks.
When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your current document
look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a look
for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also format text directly
by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of using the look from the
current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To change the overall look of your
document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To change the looks available in the
Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both the Themes gallery and
the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you can always restore the look of your
document to the original contained in your current template. On the Insert tab, the galleries include
items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of your document. You can use these
galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document building blocks.
When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your current document
look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a look
for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also format text directly
by using the other controls on the Home tab.

Most controls offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you
specify directly. To change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the
Page Layout tab. To change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current
Quick Style Set command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset
commands so that you can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in
your current template. On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate
with the overall look of your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers,
lists, cover pages, and other document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or
diagrams, they also coordinate with your current document look. You can easily change the
formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the
Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on
the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a
format that you specify directly. To change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme
elements on the Page Layout tab. To change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the
Change Current Quick Style Set command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery
provide reset commands so that you can always restore the look of your document to the original
contained in your current template. On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to
coordinate with the overall look of your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables,
headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and other document building blocks. When you create pictures,
charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate with your current document look. You can easily change the
formatting of selected text in the document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the
Quick Styles gallery on the Home tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on
the Home tab. Most controls offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a
format that you specify directly. To change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme
elements on the Page Layout tab.

To change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set
command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you
can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. On
the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of
your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and
other document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate
with your current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the
document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home
tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls
offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To
change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To
change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set
command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you
can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. On
the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of
your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and
other document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate
with your current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the
document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home
tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls
offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To
change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To
change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set
command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you
can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template.

On the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of
your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and
other document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate
with your current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the
document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home
tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls
offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To
change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To
change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set
command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you
can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. On
the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of
your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and
other document building blocks. When you create pictures, charts, or diagrams, they also coordinate
with your current document look. You can easily change the formatting of selected text in the
document text by choosing a look for the selected text from the Quick Styles gallery on the Home
tab. You can also format text directly by using the other controls on the Home tab. Most controls
offer a choice of using the look from the current theme or using a format that you specify directly. To
change the overall look of your document, choose new Theme elements on the Page Layout tab. To
change the looks available in the Quick Style gallery, use the Change Current Quick Style Set
command. Both the Themes gallery and the Quick Styles gallery provide reset commands so that you
can always restore the look of your document to the original contained in your current template. On
the Insert tab, the galleries include items that are designed to coordinate with the overall look of
your document. You can use these galleries to insert tables, headers, footers, lists, cover pages, and
other document building blocks.