Sukkur Institute of Business Administration University

Department of Electrical Engineering

ELE-322: Power Generation, Spring 2020

Lab # 03
Characterization of the Turbine-Generator-Load System at a Constant Input Water Power

Instructor: Engr. Zulqarnain

Note: Submit this lab hand-out in the next lab with attached solved activities and exercises

Submission Profile

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Marks obtained: Receiving authority name and signature:

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Lab Learning Objectives:

To investigate the behaviour of different nature of load on characterization of the turbine-

generator-load system at a constant input water power by replicating the operation of real hydro
power station power in a Hydro Electric Power Generating Unit.

Lab Hardware and Software Required:

Hardware Requirement
1. Power Supply Block
2. Control and Measurement Module
3. Auxiliary Multi Relay
4. Load Switchgear
5. Resistive Load
6. Inductive Load
7. Capacitive Load
8. Pump Switchgear
9. Excitation Module
10. Generator Module
11. Excitation

Software Requirement

Hydro Power Generation Software

Background Theory:

A hydro power plant, operating in an autonomous mode for a separate load, is considered to be a
power system in which the following elements are combined:

 Hydraulic engineering structures, where the pressure and water flow are created,
 Hydro turbine that converts the water power into a mechanical shaft rotation power,
 Electric generator, which converts the mechanical power of shaft rotation into electrical
power,
 Electric load, where the consumer uses electrical power.
Parameters of these elements of the power system are interrelated.
The power of the water entering the turbine is determined by the following equation:
𝑃w = 9.81 𝑄 𝑃 [𝑘𝑊] (1)
Where 9,81 – gravity acceleration, [m. sec-²], Q – water consumption [m³ / sec or L/min, 1
L/min = 0.00001667 m3/sec ], P – pressure [m].
The power of the turbine produced on its shaft depends on the water pressure and water flow
entering the turbine, the coefficient of the useful leap of the turbine and is determined by the
following equation

𝑃s = 9.81 ηT Q P [kW], (2)

Where ηT – Efficiency of the turbine. (80% ≤ ηT ≥ 90%)

Apparent Power = S  P2  Q2

Where, S is apparent power (VA), P is Active Power (w), and Q is reactive power (VAR)
Useful part of the consumed power can be find out by the help of Power factor

Power Factor = cos 𝜑 = Active power (P) /Apparent power (S)

The active power (P) of the external electrical load connected to the generator in on load
operation mode of the hydroelectric power unit and consumed by the consumer in the form of
useful capacity is determined by the following equation:
𝑃 = V𝐼 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜑 (3)
where, V – respectively, the linear or phase voltage of the three-phase system, I – phase current,
cos φ – power factor. s
The overall efficiency of a hydroelectric power plant is the ratio of the useful electrical power
delivered to the load to the capacity of the water entering the turbine.
The efficiency of a hydroelectric power plant is determined by the following equation:
𝜂 = ( РE/ 𝑃w) 100 % (4)
The difference in the power of the water entering the turbine and the total power consumed by the
electric load generated by the generator, respectively, the efficiency of the hydroelectric power
station, is determined by the power losses in the elements of the power system: in hydro technical
facilities, in the turbine and in the generator.
Losses and efficiency depend on the structure of the device, pressure, water flow, electric load
power and the electric power factor, which determines the value of the load current.
In case the pressure or electric load changes, the water flow entering the turbine must be regulated
by means of a regulator in order to maintain the rotational speed of the turbine and, accordingly,
the frequency of the constant.
Procedure:
 1. Remove from the Blackboard all the components
2. Put the following components on the Blackboard: Load Switchgear, Auxiliary Multi
Relay, Capacitive Load, Inductive Load, Resistive Load, Control and Measurement Module,
Power Supply, Pump Switchgear
3. Open Lab 5 in the software
As you open the lab, the file in .PDF will be open. Please assemble the scheme of the
connections according to this table.
Note: These connections are same as given in Lab # 02.

4. Manually turn on the circuit breaker on the Power Supply component

5. Manually turn on the circuit breaker on the Generator component

6. In the software, press on the Enable Module checkbox (it is considered to be the
protection) in the Pump Switchgear Module
7. Manually press on the Start button on the Pump Switchgear Module, thus the red
bulb will be turned on. As the RPM exceeds 2700, the Excitation Module will be
enabled
8. In the software, press on the Auto Enable Module checkbox (it is considered to be
the protection) in the Excitation Module
9. Manually press on the Start button on the Excitation Module, thus the red bulb will
be turned on
10. In the software, press on the Enable Module checkbox (it is considered to be the
protection) in the Load Switchgear
11. Manually turn on the Start button on the Load Switchgear Module for each load
level, thus the red bulb will be turned on.
Lab Exercises:

3.1. OBSERVATION TABLE

Excitation
% 0 50 150 240
Level

Excitation
Ie, А 0
current

Voltage Eo, V 0

3.2. OBSERVATION TABLE

Type of load Load currents and generator voltage

Load No load 1 2 3

P (m)

Q (L/min)

RPM

Frequency f (HZ)

Load current, I (amps) 0

Voltage, V (volts)
Active
Active Power P (w)

Reactive Power Q (VAR)

Apparent power S (VA)

Power factor, cos φ

РE (w)

𝑃w (w)

𝜂 = (РE/ Pw) 100 (%)

Load No load 1 2 3

P (m)

Q (L/min)

RPM
Active-
inductive. Frequency f (HZ)

Load current, I (amps) 0

Voltage, V (volts)

Active Power P (w)

 Reactive Power Q (VAR)

Apparent power S (VA)

Power factor, cos φ

РE (w)

𝑃w (w)

𝜂 = ( РE/ 𝑃w) 100 (%)

Load No load 1 2 3

P (m)

Q (L/min)

RPM

Frequency f (HZ)

Load current, I (amps) 0

Voltage, V (volts)
Active-
capacitive Active Power P (w)

Reactive Power Q (VAR)

Apparent power S (VA)

Power factor, cos φ

РE (w)

𝑃w (w)

𝜂 = ( РE/ 𝑃w) 100 (%)

3.3. Attach here the screenshot of the System Layout tab of Main Characteristics of the
Turbine- Generator - Load system from Hydro Power Generation Software
 When completing the lab,
a. Manually turn off the Load Switchgear by pressing the Stop button on the
component, thus the green bulb will be turned on
b. Manually turn off the Excitation module by pressing the Stop button on the
component, thus the green bulb will be turned on.
c. Manually turn off the Pump Switchgear by pressing the Stop button on the
component, thus the green bulb will be turned on.

3.4 REVIEW QUESTIONS:

01. With an increase in the resistive load, what could be effect on the power quality of the
generator generated power ?
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02. How increasing the load affects the turbine –generator speed ?

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03. Load on the shaft of the turbine is created by?

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04. Electric power generated by a hydroelectric power plant depends on?

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Conclusion:

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