MME 3379a

Materials Selection
Initial Basis of Materials Selection
(Ch. 4)

Prof. Eric Johlin

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 Short Term Course Outline

• Today
• Basis for Material selection
• First part of Chapter 4 in the text
• Tomorrow
• Property relationships and charts
• Chapter 3 in the text
• Next week
• Materials selection using property charts
• Second part of Chapter 4 in the text

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 Administrative Items

• Assignment 1 out yesterday

• Assignments are now due on Tuesdays at 9:00 am (one
week from yesterday)

• Tuesday lecture time still uncertain; email today if issues

• Book is unavailable; three options:

• Buy directly from Elsevier
https://www.elsevier.com/books/title/author/9780081006108
• Use old version of the book online (4th edition) for now
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/west/reader.action?docID=4952361&query=
(Not complete – fewer examples, exercises, some sections missing wrt 5th edition)
• Use posted items on OWL (Appendix A is up)

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 iClicker – CO2 from Concrete

What percentage of total global CO2 production comes

from the production of concrete?

A – 0.1%
B – 1%
C – 5%
D – 8%
E – 27%

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 CO2 from Concrete

• Concrete = Cement + Additive (gravel, sand, etc.)

• Cement = Limestone @ 1,400 C, + Gypsum
• Limestone = CaCO3 + heat  CaO + CO2
• 1,000 kg of cement
• 6 GJ (5.2M BTU)
• = 200 kg of coal,
• Generates ~1,000 kg of CO2
• 50% of CO2 from reaction
• 40% of CO2 from heating
• 10% from indirect processes

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 CO2 from Concrete

• Concrete = Cement + Additive (gravel, sand, etc.)

• Cement = Limestone @ 1,400 C, + Gypsum
• Limestone = CaCO
Materials 3 + heat  CaO + CO2
selection:
• 1,000•kgRecognizing
of cement importance of
• 6 GJ (5.2M BTU)
material properties
• = 200 kg of coal,
• Motivating
• Generates ~1,000 kgdevelopment
of CO2 of new
materials
• 50% of CO 2 from reaction
• 40% of CO2 from heating
• 10% from indirect processes

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 Basis for Material Selection

Goals of this lecture

Be able to:
• Select and evaluate materials for engineering
applications based on required functions
• Identify, calculate and apply appropriate material
indices to select, rank and evaluate materials

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 Tasks of Materials Selection

1. Identifying the desired attribute profile, and then

2. comparing this with those of real engineering

materials to find the best match.

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Establishment of Link between Function and Material

 Material selection is determined by function.

 Shape sometimes influences selection. This session
deals with materials selection when this is independent
of shape.
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 Previously…

• Single material charts for material families

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 Moving forward

All families

Single family

Single material

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 Need – Concept – Embodiment
Need Concepts

Embodiments

Direct pull Levered pull Geared pull Spring-assisted pull

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 Embodiment – Detail
Embodiment Detail

How are those choices made?

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Taxonomy of Universe of Materials and their Attributes

 Universe of materials is divided into families, classes,

subclasses, and members.
 Each member is characterized by a set of attributes
(Property Profile)

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 ~50 material Classes

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 Bar Charts – Material Class Properties

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Appendix A
More detail
(~60 materials)

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 Strategy for Materials Selection

 The four main steps:

- Translation
- Screening
- Ranking
- Documentation

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 Translation
 Translation:
Translate design requirements (defining what it must do),
which are often vague, into a prescription for a material.

 The first step is to make a clear statement of function,

objectives, constraints, and free variables.
Function: - What does the component do?
Objective: - What is to be maximized or minimized?
Constraints: - What nonnegotiable conditions must be met?
(Hard constraint)
- What negotiable but desirable conditions must be met?
(Soft constraint)
Free variable: - Which parameters of the problem is the designer free
to change?

 They define the boundary conditions for selecting a

material.
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 Screening: Attribute Limits

Unbiased selection requires that all materials be

considered candidates.

Screening eliminates candidates that cannot do the job

at all because one or more of their attributes lies
outside the limits set by the constraints.

Limits on attributes that successful candidates must

meet are referred to as attribute limits.

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 Ranking: Material Indices

 Attribute limits do not help with ordering the candidates that

remain.

 The property or property group that maximizes or minimizes

performance for a given design is called its material index.

 Material indices provide criteria of excellence that allow

ranking of materials by their ability to perform well in the
given application.

 Performance is sometimes limited by a single property,

sometimes by a combination of them. But it is more usual
that performance is limited not by one property but by a
combination of them. Next time
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 Documentation
 The outcome of the steps so far is a ranked short-list of
candidates that meet the constraints and that maximize or
minimize the criterion of excellence.

 To proceed further we seek a detailed profile of each candidate:

its documentation.

 Documentation differs greatly from the structured property data

used for screening. Typically, it is descriptive, graphical, or
pictorial.

 Documentation helps narrow the short-list to a final choice,

allowing a definitive match to be made between design
requirements and material attributes.

Why are all these steps necessary?

Without screening and ranking, the candidate pool is enormous
and the volume of documentation overwhelming.
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 “Toy” example – Car selection

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Materials Selection Example: Visor of a Safety Helmet

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Translating Design Requirements - Visor of a Safety Helmet

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 iClicker – What would be the Material
Index?
• Constraints – Optically transparent (& moldable)
• Objective – Maximize protection against impact,
avoid fracture
• Material Index?
• (use word not symbol)

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 From before…

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Translating Design Requirements - Visor of a Safety Helmet

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 Screening and Ranking - Visor of a Safety Helmet

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 Screening and Ranking - Visor of a Safety Helmet

• Is 𝐾1𝑐 the right property to optimize?

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 Ranking based on fracture toughness
𝐾1𝑐 and toughness 𝐺

Name Fracture toughness 𝑲𝟐𝟏𝒄

Toughness 𝑮 = 𝑬
𝑲𝟏𝒄

Polycarbonate (PC) 2.1 - 4.6 1.99 - 9.61

Cellulose polymers 1 - 2.5 0.558 - 3.5

(CA)
Polymethyl 0.7 - 1.6 0.165 - 0.891
methacrylate
(Acrylic, PMMA)
Polystyrene (PS) 0.7 - 1.1 0.25 - 0.759

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 Ranking based on fracture toughness
𝐾1𝑐 and toughness 𝐺
Polycarbonate is best using either property, but the advantage is larger if G is used as
the property for ranking.
7

6
Arbitrary units (relative only)

0
Polycarbonate Cellulose Polymers Acrylic Polystyrene
K1c G

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 Documentation - Visor of a Safety Helmet

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Choosing a Material - Protective Visor of a Safety Helmet

 Design requirements are first expressed as constraints and objectives.

 The constraints are used for screening.
 The survivors are ranked by the objective.
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Example 2 – High temperature components

• Silica glass tubes are to be heated in a furnace

• Need a material to hold the tubes, easy to form
• Highest service temperature possible ( > silica glass)
• Need to be machinable (>3)

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Example 2 – High temperature components

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Example 2 – High temperature components

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Example 2 – High temperature components

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Example 2 – High temperature components

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 Summary (Materials Selection—The Basics)
Material selection is tackled in four steps:
 Translation—reinterpreting the design requirements in terms of
function, objectives, constraints, and free variables.

 Screening—deriving attribute limits from the constraints and

applying these to isolate a subset of viable materials.

 Ranking—ordering the viable candidates by the value of a

material index, the criterion of excellence that maximizes or
minimizes some measure of performance.

 Documentation—seeking documentation for the top-ranked

candidates, exploring aspects of their history, their established
uses, their behavior in relevant environments, their availability,
and more, until a sufficiently detailed picture is built up that a final
choice can be made.
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 Questions?

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 Next time:

Material Property
Relationships & Charts

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