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in the case of tall metal stacks (150 to 1000 ft) used in locations Table 1

where environmental conditions may produce circumferential


A T h e r m o d y n a m i c cycle
temperature variations on the order of 50°F or greater.
A 1 open
A 2 closed
References
1 Johns, D. J., Thermal Stress Analysis, Pergamon Press, London, B Design
1965. B 1 Constant R P M
B 1.1 single shaft u n i t s for electric
generation
B 2 variable R P M
B 2.1 free power t u r b i n e units for a r b i t r a r y
drives
B 2.2 m u l t i s h a f t u n i t s in general
Part Load Specific Fuel B 2.3 single shaft u n i t s for special drives
Consumption of Gas Turbines
J. Jerie 1
ratio decreases slightly too.
Improvement of PLSFC could be attained by means of adjust-
Statement of the Problem ment of the mass flow through suitable control of the compressor
Part load specific fuel consumption is for the total economy of and turbine characteristics. Temperature ratio would not drop as
exploitation of heat engines—the more important, the larger are much and cycle efficiency could be appropriately improved at part
the load fluctuations. Therefore, unfavorable part load specific fuel load.
consumption (PLSFC) of gas turbines has been often a point of A 1-B 2.1 Inlet temperature decreases at part load also, but
criticism. mass flow is reduced due to lower RPM of the gas generator shaft
Let us consider whether this characteristic is to be taken as typi- and so does the pressure ratio. Reduction of the temperature ratio
cal for gas turbines, in general, or whether there are some means is not as large as in the previous case and PLSFC is more favor-
available on how to improve the PLSFC of gas turbines and to at- able.
tain better standards than hitherto. Adjustment of the nominal pressure ratio to a higher value than
the optimum pressure ratio is, 7r nom > Topu which changes condi-
Analysis of Thermodynamic and Design Conditions tions favorably: hermal efficiency drop' due to the drop of tempera-
ture ratio T may be compensated by thermal efficiency improve-
Thermal efficiency of the cycles of gas turbines depends on the
ment due to the drop of pressure ratio ir. This compensation may be
scheme applied, the basic thermodynamic parameters used, and
attained easier in regenerative cycles, since their ir o p t is lower
the characteristics of single components of the system. The main
than iropt of single cycles.
variables are:
Fig. 2 shows the inlet and outlet gas temperatures for constant
7r = pressure ratio mean temperature in the turbine, as they depend of the pressure
T = temperature ratio ratio -jr. Adjustment of the equilibrium running of the cycle to con-
rjk = compressor efficiency stant mean temperature in the turbine seems to be favorable for
the case of fluctuating loads from the point of view of instationary
7)r = turbine effiency
temperature gradients and additional stresses. Thermal efficiency
e = coefficients of pressure losses
and SFC, as they depend on pressure r ratio and mean tempera-
£c. = coefficients of cooling air losses
ture difference in the regenerator are shown in Fig. 3. Fig. 4 com-
£m = coefficient of mechanical losses
pares SFC as it depends of the load for the cases A 1-B 1.1 and the
AT = mean temperature difference in heat exchanger etc.
more complicated design A 1-B 2.1 and regenerative cycle. It shows
how PLSFC may be improved by designing 7rnom > 7ropt.
Thermal efficiency of simple and regenerative cycles of gas tur-
bines of smaller output is shown in Fig. 1, as it depends of IT, T and This fairly important improvement of PLSFC can be attained
AT, for constant tjk, yr, c, under assumption that the influence of by appropriate control of compressor and turbine characteristics
£c and £m is cancelled due to the increased mass flow in the tur- only, since equilibrium running of the system at constant mean
bine thanks to the addition of fuel. SFC is an indication for hydro- temperature in the turbine would not be possible otherwise.
carbon liquid fuels of typical lower calorific value of 4,186 • 107 J
k g - 1 . The existence of maxima for r\t for every T and an optimum
value of ir is clearly visible. For very high outputs the maxima of rjt
are higher, due to better component efficiencies r\k,m\r as at- REGENERATIVE CTCLE
tained at higher Reynolds numbers. At higher outputs, higher inlet 0A0
7 , - 0,8 »7 • 100./.J
temperatures may be used as a result of better cooling methods ap- 7 r = 0,85 i f * 150d*ij
plicable and a further improvement of thermal efficiency may be % i C = 0.13 ,.*»•'
attained. ax
-I -200

If we study now, how the thermal efficiency depends on the load,


we must divide our considerations, following Table 1, into differ-
V^:-^^ tXo'c
250

ent cases.
A 1-B 1.1 An important drop of inlet temperature occurs at
part load, as the mass flow increases even slightly. The pressure
SHPLE CYCLE

f „ = 0,8
1
Ing. Dr., Dr. Sc, Corresponding member of Czechoslovak Academy of 7, -0,85
Sciences, Professor at the Mechanical Faculty of the Technical University of £ £ = OBI
Prague, Czechoslovakia.
Contributed by the Power Division of THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OP
10
MECHANICAL ENGINEERS. Manuscript received at ASME Headquar-
ters. Fig. 1

Journal of Engineering for Power APRIL 1975 / 303


Copyright © 1975 by ASME

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1000
5W-
SFC*,
\ SMLE CYCLE DESIGNED
FOR SFCm at A U
3

Y REGENERATIVE CYCLE DESIGNED


MEAN TEMPERATURE
\ f0" SFCm
<* N
"?

REGENERATIVE CYCLE DESKSKED


500
'OR SFCW gj N=0,67Hui

05 1,0
N--.

Fig. 4

Fig. 2

REGENERATIVE CYCLE

7, • as WO j . ,
1 , -aas — KO dl,
i £ « 0,13
200

0,5 0,6 0,7 0,6 0,9

Fig. 5

of load control. It must be compensated for by transient operation


and it prevents the use of pressure level control for fast fluctuating
loads.

Fig. 3 Conclusions
The foregoing analysis has shown clearly that adjustment of
compressor and turbine characteristics by appropriate control
plays an important role in practically all developments of gas tur-
A 1-B 2.2 Equilibrium running of doubleshaft units, mult- bines aimed at the improvement of PLSFC. Adjustable vanes have
ishaf't been used in different gas turbine designs as a method of low loss
A 1-B 2.3 units, and single shaft units for special drives de- control of the turbine characteristic. Similar methods of control
pends on many variables. Special aerothermodynamic analysis is have been applied to axial compressors and used for several pro-
most necessary. On the other hand, a trend for higher pressure ra- duction models of gas turbines all over the world. On the contrary,
tios can be observed in the development together with a trend for little attention has been given to the problem of control in the case
higher temperature ratios. We may consider rightly, therefore, the of centrifugal compressors, particularly in the case of high pressure
adjustment of compressor and turbine characteristics as a means stages, as they are used in gas turbines. This contribution is aimed
appropriate for improving the PLSFC for this class of gas turbine at drawing attention to this interesting problem.
units also. Fig. 5 shows, for example, the type of optimum efficiency lines
A 2 Closed cycles open a quite different way to the control of of a high pressure ratio compressor stage, as they are found for
load. Following the original proposal of Ackeret and Keller load constant incidence at the inducer. If the stage would be provided
may be controlled by adjustment of the pressure level. Pressure with additional control of diffuser vanes, which are used to assure
ratio IT and temperature ratio T remain constant and load reduc- constant incidence of flow at the inlet of the diffuser, very high ef-
tion is the result of a reduced mass flow only. Thermal efficiency ficiency of the stage could be ensured for still wider variety of flow
decreases at part load only slightly due to the influence of lower parameters.
Reynolds number and relative increase of heat losses due to lack of This problem should be studied more thoroughly for application
perfect insulation. Slow response is the only deficiency of this type in gas turbines used for fluctuating load drives.

304 / APRIL 1975 Transactions of the ASME

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