S5 ME E & E Lab Manual Final PDF

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EE335
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS LAB
LAB MANUAL
DEPARTMENT OF
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
MUTHOOT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

VARIKOLI P. O, PUTHENCRUZ, ERNAKULAM - 682308
EE 335 Electrical and Electronics Lab Department of EEE
SYLLABUS
EE 335 Electrical and Electronics Engineering Lab
Teaching scheme: Credits: 0-0-3-1

3 hours practical per week.
Objectives
 To give a practical knowledge on the working of electrical machines including dc
machines, induction motors and synchronous motors.
 To impart the basics about design and implementation of small electronic circuits.
List of Experiments
1. OCC on a dc shunt generator, determination of critical resistance, critical speed,

additional resistance required in the field circuit
2. Load characteristics of DC Shunt generator
3. Load characteristics of DC Compound generator
4. Load test on DC Series motor
5. Load test on DC Shunt motor
6. Load test on single phase transformer
7. Starting of three phase squirrel cage induction motor by star delta switch, load test
on three phase squirrel cage induction motor
8. Load test on three phase slip ring induction motor
9. Load test on single phase induction motor.
10. OC and SC test on single phase transformer
11. V-I Characteristics of diodes and Zener diodes
12. Input and output characteristics of CE configuration of BJT S. Determination of β,
input resistance and output resistance.
13. Half wave and full wave rectifiers with and without filters- Observe the waveforms
on CRO.
References
1. Dr. P. S. Bimbra, Electrical Machinery, Khanna Publishers
2. R. K. Rajput, A text book of Electrical Machines, Laxmi Publishers
2
COURSE OBJECTIVES
This course is designed to enable the student,
1. To familiarize the starting methods for various types of DC motors.

2. To conduct no load and load tests on DC motors, DC generators, transformers and
analyze and interpret the results.
3. To understand the fundamental control practices associated with DC motors.
4. To predetermine the regulation characteristics and experimentally determine the
regulation of transformers (Single phase and three phase). To have a better
understanding of the role of regulation in real time.
5. To understand the concept of polarity of single phase transformers and their various
configurations for three phase operation.
6. To have a better understanding of the effect of losses on the operation of electrical
machines.
COURSE OUTCOMES
After successful completion of the course, the student will exhibit
1. An ability to select appropriate starting method for DC motors in real time cases.
2. An ability to select a DC motor for a particular application by considering its
characteristics.
3. An ability for proper selection of control for DC motor drives to meet the specification
requirements.
4. An ability to conduct tests to find out various losses in an electrical machines.
5. An ability to predetermine the efficiency and regulation of a transformer at different
loads.
Apart from meeting above mentioned objectives, following outcomes also will be achieved
1. Students work in team to conduct experiments, analyse results and develop technically
sound reports.
2. Primarily via, team based laboratory activities, the student will demonstrate the
ability to develop and share task responsibilities to complete assignments.
3
GOOD LAB PRACTICES
1. Students should read thoroughly the experiments to be carried out well before the lab
session.
2. Wearing of shoe is compulsory for attending lab sessions.
3. Ladies with long hair have to tie it up.
4. Students should avoid entering the lab by wearing watches with loose metallic straps,
loose bangles and long chains.
5. Do not carelessly throw around the connection wires.
6. Excess wire taken, if any should be returned to the stand and should not be placed on
the experiment table.
7. Handle meters and other equipments with utmost care.
8. While making the connections place the meters in such a position, so that they can be
read without difficulty.
9. Special care should be taken to ensure that all connections are tight.
10. Every student in the group should trace the connections individually.
11. Any deviation required in the circuit or procedure should be clarified with the Lab in
charge before starting the experiment.
12. Do not charge any circuit without the approval of concerned staff.
13. Chattering and group discussion on unrelated matters should be avoided in the lab at all
cost.
14. In case of arcing, fire, smoke etc. immediately switch off the supply to the circuit
instead of getting panic or trying to run away.
15. Alertness, clarity on procedure and dedication to the work are the most appreciated
qualities in a student attending a lab session.
4
ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
Sl. No. Electrical symbol Meaning

1 Alternating Current
2 Direct Current
3 230V, 50Hz, Single phase AC
4 400V, 50Hz, Three phase AC
5 220V DC
Symbol for apparatus and machines
6
suitable for both AC and DC
7 Terminal
8 Positive polarity
9 Negative polarity
10 Fuse
11 Neutral link
12 Junction of conductors
13 Crossing without electrical connection
14 Resistor
15 Impedance
16 Inductance
17 Inductor
18 Winding
19 Capacitance
20 Earth
21 Variable resistor (General symbol)
22 Mechanically coupled machines
5
23 Single phase transformer
24 DC shunt motor
25 DC shunt generator
26 DC series motor
27 DC series generator
Single phase induction motor

28
(Squirrel cage)
Three phase induction motor

29
(Squirrel cage)
30 Switch general symbol
31 Circuit breaker
32 Three pole switch
Single phase autotransformer

33
(230V/ 0 - 270V)
Three phase autotransformer

34
(400V/ 0 - 470V)
6
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Load test on Single phase transformer ……………………………………..8
2. Single Phase Transformer -OC and SC test- determination of approximate
equivalent circuits-pre-determination of efficiency and regulation………..11
3. Starting of Three Phase Induction Motor using different kinds of starters
(squirrel cage and slip ring)-observation of currents and voltages…….….17
4. Load test on Three Phase Squirrel Cage / Slip Ring Induction Motors..…20
5. Load test on Single Phase Induction Motor……………………………….27
6. Load test on DC Shunt Motor……………………………………………..30
7. Load test on DC Series Motor……………………………………………..34
8. DC Shunt Generator magnetization characteristics plot (determination of
critical field resistance and critical speed)….……………………………...38
9. DC Shunt Generator Load test. ……………….…………………………..42
10. DC Compound Generator load test (cumulative and differential).....……..45
11. Observation of Diode characteristics on CRO……………………...……..49
12. Zener diode characteristics………………………………………………...53
13. Astable Multivibrator using IC 555………………………………………57
14. Half wave and Full wave Rectifiers………………...…………………….59
15. RC Coupled Amplifier…………………………………………………….67
7
Expt. No. - 01
Date - _ _ /_ _ /_ _
LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM
To conduct load test on the given single phase transformer and

1. To plot the efficiency curve.
2. To determine the regulation.
MACHINE DETAILS
Single phase transformer

Power rating - 3kVA
HV side - 230V, 13A
LV side - 115V, 26A
APPARATUS
Sl. No. Apparatus Specification Quantity
1 Voltmeter 0-250V (M.I) 2

2 Ammeter 0-30A (M.I) 1
4 Wattmeter 250V, 20A, upf 1
5 Loading rheostat 10kW 1
6 Connecting wires As required
THEORY
The transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit
to another through the medium of magnetic field and without a change in the frequency. The
electrical circuit which receives energy from the supply mains is called primary winding and
the other circuit which delivers the electrical energy to the load is called secondary winding.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place
without the use of moving parts. It has therefore the highest possible efficiency out of all the
electrical machines and requires almost negligible amount of maintenance and supervision.
8
CONNECTION DIAGRAM
TABULATION
O/P
Sl. Primary Primary I/P Secondary Secondary
power * % reg. =
No voltage, current, power, voltage, current, I2
= W2
. V1 (V) I1 (A) W1 (W) V2 (V) (A) 100 (%) * 100 (%)
(W)
9
SAMPLE GRAPH
* 100 %
where, oV2 = No load secondary voltage

V2 = Secondary voltage at any load
PROCEDURE
Step 1 - Connections are made as shown in figure.

Step 2 - Keeping the autotransformer at minimum position and switch 'S' in open
condition, supply is given.
Step 3 - By varying the autotransformer, rated voltage is applied in the HV side.
Step 4 - Note down all meter readings.
Step 5 - Now switch 'S' is closed and the transformer is loaded in steps.
Step 6 - In each case, make sure that the primary voltage (V1) remains at rated value
and note down all meter readings.
Step 7 - Calculate efficiency and regulation in each case and plot graph.
RESULT
1. Load test was conducted on given single phase transformer.

2. % regulation at each load was determined.
3. The efficiency curve was plotted.
4. Maximum efficiency from graph, max = ............%
10
Expt. No. - 02
Date - _ _ /_ _ /_ _
OC AND SC TESTS ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM
1. To draw the equivalent circuit of the transformer with respect to the low voltage side.
2. To predetermine the efficiency and regulation for different load conditions and hence
to plot the following graphs:
a) Efficiency curve for the given power factor
b) Percentage regulation Vs power factor
3. Predetermine the maximum efficiency.
MACHINE DETAILS
Single phase transformer

Power rating - 3kVA
HV side - 230V, 13A
LV side - 115V, 26A
APPARATUS

5 Wattmeter 125V, 2.5A, lpf 1
THEORY
OC Test - With normal voltage applied to the primary winding, by keeping the secondary
open circuited, normal flux will set up in the core hence normal iron losses will occur. As the
primary no load current Io is small, copper loss is negligibly small in the primary and nil in
the secondary. Hence the wattmeter reading represents practically the core loss under no load
conditions.
11
CONNECTION DIAGRAM
OC test
SC test
To plot efficiency curve
Sl. Load, I/P = O/P +

O/P (W) Wi (W) Wc (W)
No. x Wi+Wc (W) (%)
1/4
1/3
1/2
2/3
3/4
1
12
To plot regulation curve
Sl. No. cos sin % regulation

1 0 1
2 0.5 0.866
Lagging 3 0.707 0.707
4 0.866 0.5
5 1 0
1 0 1
2 0.5 0.866
Leading 3 0.707 0.707
4 0.866 0.5
5 1 0
SAMPLE GRAPHS
Efficiency curve Regulation curve
SC Test - In this test, with the low voltage winding short circuited, a low voltage is applied to
the high voltage winding, so that full load currents flows through both the windings. Since the
applied voltage is a small percentage of the normal voltage, the mutual flux produced is also a
small percentage of its normal value. Hence core losses are very small with the result that the
wattmeter reading represents the full load copper loss for the whole transformer.
*100%
( )
( ) [ ]
% regulation = *100%
13
PROCEDURE
OC test

Step 2 - Keeping the autotransformer at minimum position, supply is given.
Step 3 - By varying the autotransformer, rated voltage is applied in the LV side.
SC test
Step 2 - Keeping the autotransformer at minimum position, supply is given.
Step 3 - By varying the autotransformer, rated current is passed through the HV side.
Transformer equivalent circuit with respect to LV side
CALCULATIONS
1. To draw equivalent circuit
From OC test From SC test
W0 = V0I0cos0 = ............W WSC = ............W
cos0 = = ............ RSC = = ............
IW = I0 cos0 = ............A ZSC = = ............
14
IM = I0 sin0 = ............A XSC = √ = ..........
= ............
= ............
X115 = X230 * ( ) = ............
R115 = R230 * ( ) = ............
I2' = KI2
2. Predetermination of maximum efficiency
x=√ = ............
Load at which maximum efficiency occur = x*kVA = ............kVA
*100 = ............%
( )
3. To draw regulation curve
% Regulation at full load for a given power factor cos,
( )
= * 100 = ............%
'+' for lagging power factor
'-' for leading power factor
RESULT
1. The equivalent circuit of the transformer with respect to LV side is drawn.

2. Efficiency curve and percentage regulation curve were plotted.
15
Expt. No. – 3
Date - _ _ /_ _ /_ _
STUDY OF 3 PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR STARTERS

AIM
To study the starting methods 3 phase Induction motor using
1) Autotransformer
2) Star-delta starter
3) TPDT switch
4) Rotor resistance starter
MACHINE DETAILS
3 Phase Squirrel Cage/ Slip Ring Induction Motor

Output power - 3.7kW
Voltage rating - 415V
Current rating - 7.5A
Rated speed - 1430rpm
APPARATUS

