Smart Home Power Management Based on IoT

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Electrical Engineering

College of Engineering, Architecture, and Technology
De La Salle University -Dasmarinas
Dasmarinas City

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering

Jake A. Basingan
Hendrik Van Arno C. Gopela
Ivan Jemar Sacdalan

December 2019

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 Chapter 1

1.1 Background of the study

A Power Management System (PMS) is used to monitor and

balance the generation & consumption in an electrical network which

has multiple loads and sources. Load shedding is used to disconnect

non-critical loads and ensure critical loads are supplied without

interruption. The tripping of loads would be either automatically based

on their priorities or manually controlled by the plant operator. The

PMS should be fast enough to calculate and take necessary action with

the least delay in case of automatic action.

Consumer electronics, office equipment and other plug loads

consume 15 to 20 percent of total residential and commercial

electricity while not in primary mode. Much of this energy is consumed

when these devices operate in low-power modes but are not actually

in use. One way to reduce this unnecessary electricity consumption is

to use a smart power management system. Several approaches have

been studied in the last years such as advanced metering

infrastructure (AMI), smart sensor technologies , smart home

appliances , home area network (HAN) and home energy storage

system (HESS) .In general, a Smart Home Power Management (SHPM)

refers to the application of supervisory control and data acquisition

with power management systems, including the generation, the

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transmission and distribution systems of the electrical network, namely

with the concept of the smart grid. This concept has been widely

accepted in order to suggest the future development trend of power

grids.

In this direction, SHPM has become essential for residential

customers, such as the home system for the successful demand side

management of smart grids. SHPM deals with the real time monitoring

and arranging of various home appliances, based on user’s preferences

via intelligent ambient system controlled by a human machine

interface in smart houses, with the aim of electricity cost reduction and

energy utilization efficiency improvements.

Several papers can be grouped under the broad heading of

Power Management. In fact, a home power management system is the

core of optimal operation for a smart home, representing an important

component of the smart grid on the user side. Fan et al. propose an

online event-triggering algorithm for power management of smart

households in order to reduce the electricity cost, with a guarantee of

comfort level for household members. The proposed power

management solution can deal with the random demand of consumers

and is implemented without user intervention. As a consequence,

household members do not need to manually preset the operation

time interval of appliances. A Lyapunov optimization method is

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adopted in order to schedule the controllable load in the household

based only on the current information. Moreover, with the aim to

trigger the execution of the online algorithm, so as to cut down the

execution frequency and unnecessary calculation, an event-triggered

mechanism is used by the authors. A theoretical coalitional game

approach, for the cooperation between households and load serving

entity in a smart community, is presented by Fan et al. in The authors,

considering the potential demand response ability of air conditioning

units, aim to use them in order to decrease the energy costs of a

smart community. The proposed air conditioning controller is designed

to reduce the amount of electricity purchased from the main grid by

controlling air conditioning units. This is made possible by an online air

conditioning energy management algorithm, based on Lyapunov

optimization, that considers both the air conditioning energy

consumption and the thermal comfort level of consumers. The

obtained results demonstrate that the proposed coalitional game has

significant potential to serve as an effective means of improving the

profitability of the load-serving entity and cutting the expenses of

householders.

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 Therefore, the researcher came up for the research of SHPM

“Smart Home Power Management” this is to aim a low-cost automation

of circuit breaker for panel boards using IOT.

1.2 Objectives of the study

The general objective of the study is to provide a smart panel

board for residential, and to design and construct for security and

safety purposes in affordable smart panel boards for every household

The specific objectives of the study are:

1. To come up a low-cost smart panel board prototype that can

be controlled using IOT.

2. To create a safety precautions and monitoring system for a

panel board.

3. To integrate a sensor to monitor the status of the system

such as temperature, humidity, voltage and current sensor.

4. To create a real time data transfer thru cloud and sending

notification on the status on the lines and panel board.

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1.3 Significant of the study

A panel board is one of the most important safety devices in a

house, a smart house is being upgraded time to time and can access

anywhere by in any electronics devices. A smart house only focuses in

appliances, lighting load. This study is necessary to prevent any

damage from the panel board when there is unnecessary event and to

minimize the unexpected failure of the panel board.

