TOPIC 1 What is Statistics?

 Statistics (statistik) is a way to get information from

data. It is a tool for creating new understanding from

What is 
a set of numbers.

Descriptive statistics (statistik deskriptif) deals with

Statistics ?
methods of organizing, summarizing, and presenting
data in a convenient and informative way.

 Descriptive statistics uses graphical (grafik) and

tabulation (tabulasi) techniques to present data in
ways that make it easy to extract useful information.

 Another form of descriptive statistics uses numerical Key Statistical Concepts

techniques (kaedah numerik) / descriptive measures
(ukuran deskriptif) to summarize data.
 Population (populasi) is the group of all items (people,
Example: A class of fifty statistics students obtained an
objects, firms, households etc.) of interest.
average score of 53.5.
 Sample (sampel) is a set of data drawn from the
 Inferential statistics (statistik inferens) is a body of population.
methods used to draw conclusions or make inferences
about characteristics of populations based on sample • Large populations make investigating each member
data. impractical and expensive. Easier and cheaper to
take a sample and make inferences about the
Example: Based on a sample of 500 subscribers, a population from the sample.
local cable system estimates that the proportion
(perkadaran) of all subscribers watch a premium  Parameter is a descriptive measure of population.
channel is between 0.35 to 0.48.
 Statistic (statistik) is a descriptive measure of a sample.

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 Statistical Inference Example 1

estimate (menganggar) the unknown

value of a population parameter on Identify each of the following as a use of descriptive statistics
the basis of a sample statistic or inferential statistics.

a) Tabulate the unemployment rate of all European countries

b) Examine the ages of a sample of 5000 iPhone users to test if

the average age of all iPhone users is less than 35 years old

c) Estimate the population mean family expenditure on food

based on the sample mean expenditure of 1,000 families
test (menguji) a claim (dakwaan) about
the population parameter based on a d) Collect the entry CGPA of a sample of 100 UKM students
sample statistic

e) The Federal Aviation Administration samples 500 traffic

controllers in order to estimate the percent retiring due to
Example 2(a)
job stress related illness

f) Graphically present the number of people died of novel A manufacturer of mobile phones claims that average weight of
coronavirus from 23 January to 10 February 2020 the mobile phones was less than 8 ounces. When 500 mobile
phones were drawn from a large production run, the average
g) Calculate the average number of units registered last weight was 7.97 ounces.
semester by FEP students
a) Describe the population and the sample.
h) The admission's office of a university samples 200 Pre-U
students in order to test the claim about the proportion of b) Describe / find the parameter.
students who prefer psychology program.
c) Describe / find the statistic.
i) Summarize the socioeconomic and physical characteristics
of the employees of a particular firm

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 Example 2(b) Variable, Observation, Data

The Human Resources director of a large corporation wishes
to develop an employee benefits package and decides to
select 500 employees from a list of 40,000 total workers in
order to study their preferences for the various components
of a potential package. The result shows that 85% of them
prefer vacation package.
a) Describe the population and the sample.
 Variable (pemboleh ubah) is a characteristic that
varies within a population or sample.
 Observation (cerapan) is an individual measurement
of a variable.
 Data are the actual measurements or observed
values (nilai tercerap) of a variable.

b) Describe / find the parameter.

c) Describe / find the statistic.

Types of Variables Discrete & Continuous Variables

 Qualitative (kualitatif) / categorical variable is a

characteristic with observations that are non-numeric
and can only be placed into categories.
Example: Fields of study (accounting, economics,
finance, management, or marketing)

 Quantitative (kuantitatif) / numerical variable is a

numerical quantity on each object whose observations
can be ordered in terms of the magnitude of the
characteristic.
Example: The starting salaries of graduates of MBA
programs

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 Measurement Scales
(Skala Pengukuran) Nominal & Ordinal Scales

 Nominal scale classifies data into distinct categories in

which no ranking is implied.

Example: Economic sectors (agriculture, service,

manufacturing)

 Ordinal scale classifies data into distinct categories in

Ratio Nominal which ranking is implied and the magnitudes of the
differences between measurements are unknown.

Ordinal Example: Course rating system (1 = poor, 2 = fair, 3 =

Interval
good, 4 = very good, 5 = excellent)

Interval & Ratio Scales Ratio Scales

 Interval (selang) scale distinguishes data by the amount  Ratio (nisbah) scale data are similar to the interval scale
of the characteristic they possess. The numerical quantity data, but has an absolute zero (sifar mutlak) and therefore
indicate order and differences between measurements. the ratio of two measurements is meaningful.

 The zero point on an interval scale is arbitrary (arbitrari) Example: The weekly sales
(i.e. it doesn’t mean none). Therefore the ratio of two
measurements is meaningless. Example: Temperature

 the 0C does not mean that there is no temperature

 the distance from 30-40C and 70-80C is the same
 but 80C is not twice as hot as 40C

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 Primary & Secondary Data
 Primary (primer) data: Data collected first hand for
subsequent analysis to meet a specific purpose.
It could be collected using census (banci), sample survey
(tinjauan sampel), designed experiment (reka bentuk
uji kaji).
 Secondary (sekunder) data: Data that have already been
collected.
It could be obtained from the published or unpublished
sources such as online databases, government
publications, annual reports of companies, etc.
Statistical Packages
Time Series & Cross Sectional Data
 Time series (siri masa) data: A set of data collected over
several time periods (daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly,
yearly).
Example: Consumer Price Index, 2003 – 2016
 Cross sectional (keratan rentas) data: A set of data
collected at the same or approximately the same
point in time.
Example: The Global Competitiveness Index, 2018