2 Ammeter 0-10V (M.I) 1
THEORY
At start when rotor is at stand still the squirrel cage rotor is like a short circuited
secondary of transformer. The current in the rotor circuit will be very high and consequently
starter will also draw a high current from the supply if full supply voltage is applied at start.
The high current momentarily falls off rapidly as the rotor picks up speed. One obvious way
to reduce the starting current is to improve a lower voltage across the starter winding during
starting. When low voltage is applied the short circuit current will be reduced to same
proportion. There is a large reduction in starting torque.
16
1. Auto transformer start - Here reduced voltage is applied by taking trappings at suitable
points from a 3Ø auto transformer are generally tapped at the 50, 60 & 80% points. So that
adjustment at these voltage may be made for proper starting torque requirements since which
generally break large value of current arcing in some times quenched effectively by having
them assembled to separate in an oil bath. They may be either operated manually or
magnetically. Hence the line current and starting torque all reduced in the square ratio. Its
advantages are availability for long starting period etc. This can be employed for star & delta
connected motor.
TPDT starter
Rotor Resistance starter
17
Star - delta starter
Auto transformer starter
18
2. Star delta starter - This is based upon the principle that with a windings connected in star
the voltage across each windings is (1/ ), where as the same windings in delta will have full
line to line voltage across each. If connects the 3 stator windings in stator as star at starting
instant. After the motor attains speed through a change over switch are connected in delta
across the same supply voltage.
3. TPDT starter - By a triple pole double through switch the windings are first star connected
and then in delta. So the initial current is reduced to (1/ ) of the short circuit current when
motor attains speed the switch is put in to delta position.
4. Rotor Resistance Starter - This method is used for starting SRIM. SRIM is started with full
line voltage across the stator terminal and by introducing a variable resistance in each phase
of rotor circuit. The external resistance increases starting torque & power factor. As motor
attains speed the resistance is cut off in steps so that available torque remains same. When
motor attains rated speed the rotor windings are short circuited automatically through slip
rings.
PROCEDURE
Autotransformer starter
Step 1 - Keeping the autotransformer at minimum position, switch on the supply.
Step 2 - Initially apply a reduced voltage. As motor gets accelerated apply rated voltage.
Star delta starter and TPDT switch
Step 1 - By keeping the starter in star (2-2) position, switch on the supply.
Step 2 - After attaining steady speed change in to delta position (1-1) position.
Rotor resistance starter
Step 2 - Switch on the supply by keeping the rotor resistance at maximum value.
Step 3 - Vary the rotor resistance so that machine runs at rated speed.
RESULT
The different starting methods of 3 phase Induction motor were studied.
19
Expt. No. - 4
Date - _ _ /_ _ /_ _
BRAKE TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS

AIM
To conduct load test on the given 3φ squirrel cage and slip ring induction motors and
to plot the performance characteristics
MACHINE DETAILS
3 Squirrel Cage Induction motor 3 Slip Ring Induction motor
Output power - 3.7kW Output power - 3.7kW
Voltage rating - 415V Voltage rating - 415V
Current rating - 7.5A Current rating - 7.5A
Rated speed - 1430rpm Rated speed - 1410rpm
APPARATUS

4 Tachometer Digital, non-contact type 1
THEORY
Conversion of electrical energy into mechanical energy takes place in the rotating part
of an electric motor. In induction motors, the rotor does not receive electric power by
conduction but by induction in exactly the same way as the secondary of a two winding
transformer receives its power from the primary. Such motors are known as induction motors.
In fact an induction motor can be called as rotating transformer, that is, one in which primary
winding is stationary but the secondary is free to rotate.
An induction motor consists essentially of two main parts: the stator and the rotor. The
torque developed is by virtue of the induced current in the rotor conductors due to a magnetic
field developed by the three phase stator winding currents. Squirrel cage rotor is the simplest
and more rugged in construction. When the stator winding is supplied from a three phase
20
balanced supply of voltages, a rotating magnetic field is developed that revolves in space at
synchronous speed.
CONNECTION DIAGRAM
Squirrel cage Induction motor
Slip ring Induction motor
21
TABULATION
Squirrel cage Induction motor
Radius of brake drum, r = ............m
Acceleration due to gravity, g = ............m/s2
Spring balance Torque, O/P = Slip, S P.F

Input Speed readings (Cos)
Sl. Voltage, Current, T = (S1- =
Power, N
No. V (V) I (A) S1 S2 S2) * rg (%)
P (W) (rpm) (W)
(Kg) (Kg) (Nm)
Slip Ring Iinduction motor

Input Speed readings
Sl. Voltage, Current, T = (S1- = (Cos)
Power, N
No. V (V) I (A) S1 S2 S2) * rg (%)
P (W) (rpm) (W)
(Kg) (Kg) (Nm)
22
Due to the rotating magnetic field, currents are induced in the rotor conductors. The rotor
conductors are short-circuited, thus providing a closed path for the induced currents. This
produces a torque, which is responsible for the rotation of the rotor.
At standstill the rotor induced emf is at mains frequency. The induced rotor current
will act in such a way as to oppose the cause producing it; this cause being the relative speed
between the stator rotating field and the rotor. Hence due to the torque developed, the rotor
starts rotating in the same direction as the rotating magnetic field to reduce the relative speed.
Thus the rotor accelerates.
Imagine that the rotor attains the speed of the magnetic field. Then the relative speed
is zero, the rotor induced current is zero, the torque developed is zero and so the rotor
decelerates. This once again creates a relative speed, establishment of a torque and so the
rotor once again accelerates. This process is repeated until finally the rotor settles down at a
speed decided by the external mechanical load on the motor.
The starting torque of a three phase induction motor is directly proportional to the
rotor circuit resistance. The effective rotor resistance of a squirrel cage induction motor at
standstill is very small. Hence at starting, even though the starting current is 5 –6 times the
full load current, the starting torque per ampere is very poor. Conventional squirrel cage
motors suffer from the disadvantage of low starting torque because of low rotor resistance.
Such motors are not useful, when the motor has to start against heavy loads.
A higher rotor resistance gives a higher starting torque and low starting line current at
a higher power factor. However, at normal running conditions, the torque developed is
inversely proportional to the rotor resistance. Hence a high rotor resistance reduces the
developed torque. A low resistance is required for normal operation, when running, so that
the slip is low and efficiency is high. Therefore for a high starting torque the rotor resistance
should be high and under normal operating speeds, the rotor resistance should be low. This is
a conflicting requirement. A good design of the induction motor is based on balancing these
conflicting requirements.
PROCEDURE
Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

Step 2 - Keeping the motor under no load supply is given. Start the motor using star delta
starter.
Step 3 - By tightening the brake drum, increase the load on the motor step by step upto
rated value. Note down the speed, spring balance reading, and voltmeter, ammeter,
and wattmeter readings for every step.
Step 4 - If any of the wattmeter reads negative on no load or light loads switch off the
supply and interchange the terminals (current or pressure coil) of that wattmeter.
Again start from second step.
23
SAMPLE GRAPH
SAMPLE CALCULATION (Set No - )
Step 5 - After taking the readings, bring the motor back to no load condition and switch
off the supply.
Step 6 - Measure the radius of the brake drum.
Slip Ring Induction Motor