Looking more closely reveals the individual factors that

contribute most of the failures such as water damage cause by the

leakage of in the ceiling, short circuit, Circuit breakers damaged by

water may not trip when an electrical overload occurs a condition that

can lead to overheating and arcing. Electrical arc flashes due to

exposed or otherwise damaged wiring in the panel box can lead to

burns. Other conditions that can lead to moisture getting in your panel

box include:

- Condensation due to high humidity levels in the home

- Water dripping from condensation on a cold water pipe

located over the panel box

- Water seeping through a cement, masonry, or stone

basement wall at the location where the service panel hangs

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This study is meant to provide an insight about the benefits to have a

smart panel board for a smart home power management system. And

to provide a basic preventive maintenance in case there is no one

around in house for a long time. Although this study does not

substitute for an action of a human by doing to shut off by its own.

Doing the research aims to serve as a point of reference and guide for

the following:

Future Researchers

The findings of the study will serve as a theoretical reference for

future studies in relation to the smart home power management

system at DLSUD.

Community

The researchers will able to help the community in preventive

maintenance of their panel boards.

Student

This study may assist aspiring students, who want to learn the

concept of smart house power management system.

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1.4 Scope and Limitations

The smart panel board system is required to manage and observe the

load such as lighting load and multiple small appliances in a household. The

appliances that will be used will be a laptop and cellphone. With the help of a

wired / wireless connection, the device can connect to a central gateway and

to control it thru internet. The status of the panel board can display on the

platform’s graphical android based user interface. The platforms allow user

to access the panel board from any devices to switch on/ off their branch

circuit and monitor the status of their panel board for their safety.

This study is limited to three (3) concerns which include safety,

security, and switch for power management. The study is limited to the

remote controlling of the panel board and for notifying the humidity,

temperature, voltage and current for security purposes. The maintenance of

the panel board itself is not in the scope of the study. No actual testing on

an operational panel board will be performed since it could pose a hazard

both to the researcher and the equipment per se.

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1.5 Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

• The Parameters • Data Evaluation • Design layout

of a panelboard • Design of the
prototype.
• Design Analysis
• Benchmark • Simulation of the
Parameter of low-cost power
• Assembly of the
the operational management
prototype
panelboard system for three
parameters of
• Existing the panelboard
technology
for Power • Record for
management result of
performed
test

Figure 1.1 Conceptual Framework

In this study, the parameters of a panelboard can be used as a

reference for the sampling of a smart panelboard and the obtained results of

performance are being used as management system for panelboards. The

collection of the panelboard data from the sensor is used for notifying and

remote switching which indicates the present status of a panelboard.

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1.6 Definition of terms

Panelboard

A single panel or group of panel units designed

for assembly in the form of a single panel, including buses and

automatic overcurrent devices, and equipped with or without

switches for the control of light, heat, or power circuits; designed

to be placed in a cabinet or cutout box placed in or against a

wall, partition, or other support; and accessible only from the

front.

Circuit Breaker

A device designed to open and close a circuit by

nonautomatic means and to open the circuit automatically on a

predetermined overcurrent without damage to itself when

properly applied within its rating.

Transformer

An electrical device for transferring power from one circuit

to another by electromagnetic induction. The transmission of the

power is supplemented without frequency changes.

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Microcontroller (MCU for microcontroller unit)

It is a control system device that is used in automated

products and devices including a remote control, appliances,

automotive engine control systems, and other devices.

Liquid-Crystal Display (LCD)

It is an electronically modulated optical device that uses

the liquid crystals for light-modulating properties to display the

output values.

Internet of Things (IoT)

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical

objects that contain embedded technology to communicate and

sense or interact with their internal states or the external

environment.

Wi-Fi Module

A self-contained SOC with integrated TCP/IP protocol stack

that can give any microcontroller access to your Wi-Fi network.

Light Emitting Diode (LED)

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 A semiconductor diode that emits light when a voltage is

applied to it and that is used especially in electronic devices (as

for an indicator light)

Humidity

A measure of how much vapor there is in a mixture of gas

and vapor.

Simulation modeling

The process of creating and analyzing a digital prototype of

a physical model in order to predict its actual performance. Used

to help designers, researchers or engineers understand whether

a part could fail under what conditions and in what ways and

what loads it could withstand.

Parameter

Any feature that may help to define or classify a specific

system (i.e. an event, project, object, situation, etc.). This

means that a parameter is an element of a system that is useful

or critical in identifying the system or in evaluating its

performance, status, condition, etc.

