MLC SCHOOL

Oxford Footnoting Guide

Table of Contents
Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Books & E-books ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
Journal Articles ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Internet / Websites ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
Multimedia / Audio-Visual ........................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Newspapers ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Government Publications ............................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Other Sources ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Images ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Style Notes ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 20

Books & e-Books

Material Type Footnote Example Subsequent Footnote Example Reference List Example
1 2
S. Ratnagar, Trading Encounters: From the Ratnagar, Trading Encounters, 24. Ratnagar, S., Trading Encounters: From the
Euphrates to the Indus in the Bronze Age 2
Author, Short Title, Page/s. Euphrates to the Indus in the Bronze Age
(New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004), (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2004).
Book [Single Author] 23. Consecutive Subsequent:
3

Ratnagar, 24. Author, A., Title (Publishing Location: Publisher, Year).

3
1
A, Author, Title (Publishing Location: Publisher, Author, page/s.
Year), Page/s.

1 2
A. Blackledge and A. Creese, Multilingualism: Blackledge and Creese, Multilingualism, 10. Blackledge, A. and A. Creese, Multilingualism: a
a Critical Perspective (London: Continuum,
2
Author and Author, Short Title, Page/s. Critical Perspective (London: Continuum, 2010).
2010), 10.
1 Consecutive Subsequent: Author, A., and B. Author, Title (Publishing Location:
Book [2 or 3 Authors] 3 Publisher, Year).
A. Author and B. Author, Title (Publishing Location: Blackledge and Creese, 10.
Publisher, Year), Page/s. 3
Author and Author, page/s.


1 th 2 th
A. Kring et al., Abnormal Psychology (11 Kring et al., Abnormal Psychology, 40. Kring, A. et al., Abnormal Psychology (11 edn.,
edn., Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010),
2
First Author et al, Short Title, Page/s. Hoboken NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010).
40.
Book [4 or more
Authors] Consecutive Subsequent:
1
A. Author et al., Title (Publishing Location: Publisher, 3 Author, A., et al., Title (Publishing Location: Publisher, year).
Kring et al., 40.
year), Page/s. 3
First Author et al, Page/s.

1 2
The Cambridge Companion to Cambridge Companion, 70. The Cambridge Companion to Postmodernism,
Postmodernism (Cambridge UK: Cambridge
2
Short Title, Page/s. (Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press,
University Press, 2004), 70. 2004).
Book [No Author] Consecutive Subsequent:
1 3 Title (Publishing Location: Publisher, Year).
Title (location: Publisher, date), page/s. Cambridge Companion, 70.
3
Short Title, page/s.

3
 1 2 Foley, J. M., ed., A Companion to Ancient Epic
J. M. Foley, ed., A Companion to Ancient Foley, Companion to Ancient Epic, 26.
Epic (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009) 26. 2
Editor, Short Title, Page/s. (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009).

Consecutive Subsequent: Editor, A., ed., Title (Publishing Location: Publisher, Year).
Book [Editor]
A. Editor, ed., Title (Publishing Location: Publisher, Year),
3
Page/s. Foley, 26.
3
Editor, page/s.

1 2
Y. Aralawa, Zen Painting, tr. J. Bester (Tokyo: Aralawa, Zen Painting, 70. Arakawa, Y., Zen Painting, tr. J. Bester (Tokyo:
Kodansha International, 1970), 70.
2
Author, Short Title, Page/s. Kodansha International, 1970).

Book [Translator and 1
A, Author, Title, tr. A. Translator (Publishing Location: Consecutive Subsequent: Author, A., Title, tr. A. Translator (Publishing Location:
Author] Publisher, Year) Page/s. 3 Publisher, Year).
Aralawa, 70.
3
Author, page/s.
1 2
Linfu, H. ‘Qingdai yilai Sanxia diqu shuihan zaihai de
H. Linfu, ‘Qingdai yilai Sanxia diqu shuihan Linfu, [Floods and droughts], 70.
zaihai de chubu yanjiu’ [Floods and droughts
2
Author, [Short Translated Title], Page/s. chubu yanjiu’ [Floods and droughts in the Three
Gorges region since the Qing dynasty] (Beijing:
in the Three Gorges region since the Qing
dynasty] (Beijing: Shehui Kexue, 1999), 56. Shehui Kexue, 1999).
Consecutive Subsequent:

1 Author, A. Romanised Letters, ‘Title Romanised letters’ [English
A, Author Romanised Letters, ‘Title Romanised letters’ 3
[English Translation] (Publishing Location: Publisher,
Linfu, 70. Translation] (Publishing Location: Publisher, Year) Page/s.
Book [Foreign Year) Page/s.
3
Author, page/s.


Language]
*It would also be acceptable to add the foreign
language characters of the Author’s name and
Title as well as the information above. If the
foreign language already uses Latin letters
(French, German etc.) – the title needs to be in
italics.

1 2
Australian Diabetes Foundation, Diabetes: Australian Diabetes Foundation, Diabetes, 20. Australian Diabetes Foundation, Diabetes: Your Role
Your Role in its Control (Perth: Australian
2
Author, Short Title, page/s. in its Control (Perth: Australian Diabetes
Book [Organisation as Diabetes Foundation, 1984), 48.
Foundation, 1984).
Consecutive Subsequent:
Author] 1
Author, Title (Publishing Location: Publisher, Year), 3
Australian Diabetes Foundation, 20.
Page/s. Author, page/s. Author, Title (Publishing Location: Publisher, Year).
3

4
 1 2
J. Baker, 'The Place of Science and Baker, Oceanographic Processes on Coral Baker, J., 'The Place of Science and Technology in the
Technology in the Wise Management of the Reefs, 14-20. Wise Management of the Great Reef', in E.
Great Reef', in E. Wolanski, ed., 2
Author, Short Book Title, page/s. Wolanski, ed., Oceanographic Processes of Coral
Oceanographic Processes of Coral Reefs: Reefs: Physical and Biological Links in the Great
Book [Chapter or
Physical and Biological Links in the Great Reef Consecutive Subsequent: Reef (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2001), 14-20.
Article in Edited Baker, 14-20
book]
(Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2001), 14-20. 3

Author, page/s.
Author, A., ‘Chapter/Article title’, A. Editor, ed., Book Title,
1 (Publishing Location: Publisher, Year), page/s.
A. Author, ‘Chapter/Article title’, in A. Editor, ed., Book
Title (Publishing Location: Publisher, Year), page/s.

2
1 Sargent, Nilan and Winter, New Sociology, 140. Sargent, M. J., P. Nilan and G. Winter, The New
M. J. Sargent, P. Nilan and G. Winter, The
New Sociology for Australians, Vol. 4 (4th Author, Short Title, Page/s.
2
Sociology for Australians, Vol. 1 (4th edn,
Melbourne: Longman Australia, 1997).
edn, Melbourne, Longman Australia, 1997),
140. Consecutive Subsequent:
Book [Edition other A. Author, Title, Vol. number (edition, Publishing Location:
Sargent, Nilan and Winter, 140.
3
than first / multi Publisher, Year).
1
volumes] A. Author, Title, Vol. number(edition, Publishing 3
Author, page/s.
Location: Publisher, Year, Page/s).

1 2
‘Dragon’, Britannica Concise Encyclopedia (2006),
‘Dragon’, Britannica Concise Encyclopedia ‘Dragon’, Oxford English Dictionary.
(2006), 2
‘Entry’, Short Title. http://onesearch.library.uwa.edu.au/UWA:B
http://onesearch.library.uwa.edu.au/UW lended:TN_gale_gvrlGVRL4WWA , accessed
A:Blended:TN_gale_gvrlGVRL4WWA, Consecutive Subsequent: 20 April 2015.
3
Dictionary or accessed 20 April 2015. Dragon’, Oxford English Dictionary.
1
Encyclopedia [Online] 3
‘ Entry’, Short Title. ‘Entry’, Title, ( Year), URL, access date.
1
‘Entry’, Title, (Year), URL, access date.
If the authors of the article are known, acknowledge them as
If the authors of the article are known, acknowledge you would any author.

them as you would any author.

5
 2
1
V. Koller, Metaphor and Gender in Business Koller, Metaphor and Gender in Business Koller, V., Metaphor and Gender in Business Media
Media Discourse: A Critical Cognitive Study Media, 75. Discourse: A Critical Cognitive Study [e-Book]
[e-Book] (New York: Palgrave Macmillan,
2
Author, Shortened Title, Page/s. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), available
2004), available from: e-Book Library, from: e-Book Library, accessed 23 September
accessed 23 September 2010. Consecutive Subsequent: 2010.
e-Book 3
Koller, 75.
1
A, Author, Title [format] (Publishing Location: Publisher,
3
Author, page/s. Author, A., Title [format] (Publishing Location: Publisher,
Year), available from: Name of Database or URL, Year), available from: Name of Database, (accessed date).

accessed date, 70.

1 2
D. Andrew, ‘Time Zones and Jetlag: The Andrew, World Cinemas, Transnational Andrew, D., ‘Time Zones and Jetlag: The Flows
Flows and Phases of World Cinema’, in K. Perspectives, 60. and Phases of World Cinema’, in K. Newman,
Newman ed., World Cinemas, Transnational 2
Author, Short Title, page/s. ed., World Cinemas, Transnational Perspectives
Perspectives [e-Book] (New York: Routledge, [e-Book] (New York: Routledge, 2009), Available
2009), available from: e-Book Library, Consecutive Subsequent: from: e-Book Library, (accessed 6 May 2015), 59-
e-Book [Chapter or 3
(accessed 6 May 2015), 60. Andrew, 61 90.
Article in an Edited E-

3
Author, page/s.
Book]
1 Author, A., ‘Chapter/Article title’, Editor (ed.), Book Title, [format]
A. Author, ‘Chapter/Article title’, in Editor (ed.), Book
Title, [format] (Publishing Location: Publisher, Year), (Publishing Location: Publisher, Year), available from: Name of
available from: Name of Database or URL, (accessed Database or url, (accessed date), page range of chapter.
date), page/s.

2
Secondary Source:
1
A. Smith, Italian Architecture (Melbourne: Smith, cited in D. Brown, Renaissance Italy, Brown, D., Renaissance Italy (London, Faber and
Citing information Penguin, 2000), cited in D. Brown, 48. Faber, 2002).
somebody else has Renaissance Italy (London: Faber and
2
Author of cited text, cited in Author of Original text,
Original Text, page/s. Author of Original Text, A., Title (Publishing Location: Publisher,
cited. Faber, 2002), 45.
Year).
* Best effort needs to 1 Consecutive Subsequent:
be made to find the A. Author of cited text, Cited Text (Publishing Location:
3
Publisher, year), cited in A. Author of Original text, Smith, cited in D. Brown, 48.
original source Original Text (Location: Publisher, year), page/s. 3
Author of cited text, cited in Author of Original text, page/s.
before using this
option.

6
 2
Bible: Isaiah 6: 9. It is not necessary to include a spiritual text in the
1 2
Isaiah 6: 9. Chapter name chapter number: verse number. reference list.
1
Chapter name chapter number: verse number.

If you wish to include a particular edition of a

Koran: spiritual text in the reference list you can reference
Spiritual Text 1 Consecutive Subsequent:
Sûra 19, v. 12. 3 it as a book or website (if accessed online).
Isaiah 6: 9.
3
1
Sûra number, v. number. Chapter name chapter number: verse number.

Journal Articles
Material Type Footnote Example Subsequent Footnote Example Reference List Example
1
K. Toffoletti, 'How is Gender-based Violence
2
Toffoletti, Women’s Studies International Toffoletti, K. 'How is Gender-based Violence Covered
Covered in the Sporting News? An Account of Forum, 427. in the Sporting News? An Account of the
the Australian Football League Sex Scandal',
2
Author, Short Journal Title, page/s. Australian Football League Sex Scandal',
Women's Studies International Women's Studies International Forum, 30/ 5
Journal Article [Single Forum, 30/5 (2007), in Proquest [online Consecutive Subsequent: (2007), in Proquest [online database], 427,
Author] [Online databate], DOI:10.1525/irqr.2013.6.2.266,
3
Toffoletti, 427 DOI:10.1525/irqr.2013.6.2.266, accessed 23
Database] accessed 23 February 2016, 427.
3
Author, page/s. February 2010, 427-450.

Author, A., ‘Article Title’, Journal Title, volume/Issue number,
1
A. Author, ‘Article Title’, Journal Title, volume/Issue (year,) URL/DOI, accessed date, page range of article.
number, (year,) in database name [online database],
URL/DOI, accessed date, page.


1 2
P. Addo and N. Besnier, 'When Gifts Become Addo and Besnier, Journal of the Royal Addo, P. and N. Besnier., 'When Gifts Become
Commodities: Pawnshops, Valuables, and Anthropological Institute, 39. Commodities: Pawnshops, Valuables, and Shame
Shame in Tonga and the Tongan Diaspora',
2
Author and Author, Short Journal Title, page/s. in Tonga and the Tongan Diaspora', Journal of the
Journal Article [2 or 3 Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Royal Anthropological Institute, 14/1 (2008), in
Authors] [Online 14/1, (2008), in JSTOR [online database], Consecutive Subsequent: JSTOR [online database], DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-
Database] DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9655.2007.00477.x, 3
Addo and Besnier, 39. 9655.2007.00477.x, accessed 14 July 2018, 39-
accessed 24 February 2017, 39. 3
Author and Author, page/s. 54.

1 Author, A. and B. Author, ‘Article Title’, Journal Title, volume/Issue
A. Author and B. Author, ‘Article Title’, Journal Title,
number, (year), in database name [source type], URL/DOI,
volume/Issue number, (year), in database name
accessed date, page range of article.
[source type], URL/DOI, accessed date, page/s.

7

1 2
M. Spencer et al., 'Analyzing the Order of Spencer et al., Computers and the Spencer, M. et al., 'Analyzing the Order of Items in
Items in Manuscripts of the Canterbury Humanities, 78-79. Manuscripts of the Canterbury Tales',
Tales’, Computers and the Humanities, 37/1 Computers and the Humanities, 37/1 (2003), in
2
Journal Article [4 or (2003), in Ebscohost [online database], Author et al., Short Journal Title, page/s. Ebscohost [online database],
more Authors] [Online http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.g
http://search.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.sl.nsw.gov.a
ov.au, accessed 17 January 2017, 78-79. Consecutive Subsequent: u, accessed 17 January 2017, 68-84.
Database] 3

1 3
Spencer et al., 79.
A. Author et al., ‘Article Title’, Journal Title, volume/ Author et al., page/s. Author, A., et al., ‘Article Title’, Journal Title, volume/Issue
Issue number (year), in database name [source
type], URL/DOI, access date, page/s.
number (year), in database name [source type], URL/DOI,
accessed date, page range of aricle.

1
K. R. Moore, ‘Was Pythagoras Ever Really in 2Moore, Rosetta, 5. Moore, K. R., 'Was Pythagoras Ever Really in
Sparta?’, Rosetta, 6/Spring, (2009), 2
Author, Short Journal Title, page/s. Sparta?', Rosetta, 6/Spring,
Journal Article http://www.rosetta.bham.22894.ac.uk., (2009), h ttp://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk, accessed
accessed 10 September 2018, 3. Consecutive Subsequent: 10 September 2010, 3-15.
[Online free access 3
Moore, 3.
database] 1 3
A. Author, ‘Article Title’, Journal Title, volume/Issue Author, page/s. Author, A., ‘Article Title’, Journal Title, volume/Issue number,
number, (year), URL, accessed date, page/s. (year), URL, accessed date, page range of article.

1 2
S. Mintz, 'Food Enigmas, Colonial and Mintz, Gastronomica, 149. Mintz, S., 'Food Enigmas, Colonial and
Postcolonial', Gastronomica, 10/1, Postcolonial', Gastronomica, 10/1, (2010) 149-
(2010), 149.
2
Author, Short Journal Title, page/s. 169.

Journal Article [Print] 1
Consecutive Subsequent: Author, A., ‘Article Title’, Journal Title, volume/Issue number,
A. Author, ‘Article Title’, Journal Title, volume/Issue
number, (year), page/s. 3 (year), page range of article.
Mintz, 149.
3
Author, page/s.

Internet / Websites
Material Type Footnote Example Subsequent Footnote Example Reference List Example
1 2
E. Woodbury, 'Manga Circulation in Japan', Woodbury, ‘Manga Circulation in Japan’, para. 5. Woodbury, E., 'Manga Circulation in Japan',
Ooburoshiki [blog], (1 February 2010), 3
Author, ‘Short Title’, para. Ooburoshiki [blog], (1 February 2010)
http://eugenewoodbury.blogspot.com/2010/ http://eugenewoodbury.blogspot.com/2010/
Blog
02/manga-circulation-in- Consecutive Subsequent: 02/ manga-circulation-in-japan.html,
3
japan.html, accessed 19 January 2011, para. Woodbury, ‘Manga Circulation in Japan’, para. 5. accessed 19 January 2011.
8.
3
Author, ‘Short Title’, para.

8
 Author, ‘Title’, Website Title, [source type], (date), URL,
1
Author, ‘Title’, Website Title, [source type], (date), accessed date.
URL, accessed date, para.


1 2
J. Phillips, ‘Fungi and Mould’, The Health ’Fungi and Mould’, The Health Report. Phillips, J., ‘Fungi and Mould’, The Health Report,
Report, [podcast] (ABC Radio National, 2
’Short Title’, Podcast Title. [podcast], (ABC Radio National, 1999),
1999), http://www.abc.net.au/m/healthreport/stories/
http://www.abc.net.au/m/healthreport/stor Consecutive Subsequent: 1999/48140.htm, accessed 10 March 2003.
3
i es/1999/48140.htm, accessed 10 March The Health Report
3
Podcast Title
Podcast 2003.

1

A. Author ’Title’, Podcast Title, [source type], Broadcast ’Title’, Podcast Title, [source type], Broadcast network, date,
network, date, URL, accessed date. URL, accessed date.

*Author can be replaced with the speaker, writer or

producer’s name depending on the podcast*
1 2
Shakespeare’s Globe, @The_Globe, ‘Gina Shakespeare’s Globe, ‘Gina McKee’. Shakespeare’s Globe, @The_Globe, ‘Gina McKee
2
McKee will play the Title Role in Boudica’ Author, ‘Short Title’. will play the Title Role in Boudica’ [Twitter
[Twitter Post], 2:10am, 29 July 2017, Post], 2:10am, 29 July 2017,
3
https://twitter.com/The_Globe/status/89097 Shakespeare’s Globe, ‘Gina McKee’. https://twitter.com/The_Globe/status/89097
3
Social Media 5350548815873, accessed 4 August 2017. Author, ‘Short Title’. 5350548815873, accessed 4 August 2017.


1
A. Author, Handle, ‘First few words of post’ [type of Author, A., Handle, ‘First few words of post’ [type of source],

source], time posted, date posted, URL, accessed date. time posted, date posted, URL, accessed date.

2
Bible: Isaiah 6: 9. It is not necessary to include a spiritual text in the
1 2
Isaiah 6: 9. Chapter name chapter number: verse number. reference list.
1
Chapter name chapter number: verse number.

If you wish to include a particular online version of

Spiritual Text Koran: a spiritual text you can reference it as a webpage /
1
Sûra 19, v. 12. Consecutive Subsequent: website.
3
Isaiah 6: 9.
3
1
Sûra number, v. number.
Chapter name chapter number: verse number.

1 2
C. Woo, ‘Luna Park’, St. Kilda Historical Woo, ‘Luna Park’, para. 10. Woo, C., ‘Luna Park’, St. Kilda Historical Society,
Society, (2012), 2
Author, ‘Short Title of webpage’, para. (2012),
http://www.skhs.org.au/~SKHSarticles1/arti http://www.skhs.org.au/~SKHSarticles1/article
Webpage s/ Luna_Park.htm, accessed 3 February 2014.
cl es/Luna_Park.htm, accessed 3 February Consecutive Subsequent:
2014, para. 11. 3
Woo, para. 12.
Author, A., ‘Title of Webpage’, Title of website, (date),

9
 3
A. Author, ‘Title of Webpage’, Title of website, (date), Author, para. URL, accessed date.
section name, URL, accessed date, para.
1 2
Commonwealth Bank of Australia, ‘About Commonwealth Bank of Australia, ‘Investment Commonwealth Bank of Australia, ‘About the
the Investment Growth Bond’, CommBank Growth Bond’, para. 4. Investment Growth Bond’, CommBank (2017),
(2017), 2
Organisation or Company, ‘Short Title of webpage’, para. https://www.commbank.com.au/personal/inve
Webpage with an https://www.commbank.com.au/personal/i stments/investment-growth-bond.html,
Organisation or nvestments/investment-growth-bond.html, Consecutive Subsequent: accessed 10 July 2017.
Company as the accessed 10 July 2017, para. 4. 3
Commonwealth Bank of Australia, para. 6.
author 3
Organisation or Company, ‘Title of Webpage’, Title of
1
Organisation or Company, ‘Title of Webpage’, Title of website, (date), URL, accessed date.
Organisation or Company, para.
website, (date), section name, URL, accessed date, para.

1 2
‘Elizabeth Jolley: A Bibliography – 1965- Elizabeth Jolley Research Collection, para. 2. ‘Elizabeth Jolley: A Bibliography – 1965-2007’,
2007’, Elizabeth Jolley Research Collection,
2
Website Title, para. Elizabeth Jolley Research Collection,
(2008), (2008),
Webpage [No http://john.curtin.edu.au/jolley/bibliography. Consecutive Subsequent: http://john.curtin.edu.au/jolley/bibliograp
3
Author] html, accessed 1 August 2010, para. 1. ‘Elizabeth Jolley Research Collection, para. 2. hy.html accessed 1 August 2010.
3
Website Title, para.


1
‘Webpage Title’, Website Title, (year), URL, accessed ‘Webpage Title’, Website Title, (year), URL, accessed date.
date, pages, para.

1 2
Website B. Dibble and B. Milech, Elizabeth Jolley Dibble and Milech, Elizabeth Jolley Dibble, B. and B. Milech, Elizabeth Jolley Research
Research Collection, (2008), Research Collection. Collection, (2008),
2
*Use this when you http://john.curtin.edu.au/jolley/index.html, Author, Website Title. http://john.curtin.edu.au/jolley/index.html,
are not referring to a accessed 1 August 2010. accessed 1 August 2010.
Consecutive Subsequent:
particular page 3
A. Author, Website Title, (date), URL, accessed date. Dibble and Milech, Elizabeth Jolley Author, A., Website Title, (date), URL, accessed date.
within a website –
Research Collection.
but the website as a 3
Author, Website Title.
whole.
1 2
B. Dibble and B. Milech, Elizabeth Jolley Dibble and Milech, Elizabeth Jolley Dibble, B. and B. Milech, Elizabeth Jolley Research
Research Collection, Research Collection. Collection,
http://john.curtin.edu.au/jolley/index.htm,
2
Author, Website Title. http://john.curtin.edu.au/jolley/index.html,
accessed 1 August 2010. accessed 1 August 2010.
Website [No Date] Consecutive Subsequent:

1
A. Author, Website Title, URL, accessed date. 3
Dibble and Milech, Elizabeth Jolley Author, A., Website Title, URL, accessed date.

Research Collection.
3
Author, Website Title.

10


1 2
Houston Museum of Natural Science, Houston Museum of Natural Science, Terracotta Houston Museum of Natural Science, Terracotta
Terracotta Warriors: Guardians of China’s Warriors. Warriors: Guardians of China’s First Emperor
First Emperor [video], YouTube (uploaded 14
2
Author, Short Title of Video. [video], YouTube (uploaded 14 April 2009),
April 2009), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9iKdLRJWt
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9iKdLRJ Consecutive Subsequent: Pg, accessed 6 October 2016.
Youtube Video WtPg, accessed 6 October 2016.
3
Terracotta Warriors.
3
Short Title of video. Author, A. Title of Video [source type], (Publisher, date
1
A. Author, Title of Video [source type], recorded, date uploaded), URL, accessed date.
Publisher/Platform, (recorded date, uploaded date), URL,
accessed date.

Multimedia / Audio-Visual
Material Type Footnote Example Subsequent Footnote Example Reference List Example
1 2
J. Huston, dir. The Red Badge of Courage Huston, The Red Badge of Courage. Huston, J., dir. The Red Badge of Courage (MGM,
(MGM, 1951) [DVD].
2
Director, Title of Film. 1951) [DVD].
Film or DVD
1
A. Director, dir. Title of Film (Place, Distributor, year) Consecutive Subsequent: Director, A., dir. Title of Film, (Place, Distributor, year) [type of
3
[type of source]. Red Badge of Courage. source].
Title of Film.

3

1 2
Colin Firth Helps the People Speak [video], Colin Firth Helps the People Speak. Colin Firth Helps the People Speak [video], BBC World
2
BBC World News and Radio (uploaded 30 Author, Short Title of Video. – in this case there is no author. News and Radio (uploaded 30 November 2012),
November 2012),
http://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-radio-and-
Consecutive Subsequent:
http://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-radio- 3 tv-20296573/colin-firth-helps-the-people-speak,
Colin Firth Helps the People Speak.
and-tv-20296573/colin-firth-helps-the- 3
Short Title of video.
accessed 12 May 2017.
Online Video
people-speak, accessed 12 May 2017.
Author, A., Title of Video [source type], Publisher/Platform,
1 (recorded date, uploaded date), URL, accessed date.
A. Author, Title of Video [source type],
Publisher/Platform, (recorded date, uploaded date), URL,

accessed date.

1 2
J. Phillips, ‘Fungi and Mould’, The Health ’Fungi and Mould’, The Health Report. Phillips, J., ‘Fungi and Mould’, The Health Report
Report [podcast] (ABC Radio National, 1999), 2
’Short Title’, Podcast Title. [podcast], (ABC Radio National, 1999),
Podcast http://www.abc.net.au/m/healthreport/stor http://www.abc.net.au/m/healthreport/stories/
i es/1999/48140.htm, accessed 10 March Consecutive Subsequent: 1999/48140.htm, accessed 10 March 2003.
3
The Health Report

11
 2003.
3
Podcast Title

’Title’, Podcast Title [source type], Broadcast network, date, URL,
accessed date.
1
A. Author ’Title’, Podcast Title [source type], Broadcast
network, date, URL, accessed date.

*Author can be replaced with the speaker, writer or

producer’s name depending on the podcast*
2
1
B. Spears, ‘Sometimes’, J. Elofsson, comp., Spears, ‘Sometimes’. Spears, B. ‘Sometimes’, J. Elofsson, comp., in Baby
2
in Baby One More Time (Cheiron Studios, Artist, ‘Shortened Song Title’. One More Time (Cheiron Studios, 1999), [MP4].

1999), [MP4].
Consecutive Subsequent: Artist A., ‘Song Title’, A. Composer, comp., in Album Title
3
Sound Recording 1 ‘Sometimes’ (Recording Company, Year), [Source Type].
A. Artist, ‘Song Title’, A. Composer, comp., in Album
‘Shortened Song Title’
3
Title (Recording Company, Year), [Source Type].




1 2
‘Queen for a Day’, R. Howard. dir. Arrested ’Queen for a Day’, Arrested Development. Queen for a Day’, R. Howard. dir. Arrested
Development, Season 2 Episode 8 (Fox, 2005) 2
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[Television program]. [Television program].
Television Program
1
’Title of Episode’, A. Director. dir. Title of Series, Consecutive Subsequent:
Season/Series number 3

’Queen for a Day’
Episode number, (Distributor, year) [medium]. 3 ’Title of Episode’, A. Director. dir. Title of Series, Season/Series
’Short Title of Episode’
number
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1 2
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Terracotta Warriors: Guardians of China’s Warriors. Warriors: Guardians of China’s First Emperor
First Emperor [video], YouTube (uploaded 14
2
Author, Short Title of Video. [video], YouTube (uploaded 14 April 2009),
April 2009), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9iKdLRJWt
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9iKdLRJ Consecutive Subsequent: Pg, accessed 6 October 2016.
Youtube Video WtPg, accessed 6 October 2016.
3
Terracotta Warriors.
3
Short Title of video. Author, A. Title of Video [source type], (Publisher, date
1 recorded, date uploaded), URL, accessed date.
A. Author, Title of Video [source type],
Publisher/Platform, (recorded date, uploaded date), URL,
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Newspapers
Material Type Footnote Example Subsequent Footnote Example Reference List Example

12
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Australian (26 August 1964), 10. Australian (26 August 1964), 10.
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2
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1
A. Author, ‘Article Title’, Newspaper Title (Date), page/s. Author, A., ‘Article Title’, Newspaper Title (Date), page/s.
[Print]
Consecutive Subsequent:
3
Boyd, 10.
3
Author, page/s
1 2
S. Bredow, 'Powder to the People', The Bredow, Sydney Morning Herald, para. 7. Bredow, S., 'Powder to the People', The Sydney

Sydney Morning Herald, (7 June 2008), 2 Morning Herald, (7 June 2008),
Author, Short Newspaper Title, pages/para.
http://www.smh.com.au/news/ski/pow der- http://www.smh.com.au/news/ski/powder
Newspaper Article
to-the- -to-the-
[Website] Consecutive Subsequent:
people/2008/06/04/1212258872379.html, 3 people/2008/06/04/1212258872379.ht
Bredow, para. 2
accessed 3 March 2009, para. 3. 3 ml, accessed 3 March 2009.
Author, pages/para.


1 Author, A., ‘Article Title’, Newspaper Title, Date, page/s, URL,
A. Author, ‘Article Title’, Newspaper Title, (Date) page,
accessed date
URL, accessed date, para.
1
P. Duffin, 'Revived Pipeline Plans put Duffin, The Newcastle Herald, 14 Duffin, P. 'Revived Pipeline Plans put Residents on
Residents on Edge', The Newcastle Herald 2
Author, Short Newspaper title, page/s. Edge,' The Newcastle Herald (12 May 2017), in
(12 May 2017), in Ebscohost [online Ebscohost [online database],
database], Consecutive Subsequent: http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct
3
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Newspaper Article ect=true&db=anh&AN=DOC6UVZNPODH5H
3
Author, page/s.

4CJVW&site=ehost-live, accessed 3 March
[Online Database] 17QW4CJVW&site=ehost-live, accessed 3 2009, 14-15.
March 2009, 14.
Author, A., ‘Article Title’, Newspaper Title (Date), in Database title
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A. Author, ‘Article Title’, Newspaper Title (Date), in [online database], URL/DOI, accessed date, pages.
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1 2
‘Warning to Melbourne on Olympics’, The ‘Warning to Melbourne’, 1. Warning to Melbourne on Olympics’, The Sydney
Sydney Morning Herald (24 January 1953), 2
Author, Short Newspaper title, page/s. Morning Herald (24 January 1953), in Trove
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Author (if known), page/s.
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A. Author (if known), ‘Article Title’, Newspaper Title Author A. (if known), ‘Article Title’, Newspaper Title (Date), in
(Date), in Trove [online database], URL, accessed date, Trove [online database], URL, accessed date, page/s.
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13
Government Publications
Material Type Footnote Example Subsequent Footnote Example Reference List Example
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D. Palmer, R. Walters and G. Coventry, Care, Palmer et al, Care, Co-operation and Young Palmer, D., R. Walters and G. Coventry, Care, Co-
Co-operation and Young ‘at risk’: the Fitzroy ‘at risk’, 9. operation and Young ‘at risk’: the Fitzroy Youth
Youth Care Project Final Evaluation Report
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Author, Short title, page/s. Care Project Final Evaluation Report (Bundoora,
(Bundoora, Vic: National Centre for Socio- Vic: National Centre for Socio-Legal Studies, La
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Author, page/s. A. Author, Title (place of publication: Publisher, year).
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2
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Government Report Annual Report 2015-2016 (2016), Report 2015-2016, 223. Report 2015-2016 (2016),
[Online] http://dfat.gov.au/about- http://dfat.gov.au/about-
us/publications/corporate/annual- 2
Author, Short Title, page/s. us/publications/corporate/annual-
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2017, 216. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 223. 216.
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Author, page/s.
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A. Author, Report Title (year), URL, accessed date,
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Trustees Act 1962 (WA) s90. Trustees 1962 s90. Trustees Act 1962 (WA) s90.
2
Short Title Section.
Act Title (Location) Section.


Legislation Title (Location) Section.
1

Legislation Act Consecutive Subsequent:

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1 2
Corporations Amendment Bill No. 1, 2005 Corporations Amendment Bill No 1, 2005. Corporations Amendment Bill No. 1, 2005 (Cth).
(Cth).
Legislation Bill
2
Bill Title, year. Bill Title, year (parliament).
2
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Consecutive Subsequent:
3
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3
Short Title.

14
 1 2
Media Release G. Berejiklian (Premier of NSW), NSW Will Berejiklian, NSW will change laws, para. 3. Berejiklian, G. (Premier of NSW), NSW Will Change
Change Laws to Remove Tent City [media Laws to Remove Tent City [media release], 8
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Author, Short Title, para. August 2017, NSW Government,
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government/the-premier/media-releases- government/the-premier/media-releases-from-

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2017, para. 4. 3
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1 range.
A. Author, Full Title of Royal Commission, ‘section’,
[format], (Date of publication, Publisher) URL,

access date, page/s.
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Cases 1
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Consecutive Subsequent:
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of Nyar ma’, Discoveries in Western Tibet and Nyar ma’, 41-42. Nyar ma’, Discoveries in Western Tibet and the
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Location: Publisher, year), page. Author, A., ‘Title’, Conference Title, (Publishing Location:
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Sender, A. ‘Title or subject’ [Email to Author] (date sent)
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Smith, ‘Email interview’ Accessed date.
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R. Rennie., D. Donald, curator, No Sleep R. Rennie, No Sleep Till Dreamtime. Rennie, R., D. Donald, curator, No Sleep Till
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[exhibition], Venue, City. Year. 3
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Historical Source Author, A., Title, Date. Location of
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*Note that Lord is included as it is Peerage, but other

title prefixes such as Sir, Hon, Professor etc. are not

included.
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3
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2
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(Sydney, 18 March 2017). [Personal
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Interview by author of Communication].
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interview date) [Personal Communication]. 2
Interviewee, interview title


1 2 1
Google Maps, ‘Burwood, New South Google Maps, ‘Burwood, New South Wales’. Google Maps, ‘Burwood, New South Wales’
Wales’ [Street Map], (2017), 2
A. Cartographer, ‘Descriptive Title’ OR Title. [Street Map], (2017),

https://www.google.com.au/maps/place/
https://www.google.com.au/maps/place
Burwood+NSW+2134/@- Consecutive Subsequent /Burwood+NSW+2134/@-
Online Map 33.8783926,151.0953644,15z/data=!3m1! 3
33.8783926,151.0953644,15z/data=!3m
Google Maps, ‘Burwood’
* A descriptive title is
4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x6b12badc97f1d661:0x 3
Cartographer, ‘Short Title’. 1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x6b12badc97f1d661
when there is no
5017d681632aea0!8m2!3d- :0x5017d681632aea0!8m2!3d-
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are describing what 33.8772!4d151.1049 , accessed 27 33.8772!4d151.1049 , accessed 27
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 1 1
A. Cartographer, ‘Descriptive Title’ OR Title [Type of Cartographer, A. ‘Descriptive Title’ OR Title [Type of Map],

Map], (Publisher: Year), URL, accessed date. (Publisher: Year), URL, accessed date.
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A. Smith, Italian Architecture (Melbourne: Smith, cited in D. Brown, Renaissance Italy, Brown, D., Renaissance Italy (London, Faber and
Citing information Penguin, 2000) cited in D. Brown, 48. Faber, 2002).
somebody else has Renaissance Italy (London: Faber and
2
Author of cited text, cited in Author of Original text,
cited. Original Text, page/s. Author of Original Text, A., Title (Publishing Location:

Faber, 2002), 45.
* Best effort needs Publisher, Year).

to be made to find 1
A. Author of cited text, Cited Text (Publishing
Consecutive Subsequent:
3
the original source Location: Publisher, year), cited in A. Author of Smith, cited in D. Brown, 48.
Original text, Original Text (Location: Publisher,
3
Author of cited text, cited in Author of Original text, page/s.
before using this
year), page/s.
option.
1 2
J. Walker, ‘Our Anglo-Saxon ancestors: Walker, ‘Our Anglo-Saxon ancestors’, Walker, J., ‘Our Anglo-Saxon ancestors: Thomas
Thomas Jefferson and the role of 112. Jefferson and the role of English History in the
English History in the building of the 2
Author, ‘Short Thesis Title’, page/s. building of the American Nation’, PhD Thesis,
American Nation’, PhD Thesis, University of Western Australia, 2007 in
University of Western Australia, 2007, Consecutive Subsequent: University of Western Australia Research
3
in University of Western Australia Walker, 112. Repository, www.uwa.edu.au/thesis.aus/1375
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Author, page/s. [online repository], accessed 23 February 2010.
Database] www.uwa.edu.au/thesis.aus/1375 [online

1
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in Name of Database [online repository] URL, accessed

110.
date.

1
A. Author, ‘Thesis Title’, PhD Thesis, University,
year, page/s in Name of Database [online repository]

URL accessed date, page/s.
1 2
C. Maslem, ‘Melancholic Identification and Maslem, ‘Melancholic Identification and Maslem, C., ‘Melancholic Identification and
Nostalgic Fantasy in the Novels of Jean Nostalgic Fantasy’, 55. Nostalgic Fantasy in the Novels of Jean
Rhys’, Author, ‘Short Thesis Title’, page/s.
2
Rhys’, PhD Thesis, University of Western
PhD Thesis, University of Western Australia, Australia, Perth, 2005.
Thesis (print) Perth, 2005, 55. Consecutive Subsequent
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Maslem, 55. Author, A., ‘Thesis Title’, PhD Thesis, University, City,

1
A. Author, ‘Thesis Title’, PhD Thesis, University, City, 3 Year.
Author, page/s.
Year,
page/s.


1 2
Behind the News, Episode 08 [online Behind the News, Episode 08 Behind the News, Episode 08 [online transcript], (28
transcript], (28 March, 2017) 2
Author, Short Title. March, 2017)
Transcript
http://www.abc.net.au/btn/resources/teache http://www.abc.net.au/btn/resources/teacher/e
2
Behind the News

18
 r/episode/20170328-transcript.pdf, accessed 2
Author pisode/20170328-transcript.pdf, accessed 30
30 March 2017. March 2017.



1 1
A. Author, Title [type of source] (Date of transcript) Author, A. Title [type of source] (Date of transcript) URL,
URL, accessed date. accessed date.

Images
Material Type Footnote Example Subsequent Footnote Example Reference List Example
1 2
M. Cairns, Agatha Gothe-Snape [oil on linen] Cairns, Agatha Gothe-Snape. Cairns, M. Agatha Gothe-Snape [oil on linen] (2017),
(2017), Art Gallery of NSW. Art Gallery of NSW.
2
Author, Short Artwork Title.

1
Artwork A. Artist, Title of Artwork [medium], (Year of Creation) Artist, A. Title of Artwork [medium], (Year of Creation) Current
3
Current location. Cairns, Agatha Gothe-Snape. location.

3
Author, Short Artwork Title.

2
1
R. Leighton, Surf Sirens, Manly Beach, New Leighton, Surf Sirens. Leighton, R., Surf Sirens, Manly Beach, New South
2
South Wales, ca. 1940 [online image] Author, Title. Wales, ca. 1940 [online image], (1938-1946),
(1938-1946), http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic- http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-an14035743-4,
Digital Image an14035743-4, accessed 12 June 2010. Consecutive Subsequent: accessed 12 June 2010.
3
Leighton, Surf Sirens.
1
Author, Title, [medium] (date), URL, accessed date.
3
Author, Title. Author, Title, [medium] (date), URL, accessed date.

1 2
G. Bellini, ‘San Giobbe Altarpiece’, 1478, in Bellini, Renaissance Art. Bellini, G., ‘San Giobbe Altarpiece’, 1478, in G. A.
G. A. Johnson, Renaissance Art: A Very Short Johnson, Renaissance Art: A Very Short
2
Introduction (Oxford: OUP, 2005), 18. Author, Short Book Title. Introduction, (Oxford: OUP, 2005).

1

A. Author, ‘Title of Artwork’, Year of creation, in A. Consecutive Subsequent: Author, A., ‘Title of Artwork’, Year of creation, in A. Author, Title
Print Image Author, Title of Book ( Place of Publication: Publisher, of Book, (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication).

Year of Publication), page. 3Bellini
Note: If the book has plates inserted between numbered pages,
Note: If the book has plates inserted between
use the plate no. instead of the page number
3
numbered pages, use the plate no. instead of the page Author

number
1 2
‘Butterfly on leaf’ [photographed by ‘Butterfly on leaf’ [photographed by author]. It is not necessary to add self-drawn /
Self-Taken photo or
author], (taken on 28 July 2017). photographed items to the bibliography. If you
self-drawn image/ 2
’Descriptive Title’ [photographed by author].
wish to do so:
diagram

19
 1 ‘Descriptive Title’ [photographed by author], (taken Consecutive Subsequent: ‘Butterfly on leaf’ [photographed by author], (taken
date). 3
‘Butterfly on leaf’ on 28 July 2017).
3
‘Descriptive Title’
‘Descriptive Title’ [photographed by author], (taken date).

1 2
I. Manna and G. L. Khanna, 'Effect of Manna and Khanna, American Journal of Sports Manna, I. and G. L. Khanna, 'Effect of Training on
Table / Diagram Training on Selected Biochemical Variables of Science and Medicine, 13. Selected Biochemical Variables of Elite Male
*Label table/diagram Elite Male Swimmers, American Journal of
2
Author and Author, Short Journal Title, page/s. Swimmers, American Journal of Sports Science
and Medicine, 2/1, (2013), in SciEP [online
clearly with a title Sports Science and Medicine, 2/1, (2013), in database], DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-1-2-1,
and footnote the SciEP [online database], Consecutive Subsequent: accessed 5 February 2017, 13-17.
source according to DOI: 10.12691/ajssm-1-2-1, accessed 5 3
Manna and Khanna, 13.
the source type. This February 2017, 13. 3
Author and Author, page/s.

example is a journal Author, A. and B. Author, ‘Article Title’, Journal Title,
article. 1
A. Author and B. Author,‘Article Title’, Journal Title, volume/Issue number, (year), in database name [source type],
See style guide. volume/Issue number, (year), in database name URL/DOI, accessed date, page range of article.

[source type], URL/DOI, accessed date, page/s.

Style Notes
See IB Referencing Guide.

Footnotes:

• All footnotes should be numbered
• All footnotes should be listedin order as they appear in the essay/assignment
• To reference more than one item in a footnote, order them alphabetically and separate with a semi-colon
• Exact page or paragraph numbers need to be givern for a diret quote
• Exact page or paragraph numbers should be given for paraphrasing or where ideas are drawn directly from the source.
• Provide a full URL or DOI for all web-based sources
• Latin shortcuts (Ibid, Ibidem, Op. Cit.) are no longer utilized by Oxford referencing system

Bibliography:
• Is listed at the end of the essay/assignment
• Arranged in alphabetical order of the first letter that appears in the citation (usually the Author’s surname)
• Should not be enclosed within any type of table
• Should not be subdivided into categories, unless otherwise asked for by teacher
• Do not number or add bullet points to your reference list
• The second line of each citation should be indented “hanging”
• Leave two spaces between each citation
• All footnoted references should appear in the bibliography (exception for spiritual texts, personal communication and personal images).

20


Tables / Graphs / Diagrams / Images:
• All images need to be mentioned within the text of the writing. Do not assume your reader will make the connection:

The training schedules shown in Figure 2 highlight the highly variable routines athletes implemented before the competition.

Robertson’s artwork ‘Flying Through Time and Space’ (Figure 6) is one example of his many paitnings that juxtapose city and country life.

Project managers are expected to lead a number of often competing priorities, although, to be truly successful, their focus needs to be on
the four elements highlighted by Fitzgimmons and Porter in Figure 8.

• All tables, graphs, diagrams and images need to be captioned with a figure number, a title (or descriptive title if there is no official title) and a
footnote for the souce.


Goals



Time Project Scope
Manager


Cost


7
Figure 8: ‘Project Management Elements'

7
D. Fitzgimmons and K. Porter, Project Management: Waterfall Cycle (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2002), 67.

21
 • If your image / table / diagram is a secondary source i.e: the author of the source is not the author of the image:


















9
Figure 5: 'Angiosperm: Life Cycle'


9
Merriam Webster, ‘Angiosperm: Life Cycle’ [online image] in ‘Life Cycle’, Britannica School
(2017), http://school.eb.com.au/levels/middle/article/life-cycle/48202, accessed 20 April 2017.

22