Step 2 - Keeping the motor under no load supply is given. Start the motor using rotor
resistance starter.
Step 3 - By tightening the brake drum, increase the load on the motor step by step upto
rated value. Note down the speed, spring balance reading, and voltmeter, ammeter,
and wattmeter readings for every step.
Step 4 - If any of the wattmeter reads negative on no load or light loads switch off the
supply and interchange the terminals (current or pressure coil) of that wattmeter.
Again start from second step.
Step 5 - After taking the readings, bring the motor back to no load condition and switch off
the supply.
Step 6 - Measure the radius of the brake drum.
RESULT
The performance characteristics of the given 3 phase Squirrel Cage and Slip Ring
Induction motor are plotted.
24
Expt. No. - 5
Date - _ _ /_ _ /_ _
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE PHASE

INDUCTION MOTOR
AIM
To conduct load test on single phase induction motor and to plot performance
characteristics.
MACHINE DETAILS
Single phase Induction motor

Output – 1.5kW
Voltage – 230V
Current – 10.5A
Speed – 1440rpm
APPARATUS

4 Tachometer 1
THEORY
In a single phase induction motor, the stator has a distributed single phase winding
and the rotor has a squirrel cage structure. When fed from a single phase supply, the stator
winding produces a flux which is pulsating and not rotating. This pulsating flux alternates
along one space axis only. Alternating or pulsating flux acting on a stationary squirrel cage
rotor can produce only a pulsating torque. After every half cycle in the current, the torque
reverses. This pulsating torque cannot overcome the inertia of the rotor at standstill. This is
why a single phase induction motor is not self starting.
In order to make the induction motor self start, the motor is temporarily converted into
a two phase motor with the help of an auxiliary winding called the stator winding. The axis of
the auxiliary winding is in space quadrature with the axis of the main winding and this
constitutes a two phase motor. The auxiliary winding is connected in parallel to the mains
25
winding. To make the currents in these winding nearly 900 out of phase, a capacitor is
connected in series with the auxiliary winding. The current in the main and auxiliary winding
produces a two phase field which is a revolving field. This produces a starting torque and the
rotor starts by itself. When the motor starts and runs upto the rated speed, the auxiliary
winding is cut out of circuit using a centrifugal switch.
CONNECTION DIAGRAM
TABULATION

Input Speed readings (Cos)
Sl. Voltage, Current, T = (S1- =
Power, N
No. V (V) I (A) S1 S2 S2) * rg (%)
P (W) (rpm)
(Kg) (Kg) (Nm) (W)
26
SAMPLE GRAPH
SAMPLE CALCULATION (Set No. - )
PROCEDURE
Step 1 - Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
Step 2 - Keeping the motor under no load condition, switch ON the AC supply and start the
motor using DOL starter
Step 3 - Record the no load set of readings of the meters and the speed
Step 4 - Increase the load on the brake drum in steps by adjusting the tension on the spring
balance until rated current of the machine is reached, and at each step, record all the
meter readings, spring balance readings and speed.
Step 5 - Water cool the brake drum as and when necessary
Step 6 - Release the load completely and finally switch off the supply
Step 7 - Measure the brake drum diameter
RESULT
The performance characteristics of the give single phase induction motor are plotted.
27
Expt. No. - 6
Date - _ _ /_ _ /_ _
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR

AIM
To conduct brake test on given DC shunt motor and to obtain the following
performance characteristics.
1. Torque Vs armature current

2. Speed Vs armature current
3. Speed Vs torque
4. Efficiency Vs output
5. Armature current Vs output
6. Speed Vs output
7. Torque Vs output
MACHINE DETAILS
DC shunt motor
Current rating - 18.5A
APPARATUS
1 Voltmeter 0-250V (M.C) 1

2 Ammeter 0-20A (M.C) 1
4 Rheostat 300, 1.1A 1
5 Tachometer Digital, contact type 1
THEORY
Brake test is performed with small motors only. It is a direct test. The brake is applied
to a water cooled pulley, mounted on motor shaft. The brake band is fixed with the help of
spring balances, suspended from supports.
28
CONNECTION DIAGRAM
SAMPLE GRAPH
29
TABULATION
Spring
Torque, T
V/m Speed balance O/P = I/P =
Sl. Ia IF = (S1-S2) *
reading N readings V(Ia+IF)
No. (A) (A) rg (W) (%)
V (V) (rpm) S1 S2 (W)
(Nm)
(Kg) (Kg)
30
( )
Motor input = V(Ia + IF)
Where,
N = Speed of rotation of armature in rpm
S1 & S2 = Spring balance readings
r = Radius of brake drum in m
g = Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2
V = Input voltage in Volts
Ia = Armature current in Amperes
IF = Field current in Amperes
PROCEDURE

Step 8 - Keeping the motor under no load and field rheostat of motor at minimum
position supply is given.
Step 9 - Start the motor using starter.
Step 10 - Run the motor at rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat.
Step 11 - Note down the speed of motor, spring balance readings and all meter readings
under no load condition.
Step 12 - Now load the machine in steps and in each case note down speed, spring
balance readings and all meter readings.
Step 13 - In each case calculate efficiency and plot required graphs.
RESULT
1. The performance curves, speed characteristics, electrical characteristics and

mechanical characteristic of given DC shunt motor were plotted.
31
Expt. No. - 7
Date - _ _ /_ _ /_ _
LOAD TEST ON DC SERIES MOTOR

AIM
To conduct brake test on given DC series motor and to plot the following performance
characteristics.
1. Torque Vs armature current

2. Speed Vs armature current
3. Speed Vs torque
4. Efficiency Vs output
5. Armature current Vs output
6. Speed Vs output
7. Torque Vs output
MACHINE DETAILS
DC series motor
Current rating - 20A
APPARATUS

3 Tachometer Digital, contact type 1
THEORY
Brake test is performed with small motors only. It is a direct test. The brake is applied
to a water cooled pulley, mounted on motor shaft. The brake band is fixed with the help of
spring balances, suspended from supports.
32
CONNECTION DIAGRAM
SAMPLE GRAPH
33
TABULATION
Spring
Torque, T
V/m A/m Speed balance O/P =
Sl. = (S1-S2) * I/P = VI
reading reading N readings
No. rg (W) (W) (%)
V (V) I (A) (rpm) S1 S2
(Nm)
(Kg) (Kg)
34
In DC series motor, field winding is in series with armature winding. It is a variable

speed motor. At light or on no load, it tends to attain dangerously high speed. So never start a
series motor on no load. It has very high starting torque. So it is used in cranes, elevators etc.
( )
Motor input = VI
Where,
N = Speed of rotation of armature in rpm
S1 & S2 = Spring balance readings
r = Radius of brake drum in m
g = Acceleration due to gravity in m/s2
V = Input voltage in Volts
I = Input current in Amperes
PROCEDURE