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Arduino

It is a microcontroller board, not fully computers. In this,

written codes are simply executed without any obstacle. It is an

8-bit Atmel AVR Microcontroller which comprises of 32K and

512K of onboard flash memory, 2K of RAM, runs at 8- 84MHz

clock speeds with voltages of 2.7V-12V.programming is done

using C and carries no operating system. The code is written in

the computer and then sent through USB cable for execution. Its

construction simply covers digital input-output pins that are

between 9-54 AND 6-12 analog input pins. Its power

consumption is less than 0.5 watt.

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 Chapter 2

Review of Related Literature

This chapter presents the related literature of the study Smart Home

Power Management Based on IoT of 5th year students of De La Salle

University-Dasmarinas, Cavite School Year 2019-2020.

Power Management

Today automated energy control has become standard practice. Virtually all

nonresidential buildings have automatic controllers with a computer as the

central processor. These systems are called Energy Management Systems

(EMS), Energy Management Control Systems (EMCS), or Building

Automation Systems (BAS). Today’s building owners and facility managers

must regularly address the issue of computerized energy management—

assessing existing systems, specifying and commissioning new systems,

evaluating service contract options, or optimizing EMS operations (Portland

Energy Conservation Inc., 2011).

A Home Energy Management System (HEMS) uses energy micro-sensors in

domestic appliances to gather data, via an internet connection, about power

consumption and to thereby optimize energy use. Users can monitor their

energy consumption status, including location, time, and cost and regulate
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their personal power consumption profile to achieve energy savings. In

addition to saving energy, a HEMS can be joined with a solar energy

generation system, enabling the user to meet their own energy needs and

sell surplus energy to a utility company. Moreover, all data can be stored in

a database system for further system state analysis, thus serving as a

reference standard for power management. ( . Al-Sumaiti A.S., Ahmed M.H.,

Salama M.M.A. Smart Home Activities: A Literature Review. Electr. Power

Compon. Syst.)

Smart Home

Internet-based Home Automation System Internet or IP protocol-based

communication in home automation systems is always a popular choice

among researchers. The Internet is easily scalable, flexible when it comes to

access and use, and very popular as a communication method in today’s

world, so the hardware and the network required for access is readily

available, offers high bandwidth and very low communication cost, and

devices can connect to and disconnect from the network easily. These are

some of the features that make the Internet such an attractive choice for

researchers. Utilizing the Internet to access and control the home seems to

be the next logical step forward for home automation systems. From an end

user’s point of view, using the Internet to access their home is easy,

convenient, cheap, flexible, and offers no complication of an added

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technology to learn. User interface devices like laptops, smartphones, PCs,

and tablets are easily available in the market, and these devices are already

a part of people’s daily lives. So, incorporating home automation into these

already-popular user devices seems to be the natural progression. (A. R.

Delgado, R. Picking, V. Grout, “Remote-Controlled home automation

systems with Different Network Technologies,” Centre for Applied Internet

Research (CAIR), University of Wales, 2009.)

The Home automation system that uses Wi-Fi technology. System consists

of three main components; web server, which presents system core that

controls, and monitors users’ home and hardware interface module(Arduino

PCB (ready-made), Wi-Fi shield PCB, 3 input alarms PCB, and 3 output

actuators PCB.), which provides appropriate interface to sensors and

actuator of home automation system. The System is better from the

scalability and flexibility point of view than the commercially available home

automation systems. The User may use the same technology to login to the

server web-based application. If server is connected to the internet, so

remote users can access server web-based application through the internet

using compatible web browser. The application has been developed based on

the android system. An interface card has been developed to assure

communication between the remote user, server, raspberry pi card and the

home Appliances. The application has been installed on an android

Smartphone, a web server, and a raspberry pi card to control the shutter of

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windows. Android application on a smartphone issue command to raspberry

pi card. An interface card has been realized to update signals between the

actuator sensors and the raspberry pi card. Cloud-based home appliance

monitoring and controlling System. Design and implement a home gateway

to collect metadata from home appliances and send to the cloud-based data

server to store on HDFS (Hadoop Distributed File System), process them

using MapReduce and use to provide a monitoring function to Remote user.

It has been implemented with Raspberry Pi through reading the subject of E-

mail and the algorithm. Raspberry Pi proves to be a powerful, economic and

efficient platform for implementing the smart home automation. Raspberry

pi-based home automation is better than other home automation methods is

several ways. For example, in home automation through DTMF (dual tone

multi-frequency), the call tariff is a huge disadvantage, which is not the case

in their proposed method. Also, in Web server based home automation, the

design of web server and the memory space required is ejected by this

method, because it simply uses the already existing web server service

provided by G-mail. LEDs were used to indicate the switching action. System

is interactive, efficient and flexible. Shih-Pang Tseng et al. proposed Smart

House Monitor & Manager (SHMM), based on the ZigBee, all sensors and

actuators are connected by a ZigBee wireless network. They designed a

simple smart socket, which can remote control via ZigBee. PC host is used

as a data collector and the motion sensing, all sensing data are transferred

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to the VM in the cloud. The user can use the PC or Android phone to monitor

or control through the Internet to power-saving of the house. (Ahmed M.

Elshafee “Design and Implementation of a WiFi Based Home Automation

System” Alexandria University | AU · Department of Electrical Engineering

Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering)

GPRS-based Home Automation System There are a lot of home security

systems implemented using GPRS. Most systems use the word security in

the traditional sense, and only address the threat put forth by old fashioned

intruders in the home. Researchers M. Danaher and D. Nguyen [2] propose

a home security system using GPRS. The work uses a webcam to stream

video and pictures of the home to its owner’s mobile through GPRS. The

webcam detects movement by comparing frames for differences, including

light intensity. Video streaming of the proposed work is done using the home

Internet connection, not the GSM modem. U. Ali et al. [12] proposes another

home and office automation system using GPRS in mobile phones. The user

interacts with the home via a client/server architecture implemented at

home using a PC and a micro Java application. Home devices are controlled

by a device controller, which is connected to the PC’s parallel port. The

proposed system allows users to remotely control and inquire the status of

the devices that are connected to the device controller. The researchers J.

Jin et al. [13] discuss a home automation system based on WSNs and GPRS.

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It allows it, users, to control equipment in their home, and collect data about

a device’s status and weather conditions at home through their mobile

devices. The authors’ custom-made the application for China, as users

receive information about home intrusions and fire through the Chinese

Instant Message Mobile Service. Unlike other GPRS-based home automation,

the proposed system uses an embedded system-based central controller.

Researchers S.R. Das et al. [14] developed an iOS-based home automation

security system using GPRS. The proposed system uses t h e client/server

model for communication. The authors develop an iOS application that runs

on a user’s mobile phone and acts as the client and the cloud to which the

home devices are connected acts as the server. The authors use video

cameras, microphones, and motion sensors for providing security at home.

When a motion sensor is triggered, the video cameras in the vicinity start to

record. A user can view these live feeds on a mobile device through GPRS.

The proposed system can also be accessed using a web browser. Security

concerns in GPRS-based home security systems: 1. The works of M. Danaher

and D. Nguyen [2], S.R. Das et al. [14] both implement cameras at home.

Streaming live video feeds over the Internet is never a good idea, especially

when it is from inside the home. If these implemented cameras are

compromised, then the attacker will have an eye inside the home. Moreover,

people do not like to be watched; it affects their normal behavior and makes

them uncomfortable. 2. Video feeds could be looped by skilled attackers if

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the cameras and the system are not installed and maintained properly. 3. In

a GPRS-based intrusion detection system, the user will have to monitor his

or her phone constantly to successfully defend against intrusion.

Researchers S.R. Das et al. [14] provide users access to the home using a

web browser, which opens the home to a different set of browsing-related

security issues like session hijacking, cookie stealing, and cross-site

scripting. The work of M. D

(A. R. Delgado, R. Picking, V. Grout, “Remote-Controlled home

automation systems with Different Network

Technologies,” Centre for Applied Internet Research (CAIR), University of

Wales, 2009.)

Internet of things

The IoT is a new communication and network paradigm in which a variety

of things or objects (e.g., not only networked devices, but also people,

vehicles, and bridges) become an integral part of the Internet. In other

words, the objects become “smart objects” which are equipped with

microprocessors and transceivers, which makes them able to

communicate with each other and provide intelligent services to users

autonomously.

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A variety of applications and services of IoT have begun to emerge in

various fields of vehicles, healthcare, home automation, and SG

framework. In the field of the HEMS in the SG, communications

infrastructure has been constructed in order to collect and analyze data in

real-time by installation of smart meters and smart GWs. The smart

meters and the smart GWs communicate with each other over intelligent

M2M communications. It is, however, partial IoT rather than fully IoT,

because it is only focused on making metering devices and GWs

intelligent. In this architecture, there are several limitations such as low

scalability, low reusability, and low interoperability. Therefore, the

requirements of an IoT-based HEMS are as follows:

 Distributed system architecture: the existing sensor network

usually operates under the three-tiered architecture. That is, the

upper layer is a management server, the middle layer is a base

station, and the lower layer is a sensor. It is not suitable for

indoor environments such as a home or an office under this

architecture because the service creation and execution time is

very long. Therefore, we apply the IoT paradigm to HEMS in

order to solve this limitation. The devices in service domain

embed an adaptive rule-based engine; it generates the control

signal directly according to rules, so that our system reduces the

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 service creation and execution time.

 Smart objects by adaptive middleware architecture: all

components (objects) of the IoT-based HEMS such as

appliances, smart meters, GWs, ESSs, and renewable energy

system should operate intelligently. In other words, the objects

should become smart objects. It is impossible to communicate

with each other and create intelligent services to users

autonomously unless the components of the IoT-based HEMS

are smart objects. To meet this requirement, we equip the

things with a middleware platform. However, to be equipped

with the whole middleware causes a considerable waste of

system resources. In order to solve this problem, we propose an

adaptive middleware platform. The adaptive middleware

platform autonomously configures middleware based on

contextual information related to services, environments, and

users.

 Dynamic network configuration by DHANs: dynamic network

configuration is one of the crucial characteristics of IoT. The IoT

consists of different and heterogeneous objects which

communicate with each other transparently and seamlessly. The

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 proposed HEMS has the ability to configure the DHANs, which

utilizes reusable nomadic agencies (NAs) to configure HANs. The

reusable NAs refer to the applications of middleware in user's

smart phones. In comparison with a conventional HEMS, the

proposed HEMS enhances scalability and reusability and reduces

implementation costs through DHANs.

 Enhancement of scalability and reusability by flexible platform

design: all components of the IoT-based HEMS should perform

the various functions in order to create/provide intelligent

services through the interaction with various objects. The

functions performed by these objects are data sensing,

extracting and processing, context-awareness, decision,

security, authentication and authorization, discovery, object

formulation, ontology-based modeling, virtualization,

localization, process management, data mining, and so forth. It

is difficult to set and update the functions on the platform of the

conventional HEMS. The proposed HEMS is designed with

flexible and reusable platform architecture to easily set and

update the functions.

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(Jongbae Kim, Jinsung Byun and Daebeom Jeong “An IoT-Based Home

Energy Management System over Dynamic Home Area Networks”,

2015,School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University)

Temperature Measurement

As stated to Delta (2016) the temperature rise of the transformer housing

may reach a maximum of 65 ° C. Combined with a maximum ambient

temperature of 40 ° C, the surface temperature of the enclosure can reach

105 ° C. The hotspot temperature can reach 180 ° C at full load within the

transformer. The operating temperature can reach 220 ° C due to the

ambient temperature. The isolation system of the transformer is based on

the average conductor temperature, ambient temperature and hotspots. The

system should be able to withstand 220 ° C at maximum temperatures.

Online Monitoring

It is Measurement of temperature, voltage, current, and humidity. Sensors

may include humidity sensors and temperature sensors, working together

with a wi-fi module and an AVR microcontroller.

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Potential Transformer

It is used to measure and monitor the voltage of high voltage lines by

transforming the line voltage to some easily measurable value, often 100V

(nominally). They are designed for relatively low power but high accuracy

and high reliability. The iron core is much larger and the wire resistance

lower than usually necessary for that power. This allows to draw 10 time the

rated power and more, as long as the windings do not overheat (they are

not designed for good heat exchange). The insulation is designed with an

extremely high safety margin, as the device must not fail due to voltage

transients, even of several times the rated voltage. This makes them

virtually indestructible, except thermally (Kronjaeger, 2006).

Current Transformer

A current transformer doesn't 'measure current'. It merely reduces a large

current flowing through its primary to a smaller current which can be read

by an ammeter connected to its secondary. At the same time, it electrically

isolates the secondary circuit from the primary circuit, which is essential if

the primary circuit is part of a high-voltage system (Lathrop, 2012).

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Ambient Temperature of Circuit Breaker

According to Schneider Electric (2018), The acceptable operating

temperature of a circuit breaker is defined by UL in the UL489 standard

(June 2011), which is listed below:

 Terminations for standard rated breakers: UL 489 Paragraph 7.1.4.2.2

says the temperature rise on a wiring terminal at a point to which the

insulation of a wire is brought up as in actual service shall not exceed

50°C (90°F).

 Terminations for 100% rated breakers: UL489 Paragraph 7.1.4.3.3

says the temperature rise on the termination shall not exceed 60 deg.

C (108 deg. F).

 Handles, knobs and other user surfaces: UL489 Paragraph 7.1.4.1.6

says the maximum temperature on handles, knobs, and other surfaces

subject to user contact during normal operation shall not exceed 60°C

(140°F) on metallic and 85°C (185°F) on nonmetallic surfaces.

Table 1: Summary of temperature rise and maximums for a standard

rated breaker (breakers are calibrated in 40 deg. C ambient)
Temp. Rise above Tem. Max at 40 deg. C
Surface
ambient ambient (104 F)
Termination on standard rated
50 deg. C (90 F) 90 deg. C (194 F)
breaker
Termination on 100% rated breaker 60 deg. C (108 F) 100 deg. C (212 F)
Handles, knobs, other user contact
N/A 60 deg. C (140 F) Maximum
surfaces - Metallic
Handles, knobs, other user contact
N/A 85 deg. C (185 F) Maximum
surfaces - Nonmetallic

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Humidity of Circuit Breaker

According to George Electric (2019) Ambient temperature has an effect on

the tripping point of a breaker. If a breaker is operating at near capacity the

additional ambient temperature will lower the breaker trip set point. As to

humidity making the breaker trip easier, the answer is no. Humidity makes

the ambient temperature seem hotter that the true temperature is. A

standard operating temperature of breakers is from -5 to 40 degrees C. If

the breaker is used at higher temperatures than 40 degree C they have to

be de rated, 50 degrees C to 90% and 60 degrees C to 70%. The standard

humidity rating of a breaker is 85%. Humidity that is constantly higher than

85% will require a special tropical environment type of breaker that extends

the humidity range up to 95%.

27
 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Methodology frame work

Data Gathering

Data Simulation

Design Procedure

Design Layout

Final Design

Figure 3.1

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3.2 Data Gathering

3.2.2: Monitoring of Panel Board Parameters

Data on this study were obtained through monitoring system of the

parameters of a panel board. The data obtained will evaluate to determine

the reliability of the prototype monitoring system.

Table 3.1 Voltage test

According in the National Electrical Code states that a voltage drop of 5%

at the furthest receptacle in a branch wiring circuit is acceptable for normal

efficiency.

Table 3.2 Voltage Test

Trial Supply Voltage Sending Alarm

1 =230V off

2 >218.5V off

3 <218.5V on

Table 3.2 Current Test

Trial Current (amp) Sending alarm

1 <2 A off

2 >2 A on

29
 The acceptable operating temperature of a circuit breaker is defined by UL in
the UL489 standard (June 2011), which is listed below.

o Terminations for standard rated breakers: UL 489 Paragraph 7.1.4.2.2

says the temperature rise on a wiring terminal at a point to which the
insulation of a wire is brought up as in actual service shall not exceed 50°C

Table 3.2 Ambient Temperature Test

Trial Temperature (°C) Sending Alarm

1 <50°C off

2 >50°C on

Table 3.2 Humidity Test

Trial Humidity (%) Sending Alarm

1 <80% off

2 >80% on

Table 3.2 Data sheet for monitoring of panel board

Day/Time Voltage Current Temperature Humidity

(volts/high/low) (Ampere/high/low) (Degree Celsius ) (Percent )

30
3.3 Design Procedure

The researcher will design the proposed smart panel board and will be

considering the following considerations are designing the proposed

prototype:

- A power supply circuit consisting of a transformer along with rectifier

diodes, where leads of the secondary winding are connected to first

terminal of rectifier diodes whose second terminals are connected to

output of the power supply circuit. This circuit converts the AC power

to DC power to able to give a power to MCU. A transformer does not

store an energy and it only converts the voltage from primary to

secondary.

- A Relay driver IC is an electro-magnetic switch that will be used

whenever we want to use a low voltage circuit to switch a light bulb

ON and OFF which is connected to 220V mains supply. The required

current to run the relay coil is more than can be supplied by various

integrated circuits like Op-Amp, etc. Relays have unique properties

and are replaced with solid state switches that are strong than solid-

state devices. High current capacities, capability to stand ESD and

drive circuit isolation are the unique properties of Relays.

