Math 2 – Integral Calculus

Review Differential Calculus

TOPICS:
1. Maxima and Minima
2. Application of Maxima and Minima
3. Related Time Rates

1. Maxima and Minima

Graph of the function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) may be plotted using Differential Calculus. Consider the graph
shown below.

As x increases, the curve rises if the slop is positive, as of arc AB; it falls if the slope is negative, as of
arc BC.

 Relative Maximum and Minimum Points

At a point such as B, where the function is algebraically greater than that of any neighboring point,
the point is said to have a maximum value, and the point is called a maximum point (relative to
adjacent points). Similarly at D, the function has a minimum value (relative to adjacent points). At
maximum or minimum points, the tangent is horizontal or the slope is zero.

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑦′ = 0
𝑑𝑥

This does not necessarily mean that at points the function is maximum or minimum. It does only
mean that the tangent is parallel to the x-axis, or the curve is either concave up or concave down.
The point at which dy/dx = 0 are called critical points, and the corresponding values of x are critical
values.

The second derivative of a function is the rate of change of the first derivative or the rate of change
of the slope. It follows that as x increases and y” is positive, y’ is increasing and the tangent turns in a
counterclockwise direction and the curve is concave upward. When y” is negative, y’ decreases and
the tangent turns in the clockwise direction and the curve is concave downward.
If y’=0 and y” is negative (i.e. y”<0), the point is a maximum point (concave downward).

If y’=0 and y” is positive (i.e. y”>0), the point is a minimum point (concave upward).
  Point of Inflection

A point of inflection is a point at which the curve changes from concave upward to concave
downward or vice versa (see point E from the figure). At these points the tangent changes its
rotation from clockwise to counterclockwise or vice versa.

At point of inflection, the second derivative of y is zero (y”=0).

2. Application of Maxima and Minima

As an example, the area of a rectangular lot, expressed in terms of its length and width, may also be
expressed in terms of the cost of fencing. Thus, the area can be expressed as 𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑥). The
common task here is to find the value of x that will give a maximum value of A. to find this value, we
set dA/dx = 0.

 Steps in solving Maxima and Minima problems

a. Identify the constant, say cost of fencing.
b. Identify the variable to be maximized or minimized, say area A.
c. Expressed the variable in terms of the other relevant variable(s), say 𝐴 =
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦).
d. If the function shall consist of more than one variable, expressed it in terms of
one variable (if possible and practical) using the conditions in the problem,
say 𝐴 = 𝑓(𝑥).
e. Differentiate and equate to zero, dA/dx = 0.

Problems:

1. What number exceeds its square by the maximum amount?

2. What positive number added to its reciprocal gives the minimum sum?
3. The sum of two numbers is k. find the minimum value of the sum of their squares.
4. The sum of two numbers is k. find the minimum value of the sum of their cubes.
5. The sum of two positive numbers is 2. Find the smallest value possible for the sum of the
cube of one number and the square of the other.
6. A rectangular field of given area is to be fenced off along the bank of a river. If no fence is
needed along the river, what is the shape of the rectangle requiring the least amount of
fencing?
7. A box is to be made of a piece of cardboard 9 inches square by cutting equal squares out of
the corners and turning up the sides. Find the volume of the largest box that can be made in
this way.
8. The strength of a rectangular beam is proportional to the breadth and the square of the
depth. Find the shape of the largest beam that can be cut from a log of given size.
9. Find the proportion of the circular cylinder of largest volume that can be inscribed in a given
sphere.
10. A lot has the form of a right triangle, with perpendicular sides 60 and 80 feet long. Find the
length and width of the largest rectangular building that can be erected, facing the
hypotenuse of the triangle.
 3. Related Time Rates

If the quantity x is the function of time t, the time rate of change of x is given by dx/dt.

When two or more quantities, all function of t, are related by an equation, the relation between
their rates of change may be obtained by differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to t.

 Basic Time Rates

a. Velocity
b. Acceleration
c. Discharge
d. Angular Speed

Problems:

1. One rainy day, a girl broke up with her boyfriend after being together for eight long years.
They decided to separate at the place where everything about they began, at the same time.
The boy is due north crying and running at a rate of 5ft/sec and the girl is walking due east at
a rate of 1ft/sec thinking if she made the right decision. How fast they separating from each
other 5sec after they started moving to new life without each other?
2. Water is flowing into vertical cylindrical tank at the rate of 24 cubic feet per minute. If the
radius of the tank is 4ft, how fast is the surface rising?
3. A ladder 20ft long lean against a vertical wall. If the top slides downward at the rate of
2ft/sec, find how fast the lower end is moving when it is 16ft from the wall?
4. A man 6ft tall walks away from a lamp post 16ft high at the rate of 5mi/hr. how fast does the
end of his shadow move?
5. A train starting at noon, travels north at 40mi/hr. another train starting from the same point
at 2PM travels east at 50mi/hr. Find, to the nearest mi/hr, how fast the two trains are
separating?
6. A light is placed on the ground 30ft from a building. A man 6ft tall walks from the light
toward the building at a rate of 5ft/sec. Find the rate at which the length of his shadow is
changing when he is 15ft from the building.
7. A kite is 40ft high with 50ft cord out. If the kite moves horizontally at 5mi/hr directly away
from the boy flying it, how fast is the cord being paid out?
8. A ship sails east 20 miles and turns N 30 W. if the ship’s speed is 10mi/hr, find how fast it will
be leaving the starting point 6 hour after the start?
9. An elevated train on a track 30 feet above the ground crosses a street at the rate of 20ft/sec
at the instant that a car, approaching t the rate of 30ft/sec, is 40 feet up the street. Find how
fast the train and the car separating 1 second after?
10. One city E, is 20 miles north and 20 miles east of another city, F. At noon a car starts south
from E at 40mi/hr, at 12:10PM, another car starts east from F at 60mi/hr. Find the rate at
which the cars approach each other between 12:10PM and 12:30PM. What happens at
12:30PM?