Step 2 - Keeping the motor under load condition, supply is given.
Step 3 - Start the motor using starter.
Step 4 - Note down the speed of motor, spring balance readings and all meter readings
under this condition.
Step 5 - Now load the machine in steps and in each case note down speed, spring
balance readings and all meter readings.
Step 6 - In each case calculate efficiency and plot required graphs.
RESULT
1. The performance curves, speed characteristics, electrical characteristics and

mechanical characteristic of given DC series motor were plotted.
2. Maximum efficiency from graph, max = ............ %
35
Expt. No. - 8
Date - _ _ /_ _ /_ _
OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS OF SELF EXCITED DC SHUNT

GENERATOR
AIM
1. To plot the OCC of self excited DC shunt generator corresponding to its rated speed.
2. To plot the OCC for any other speed.
3. To determine the critical resistance of the field circuit for the rated speed.
4. To find the critical speed of the generator.
MACHINE DETAILS
DC shunt motor DC shunt generator

Output power - 3.7kW Output power - 3.7kW
APPARATUS

3 Rheostat 300, 1.1A 1
4 Rheostat 680, 1.1A 1
5 Tachometer Digital, Contact type 1
THEORY
The saturation curve for a DC shunt generator doesn't starts from zero, but at some
value higher than zero due to residual magnetism which is necessary to building up of self-
excited generators. For lower values of field ampere turns, the flux is proportional to field
ampere and saturation curve is a straight line. For higher values, the field core begins to
become saturated and the curve falls away from the straight line due to varying permeability
for iron.
36
CONNECTION DIAGRAM
To draw OCC
To measure field resistance
SAMPLE GRAPH
37
TABULATION
Rated speed, N1 = ______ rpm
N2 = N1 = ______ rpm
To draw OCC
Open circuit voltage at 3/4th rated

Sl. Field current Open circuit voltage at rated
No. IF (A) speed E1 (V) speed E2 = (V)
To measure field resistance
V/m reading, A/m reading, Field resistance,

V (V) I (A) RF = ()
CALCULATIONS (From graph)
Critical speed , NC = = ............rpm
Critical field resistance = = ............rpm
38
Therefore, and
i. e,
Critical field resistance for a particular speed is the maximum field circuit resistance
with which the shunt generator would just excite, at that speed. It can be found out by taking
the slope of the tangent drawn to OCC from origin.
Critical speed of a shunt generator is the minimum speed below which it falls to
excite. Below this minimum speed, the generator fails to build up voltage,
PROCEDURE
Open circuit characteristics

Step 2 - Keeping the switch 'S' in open position, field rheostat of motor at minimum
and field rheostat of generator at maximum position supply is given.
Step 3 - Start the motor using starter and the generator is driven at rated speed by
adjusting motor field rheostat.
Step 4 - The residual voltage is read from the voltmeter.
Step 5 - Now the switch 'S' is closed and generator field current is increased in steps by
adjusting the generator field rheostat.
Step 6 - In each case note down the meter readings.
Step 7 - The open circuit voltage upto 125% of rated voltage are taken.
Field resistance measurement
Step 2 - Switch on the supply and meter readings are taken.
RESULT
1. The OCC of self excited DC shunt generator at rated speed plotted.

2. The OCC of self excited DC shunt generator at 3/4th rated speed plotted.
3. Critical field resistance at rated speed = ............
4. Critical speed, NC = ............rpm
39
Expt. No. - 9
Date - _ _ /_ _ /_ _
LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT GENERATOR

AIM
To plot the internal and external characteristics of a DC shunt generator and to

conduct load test on it.
MACHINE DETAILS
DC compound motor DC compound generator

Output power - 3.7kW Output power - 3kW
APPARATUS

6 Rheostat 50, 5A 1
7 Rheostat 300, 1.1A 1
8 Rheostat 680, 1.1A 1
THEORY
The external characteristics gives the variation of V and IL. If a shunt generator is
loaded, its terminal voltage drops due to armature resistance drop and armature reaction. this
reduces field current which in turn causes further decrease in generated emf. This process is
cumulative and therefore the terminal voltage will drop to zero as we attempt to increase the
load. The internal characteristics gives relation between E and Ia. It is obtained from external
characteristics.
40
CONNECTION DIAGRAM
To plot load characteristics
To measure armature resistance
SAMPLE GRAPH
41
TABULATION
To draw load characteristics
Sl. V/m reading, A/m reading, A/m reading, E = V+IaRa,

Ia = IL+Ish (A)
No. V (V) IL (A) IF (A) (V)
To measure armature resistance
Armature
V/m reading, A/m reading,
resistance, Ra =
V (V) I (A)
()
PROCEDURE
Load characteristics

Step 2 - Keeping the switch 'S1' in open position, field rheostat of motor at minimum
adjusting motor field rheostat.
Step 4 - The generator field rheostat is adjusted, so that the machine generates rated
voltage.
Step 5 - Now the switch 'S1' is closed and generator is loaded in steps until the terminal
voltage is reduced to zero.
Step 6 - In each case adjust motor field rheostat, so that the generator is running at rated
speed and note down the meter readings.
Armature resistance measurement

RESULT
The external and internal characteristics of DC shunt generator were plotted.
42
Expt. No. - 10
Date - _ _ /_ _ /_ _
LOAD TEST ON DC COMPOUND GENERATOR

AIM
To plot the external and internal characteristics of a DC compound generator for
1. Cumulative compounding
2. Differential compounding
MACHINE DETAILS
DC compound motor DC compound generator

Output power - 3.7kW Output power - 3kW
APPARATUS

6 Rheostat 50, 5A 1
7 Rheostat 300, 1.1A 2
THEORY
In a compound generator, the series field winding can be connected so as to aid or
oppose the main shunt field winding. When the two fields aid each other we get cumulative
compounding operation; whereas when the two fields oppose each other, we get differential
compounding operation.
43
CONNECTION DIAGRAM
To plot load characteristics
To measure armature resistance and field resistance
SAMPLE GRAPH
Differential Compound Cumulatively Compound
44
TABULATION
To draw load characteristics for Cumulative compounding
Sl. V/m reading, A/m reading, A/m reading, E = V+Ia(Ra+Rse),

Ia = IL+Ish (A)
To draw load characteristics for Differential compounding
Sl. V/m reading, A/m reading, A/m reading, E = V+Ia(Ra+Rse),

