EE 2292 Laboratory Practice III

B.Sc. (Eng), Semester 3

Study of Distribution
systems
 Group Members: Name: W.K.C.U
Wanniarachchi
Index No.: 090542 T
090525U UDAGEACHCHI E.H. Group: G15
Date of experiment: 19/11/2010
090524P THOTABADUGE U.S.
Date of submission: 03/12/2010
090532M UNDUGODA U.A.N.B.

090542T WANNIARACHCHI W.K.C.U. Aim: To determine the voltage distribution in a

1. uniformly loaded distributor.
2. uniformly loaded radial distributor.
3. uniformly loaded ring main distributor.

Apparatus:

 05 Models of uniformly loaded distribution.

 02 Variacs
 01 Digital voltmeter

Calcutions :
Discussion:
1. Advantages and disadvantages of ring and radial distribution systems

Ring system Radial system

Advantages: Advantages:
 The most frequently used system.   Radial system is more reliable.
 it is the simplest system.  It may be justified in an area where
 least expensive system to build. continuity of service is of considerable
 Operation and expansionare simple. importance for  example  a  medical center.

Disadvantages:
 The fault or loss of acable, primary
supply, or transformer will result in anoutage
on all loads served by the feeder.
 Furthermore,electrical service is
interrupted when any piece of service
equipment  must  be  de-energized  to
performroutine  maintenance  and  service
Disadvantages:
 The loop system is more expensive
tobuild than the radial type.
 Operation and expansionare is much
complex.
 It is coplex than ring system.

2. Methods to improve the voltage profile in a distribution system.

We can use big cables to feed the low voltage and as well as following methods to
improve voltage profile.

Nowadays, the interest in distributed generation around the world is sharply increasing.
DGs are predicted to be a major component of future power system with all the benefits
that come with them. If placed properly, they will improve the system in various ways,
and of course, reduce power loss and voltage drop. So, it becomes essential to place them
in such a way that all parties associated with them will be benefited.

In this study, the author would like to present the methodology to improve the utility grid
in term of power loss and voltage drop. The method will find out the optimal DG and
capacitor banks in distribution system. There are two parts in this study. The first one
finds the optimal DG size and the location to minimize real power loss in the system.
Different DG types, namely DG supplying real or reactive power only, DG supplying real
power but consuming proportionate reactive power, are considered to solve the optimal
DG placement problem. In the second part, the capacitor banks are optimally placed.

The methodology will be carried out with the primary feeders of one substation in Ha Noi
Power Company. These feeders are modeled as 40 bus system and 62 bus systems
 3. The allowable limits for distribution voltage and frequency in Sri Lanka.

4. Underground cables & Overhead lines.

Underground cables Overhead lines

Advantages: Advantages:

 Less subject to damage from severe

weather conditions (mainly lightning, wind
and freezing) Disadvantages:
 Greatly reduced emission, into the
.
surrounding area, of electromagnetic
fields (EMF). All electric currents generate
EMF, but the shielding provided by the earth
surrounding underground cables restricts
their range and power. See section
below, health concerns.
 Underground cables need a narrower
surrounding strip of about 1–10 meters to
install, whereas an overhead line requires a
surrounding strip of about 20–200 meters
wide to be kept permanently clear for safety,
maintenance and repair.
 Underground cables pose no hazard to
low flying aircraft or to wildlife, and are
significantly safer as they pose no shock
hazard (except to the unwary digger).
 Much less subject to conductor theft,
illegal connections, sabotage, and damage
from armed conflict.
Disadvantages: