RULE 8

MANNER OF MAKING ALLEGATIONS IN

PLEADINGS
Section 1.
In general
. — Every pleading shall contain in a methodical
and logical
form, a plain, concise and direct statement of the
ultimate fac
ts, including the
evidence
on which the party pleading relies for his or her
claim or defe
nse, as the
case may be.
If a cause of action or defense relied on is based
on law, the
pertinent provisions
thereof and their applicability to him or her shall
be clearly
and concisely stated. (1a)
Section 2.
Alternative causes of action or defenses
. — A party may set forth two or
more statements of a claim or de
fense alternatively or hypothet
ically, either in one
cause of action or defense or in separate causes of
action or d
efenses. When two or
more statements are made in the
alternative and one of them if
made independently
would be sufficient, the pleading is not made
insufficient by t
he insufficiency of one
or more of the alternative statements. (2)
Section 3.
Conditions precedent
. — In any pleading, a general averment of the
performance or occurrence of all
conditions precedent shall be
sufficient. (3)
Section 4.
Capacity
. — Facts showing the capacity of a party to sue
or be sued or
the authority of a party to sue or be sued in a
representative
capacity or the legal
existence of an organized association of persons
that is made a
party, must be
averred. A party desiring to raise an issue as to the
legal exi
stence of any party or
the capacity of any party to sue
or be sued in a representative
capacity, shall do so
by specific denial, which shall
include such supporting particu
lars as are peculiarly
within the pleader’s knowledge. (4)
Section 5.
Fraud, mistake, condition of the mind
. — In all averments of fraud or
mistake, the circumstances constituting fraud
or mistake must b
e stated with