Ia = IL+Ish (A)
To measure armature and series field resistance
V/m reading, A/m reading, Armature resistance,

V (V) I (A) Ra = ()
45
PROCEDURE
Load characteristics

Step 2 - Keeping the switch 'S1' in open position, field rheostat of motor at minimum
adjusting the motor field rheostat.
Step 4 - The generator shunt field rheostat is adjusted, so that the machine generates
rated voltage.
Step 5 - Now the switch 'S1' is closed and generator is loaded in steps until the terminal
voltage is reduced to zero.
Step 6 - In each case the motor field rheostat is adjusted so that the generator rotates at
rated speed and note down the meter readings.
Armature resistance measurement

RESULT
The external and internal characteristics of DC compound generator were plotted.
46
Expt. No. - 11
Date - _ _ /_ _ /_ _
P-N JUNCTION DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM
1. To plot V-I Characteristics of Silicon P-N Junction Diode.

2. To find cut-in Voltage for Silicon P-N Junction diode.
APPARATUS
1 PN Junction Diode IN4001 1

2 Resistance 1 k 1
3 Regulated Power Supply ( 0 – 30V ) 1
4 Ammeter 0-30mA MC, 0-500µA MC 1 Each
5 Voltmeter 0-1V MC, 0-30V MC 1 Each
Breadboard and Connecting
6 As required
wires
THEORY
The P-N junction supports uni-directional current flow. If +ve terminal of the input
supply is connected to anode (P-side) and –ve terminal of the input supply is connected to
cathode (N-side), then diode is said to be forward biased.
If –ve terminal of the input supply is connected to anode (P-side) and +ve terminal of
the input supply is connected to cathode (N-side) then the diode is said to be reverse biased.
Donor impurities (pentavalent) are introduced into one-side and acceptor impurities
into the other side of a single crystal of an intrinsic semiconductor to form a p-n diode with a
junction called depletion region (this region is depleted off the charge carriers). This region
gives rise to a potential barrier Vγ called Cut- in Voltage. This is the voltage across the diode
at which it starts conducting. The P-N junction can conduct beyond this potential.
47
PROCEDURE
Forward Biased Condition
Step 1 - Connect the PN Junction diode in forward bias i.e. Anode is connected to
positive of the power supply and cathode is connected to negative of the
power supply.
Step 2 - Use a Regulated power supply of range (0-30) V and a series resistance of 1kΏ.
Step 3 - For various values of forward voltage (Vf) note down the corresponding
values of forward current(If).
Reversed Biased Condition
Step 1 - Connect the PN Junction diode in Reverse bias i.e. anode is connected to
negative of the power supply and cathode is connected to positive of the
power supply.
Step 2 - For various values of reverse voltage (Vr ) note down the corresponding
values of reverse current ( Ir ).
TABULATION
Forward Bias
Sl No: Vf (Volt) If (mA)
Reversed Bias
Sl No: Vr (Volt) Ir (µA)
48
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Forward biased
Reversed Biased
49
SAMPLE GRAPH
RESULT
The VI characteristics of PN junction diode is verified.
1. Cut in voltage = ……… V
50
Expt. No. - 12
Date - _ _ /_ _ /_ _
ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM
To plot V-I Characteristics of Zener Diode.
APPARATUS
1 Zener Diode C6V2 1

4 Ammeter 0-30mA MC, 0-500µA MC 1 Each
5 Voltmeter 0-1V MC, 0-30V MC 1 Each
6 As required
wires
THEORY
An ideal P-N Junction diode does not conduct in reverse biased condition. A zener diode
conducts excellently even in reverse biased condition. These diodes operate at a precise value of
voltage called break down voltage. A zener diode when forward biased behaves like an ordinary
P-N junction diode. A zener diode when reverse biased can either undergo avalanche break down
or zener break down.
PROCEDURE
Forward Biased Condition
Step 1 - Connect the Zener diode in forward bias i.e; anode is connected to positive of the
power supply and cathode is connected to negative of the power supply as in
.circuit
Step 2 - Use a Regulated power supply of range (0-30)V and a series resistance of 1kΏ.
Step 3 - For various values of forward voltage (Vf) note down the corresponding values of
forward current(If) .
Reversed Biased Condition
Step 1 - Connect the Zener diode in Reverse bias i.e; anode is connected to negative of the
power supply and cathode is connected to positive of the power supply as in
circuit.
Step 2 - For various values of reverse voltage(Vr ) note down the corresponding values of
reverse current ( Ir ).
51
TABULATION
Forward Bias
Sl No: Vf (Volt) If (mA)
Reversed Bias
Sl No: Vr (Volt) Ir (mA)
SAMPLE GRAPH
52
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Forward biased
Reversed Biased
53
RESULT
The zener diode characteristics have been plotted.
1. Cut in voltage = ……… V
2. Break down voltage = ------------ V
54
Expt. No. - 13
Date - _ _ /_ _ /_ _
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR USING 555 TIMER
AIM
To design an Astable Multivibrator using 555 Timer.
APPARATUS
1 Timer IC 555 1
3 Capacitor 0.1 uF and 0.01 uF 1 each
5 As required
wires
THEORY
An Astable Multivibrator is used to generate square wave. 555 timer IC is an analog

IC used for generating accurate time delay and oscillations. It can provide time delay ranging
from microsecond to hours.
Initially when the power supply is connected, capacitor C starts charging through R A
and RB towards VCC with a time constant (RA + RB) C. When the capacitor voltage equals
(2/3)VCC, the upper comparator trigger the control flip flop making the output low. Now
capacitor C starts discharging towards ground through RB with time constant (RBC).
During the discharge of the timing capacitor C, as it reaches (1/3)VCC, the lower
comparator is triggered and again capacitor C starts to charge. Thus capacitor periodically
charges and discharges between (2/3)VCC and (1/3)VCC.
DESIGN
Take VCC = 10V

tc = 0.693(RA +RB)C and td = 0.693 RBC
Let C = 10 uF and C1 = 0.01 uF
Let RA = RB = 100k
55
CONNECTION DIAGRAM
PROCEDURE
Step 1 – Set up the circuit after verifying the conditions of the IC 555.
Step 2 – Observe the output waveform on CRO.
RESULT
An Astable Multivibrator using IC 555 timer was designed and waveforms are
verified.
56
Expt. No. - 14
Date -
RECTIFIERS
AIM
To study the characteristics of

1. A half wave rectifier and to calculate its ripple factor with and without filter.
2. A full wave Centre-tap rectifier and to calculate its ripple factor with and without
filter.
3. A bridge rectifier and to calculate its ripple factor with and without filter.
COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
Sl. No. Component/Equipment Specification Quantity
1 Diode 1N4007 4
1 Resistor 1k 1
2 Capacitor 200F, 1000F 1 each
3 Transformer 12-0-12/ 6-0-6 1
4 CRO 1
5 Breadboard 1
THEORY
A rectifier converts ac voltage into dc and is an essential part of a power supply. The
unidirectional property of a diode is utilized here. In the output of a rectifier unwanted ac
components known as ripples will be present. The measure of purity of dc output of a rectifier
is known as ripple factor ‘γ’.
Half wave rectifier
Main power supply is applied at the primary of the step down transformer. The entire
positive half cycle of the stepped down AC supply passes through the diode and the negative
half cycles are eliminated. The rectifier output contains considerable amount of ripple in
addition to the dc component. When they are operated with filters connected to the output of
the rectifier, it removes the ac component from the output. Capacitor filter, choke filter, RC,
CRC, LC and CLC filters are commonly used.
Without filter-In half wave rectifier all positive cycles of ac supply pass through diode.
57
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Half wave rectifier without filter
Half wave rectifier with filter
Centre tap full wave rectifier without filter
58
Centre tap full wave rectifier with filter
Bridge full wave rectifier without filter
Bridge full wave rectifier with filter
59
Average value of input AC,
RMS value of input AC,
Ripple factor, √( )
Using filters- Capacitor input filter is the simplest and cheapest filter. A high value of
capacitor is connected in shunt with the load resistor RL. Capacitor charges to peak voltage
Vm when the output voltage of the rectifier increases. After the peak value, the capacitor
discharges through the load resistor slowly. Before the capacitor voltage drops substantially,
next output wave arrives and the capacitor recharges to the peak.
Vrpp= peak to peak value of ripple voltage
Average value of input,
Ripple RMS voltage,
Practical Ripple factor,
Theoretical value is also given by the expression,
Centre tap full wave rectifier
During positive half cycle of transformer secondary voltage, the diode D1 is forward
based and D2 is reverse biased. Then the current flows through the diode D1, load resister RL
and the upper half of the transformer winding. During negative half cycles, diode D2 becomes
forward biased and D1 becomes reverse biased. The current then flows through lower half.
All rectifier outputs contain considerable amount of ripple in addition to the dc

component. In order to eliminate ac component, a filter is connected at the output of the
rectifier. Capacitor input filter, RC, CRC, LC and CLC filters are commonly used. Full wave
rectifiers are more efficient than half wave rectifiers.
Without filter-In a full wave rectifier, during positive half cycle of AC supply, D1 conducts
and during negative half cycle diode D2 conducts.
60
SAMPLE WAVEFORMS
Half wave rectifier
Center tap full wave rectifier
61
Using filters -Capacitor input filter is the simplest and cheapest filter. A high value
ofcapacitor C is connected in shunt with the load resistor R L. Capacitor charges to
peakvoltage Vm when the output voltage of the rectifier increases. After the peak value,
thecapacitor discharges through the load resistor slowly. Before the capacitor voltage
dropssubstantially, next output wave arrives and the capacitor recharges to the peak.
For full wave rectifier,
Ripple RMS voltage,
Bridge fullwave rectifier
Without filter - In a bridge rectifier circuit there are 4 diodes, a transformer and loadresister.
During the positive half cycle diodes D1and D2 conduct. The current passesthrough the load
resister RL. During the other half of the input signal, diodes D3 and D4conduct. The current
passes through the load resister RL in the same direction as duringthe positive half cycle. DC
voltage is developed across the load.
Using filters- Capacitor is connected across the load resistor of the circuit. The DCcurrent
flows through the resistor and the AC through the capacitor.
For full wave rectifier,
62
Bridge full wave rectifier
63
Ripple RMS voltage,
PROCEDURE
1. Wire the circuit without capacitor after testing all the components.
2. Switch on main supply. Observe the transformer secondary voltage wave form and
output voltage waveform across the load resistor simultaneously on the CRO screen.
Note down the peak value. Sketch the waveforms.
3. Calculate the ripple factor using the expression.
4. Connect capacitor filter (220μF) and observe the waveforms. Note down Vm and
Vrppand calculate the ripple factor using the expression. Repeat the step for 1000μF
capacitor.
RESULT
The characteristics of rectifiers has been studied and the wave forms were sketched.
Half Wave Rectifier
Designed values
Ripple factor without filter = ……………………...
Ripple factor with 220μF = ………………………
Ripple factor with 1000μF = ……………………....
Obtained practical values
Full Wave Center Tap Rectifier
Designed values
64
Bridge Full Wave Rectifier
Designed values
65
Expt. No. - 15
Date -
RC COUPLED AMPLIFIER
AIM
To design & set up RC coupled amplifier for a voltage gain of 100 and to plot the
frequency response curve. Also find the bandwidth of the amplifier.
COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS REQUIRED
Sl. No. Component/Equipment Specification Quantity
1 BJT BC107 1
2 Resistor 560, 2.2k, 10k, 47k 1 each
3 Capacitor 22F, 10F, 15F 1 each
4 Function generator 1
5 CRO 1
6 Regulated DC power supply 0-30V 1
THEORY
RC coupled CE amplifier provides current, voltage and power gains. Base current
controls the collector current of a CE-amplifier. During positive half cycle of the input, a
small increase in base current results in a large increase in collector current (since Ic =
hfe*IB). As a result, the collector voltage Vc= (Vcc – IcRc ) decreases.Similarly during negative
half cycle of the input, a small decrease in base current causes large decrease in collector
current. As a result, the collector voltage Vc = Vcc - IcRc increases.
Thus 180 degree phase shift is obtained at the output. The emitter base junction must
be forward biased and collector base junction must be reverse biased for the proper
functioning of an amplifier. In this circuit, an NPN transistor is connected as a common
emitter amplifier. R1& R2 are employed for the voltage divider bias of the transistor. Voltage
divider bias provides good stabilization independent of the variation in β. The input signal Vin
is coupled through CC1 to the base and output voltage is coupled from collector through the
capacitor CC2.
The input impedance of the amplifier is expressed as Zin = R1ǁR2ǁ(1+hfere) and output
impedance as Zout = RcǁRL, where re is internal emitter resistance of the transistor given by the
expression re= 25mV/IE, where 25mv is the temperature equivalent voltage at room
temperature.
66
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
TABULATION
Input = 20mV Vpp sine wave
67
SAMPLE GRAPH
INPUT AND OUTPUT WAVEFORMS
68
DESIGN
Assumptions
Mid band gain = 100
Choose BC107 Transistor and VCC= 12V
IC= 2mA and hfe=200
VCE= 50% of VCC=6V
VRC= 40% of VCC =4.8V
VRE= 10 % of VCC =1.2V
Note :- These voltages ensure Q-point is almost in the middle of the active region.
Design of resistors
RC = VRC/IC = .8/2mA = 2.4K ≈ 2.2K
RE = VRE/IC= 1.2/2mA = 600Ω ≈ 560Ω (or 680 Ω)
IB= IC/hfe = 2mA/100 = 20μA
Assume current through R1 = 10*IB and that through R2 = IB to provide a stable potential
divider bias.
VR2 = VBE + VRE = 0.7 + 1.2 = 1.9V = 9 IB R2
R2= 1.9/(9*20*10-6) = 10.6k ≈ 10k
VR1 = VCC - VR2 = 12 - 1.9 =10.1V = 10 IB R1
Then R1= 10.1/(10*20*10-6) = 50k ≈ 47k
Input voltage Vin = 20 mV
Open circuited gain of the common emitter amplifier is given by Avo = Ro /re
Where re = VT/IE = 25 mV / 2 mA = 12.5 Ω and Ro = Rc
Therefore, Avo = 2200/12.5 = 176 V/V
Open circuited output voltage Voc= Avo*Vin= 176 V/V * 20 mV = 3.52 V
When loaded with RL output voltage should be that of designed gain.
Desired Gain of the common emitter amplifier is given by Av = 100
Hence, desired output Vo = Av * Vin= 100 V/V * 20 mV = 2 V
69
Ro and RL form a voltage divider.
Vo = Voc RL / RL+ Ro
RL= 2.89k ≈ 2.7k
Design of capacitors
XC1 ≤ Rin/10 (This thumb-rule ensures the lowest frequency does not fall near the cut off
frequency edge, but rather just inside the pass band)
Here Rin = R1║R2║(1+hfere)
Then we get Rin= 1.1k .Then XC1 ≤ 110 Ω at fL=100Hz
CC1 ≥ 1/(2πfL* 110 Ω) ≥ 1/(2π * 100 * 110 Ω) ≥ 14μF ≈15μF
XC2 ≤ Rout/10, where Rout =Rc . Then XC2 ≤ 240Ω
Therefore CC2 ≥ 1/(2πfL* 240Ω) ≥1/(2π100 * 240Ω) ≥ 6.6μF ≈ 10μF
XCE ≤ RE/10
Therefore CE ≥ 1/(2πfL* 68) ≥1/(2π * 100 * 68) = 23μF ≈ 22μF
PROCEDURE
1. Test all the components using a multi-meter.

2. Connect the circuit and verify DC bias conditions.
3. Apply a 20 mV peak- to-peak sinusoidal signal from the function generator as input.
4. Observe the input & output waveforms on the CRO simultaneously.
5. Keeping the input voltage constant at 20mVpp, vary the frequency of the input signal from
100Hz to 3MHz. Measure the output amplitude corresponding to different frequencies.
6. Plot the frequency response curve on a semi-log graph with gain in dB along the Y axis and
log f along the X axis.
7. Determine 3-dB frequencies from the graph. Calculate the bandwidth of the amplifier using
the expression, BW = fH - fL where fHand fL are 3-db frequencies.
RESULT
Mid band gain (V/V) = ................
Mid band gain in dB = ................dB
Band width = ...............kHz
Gain band width product = ...............kHz
70

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MUTHOOT INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE

EE 335 Electrical and Electronics Engineering Lab

Teaching scheme: Credits: 0-0-3-1

1. OCC on a dc shunt generator, determination of critical resistance, critical speed,

This course is designed to enable the student,

1. To familiarize the starting methods for various types of DC motors.

After successful completion of the course, the student will exhibit

5. An ability to predetermine the efficiency and regulation of a transformer at different

GOOD LAB PRACTICES

2. Wearing of shoe is compulsory for attending lab sessions.

3. Ladies with long hair have to tie it up.

5. Do not carelessly throw around the connection wires.

7. Handle meters and other equipments with utmost care.

Sl. No. Electrical symbol Meaning

3 230V, 50Hz, Single phase AC

4 400V, 50Hz, Three phase AC

13 Crossing without electrical connection

21 Variable resistor (General symbol)

22 Mechanically coupled machines

23 Single phase transformer

Single phase induction motor

Three phase induction motor

30 Switch general symbol

32 Three pole switch

Single phase autotransformer

Three phase autotransformer

1. Load test on Single phase transformer ……………………………………..8

2. Single Phase Transformer -OC and SC test- determination of approximate

equivalent circuits-pre-determination of efficiency and regulation………..11

3. Starting of Three Phase Induction Motor using different kinds of starters

(squirrel cage and slip ring)-observation of currents and voltages…….….17

5. Load test on Single Phase Induction Motor……………………………….27

6. Load test on DC Shunt Motor……………………………………………..30

7. Load test on DC Series Motor……………………………………………..34

8. DC Shunt Generator magnetization characteristics plot (determination of

critical field resistance and critical speed)….……………………………...38

9. DC Shunt Generator Load test. ……………….…………………………..42

10. DC Compound Generator load test (cumulative and differential).....……..45

11. Observation of Diode characteristics on CRO……………………...……..49

12. Zener diode characteristics………………………………………………...53

13. Astable Multivibrator using IC 555………………………………………57

14. Half wave and Full wave Rectifiers………………...…………………….59

15. RC Coupled Amplifier…………………………………………………….67

LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

To conduct load test on the given single phase transformer and

Single phase transformer

Sl. No. Apparatus Specification Quantity

1 Voltmeter 0-250V (M.I) 2

where, oV2 = No load secondary voltage

Step 1 - Connections are made as shown in figure.

1. Load test was conducted on given single phase transformer.

OC AND SC TESTS ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

Single phase transformer

Sl. No. Apparatus Specification Quantity

1 Voltmeter 0-150V (M.I) 1

To plot efficiency curve

Sl. Load, I/P = O/P +

To plot regulation curve

Sl. No. cos sin % regulation

Efficiency curve Regulation curve

Step 1 - Connections are made as shown in figure.