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- Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or

electronically. Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and

closing contacts in another circuit.

- Voltage regulator, any electrical or electronic device that maintains the

voltage of a power source within acceptable limits. The

voltage regulator is needed to keep voltages within the prescribed

range that can be tolerated by the electrical equipment using that

voltage

- For carrying out a specific function microcontroller are used. A

microcontroller is a device with processor and a memory that can be

used as an embedded system.

- Wi-Fi module is used for transferring data thru cloud and accesses it in

android devices. This module can access the gateway thru cloud and

transmit and received the data needed.

- IOT is an internet of things this method can convert a non-intelligent

parameters into intelligent by adding additional circuit. In this IOT will

serve as the remote in any android devices thru a software called

iotgecko this software can be use by any individual using internet.

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- Humidity sensor is a sensor that can sense a moisture level in part of

the area. This sensor will help the panel board to maintain its function

and prevent any damage inside.

- Panel boards are branch of circuit that gives a power in every

household.

- Potential Transformer is used to measure the high voltage by stepping

down the voltage. The PT is act as voltage sensor which is used to

sense or measure the voltage flow from the system. The potential

transformer place parallel to the load. For calibration purpose, Variable

resistor is needed to change the supply voltage and produce under

voltage and over voltage fault in the power system.

- Current Transformer is generally used to measure the high value of

current. It’s necessary for protection and control the fault. A current

sensor is a device that detects and converts current to an easily

measured output voltage, which is proportional to the current through.

- A temperature sensor Lm35 is a precision temperature sensor with its

output proportional to the temperature (in °c). The operating

temperature range is from -55°c to 150°c.

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- Atmega 328 is used to store data, sending data and the main memory
of the control system.

- Square D’s Powerlink Breaker For circuit breaker to be installing in

panel board, what we use is motorized circuit breaker. Robust
construction and highly effective trip mechanism provide unequaled
remote operation capability in terms of electrical ratings and
mechanical life (rated for 200,000 cycles).

 Motorized mechanism can open and close the contacts when the circuit
breaker handle is in the ON position.

 Contacts cannot be closed remotely when the handle is in the OFF

position or the circuit breaker is tripped.

 Manual override selector located on the front of the circuit breaker–

necessary when emergency power control is required.

 Contact status indication – this superior capability assures the true

status of the branch circuit is reflected back to the remote location.

 Available in 15, 20, and 30 A.

Figure 3.3 Motorized Circuit Breaker

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- Maximum demand is measured in Kilowatt (kW). It is the highest level of
electrical demand monitored in a particular period usually for a month
period. Maximum Demand for any month shall be deemed to be twice the
largest number of kilowatt-hours (kWh) supplied during any consecutive
thirty minutes in that month. MD is the peak load imposed by the customer
to TNB system at any point of time. TNB need to cater for this peak load
whenever required by the customer. Since electricity cannot be stored there
must be sufficient available generation, transmission and distribution
capacity to meet the highest demand. MD tariffs are structured to reflect the
time of day it is used. For these reasons most tariffs for larger users are
designed to encourage customers to control their electricity demand at
daytime peaks. For example, lower night rate electricity encourages the
transfer of daytime usage to the night period. The MD charge is being
practiced by almost all utilities in the world.

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3.4 Design of smart panel board

Design Simulation Modelling

output proportional to the

temperature (in °c). The
operating
Control Circuit Panel Board
temperature range is from -
output 55°coutput
to 150°c.
proportional to proportional to
the the
temperature temperature (in
(in °c). The °c). The
Voltage Sensor
operating Humidity Sensor operating Temperature Current Sensor
Sensor
output
temperature output temperature output
proportional
range istofrom - proportional range
to is from - output proportional to
the
55°c to 150°c. the temperature 55°c to 150°c. proportional to the
temperature (in (in °c). The Arduino the temperature (in
°c). The operating temperature (in °c). The
output
operating °c). The operating
temperature proportional to
operating
temperature range the
LED is from - LCD temperature
range is from - temperature
55°c to 150°c. (intemperature range is from -
55°c to 150°c. output °c). The rangeoutput is from - 55°c to 150°c.
proportion operating 55°c proportion
to 150°c.
al to the al to the
temperature
temperatu Wi-Fi Sensor temperatu
range is from -
re (in °c). re (in °c).
The output 55°c to 150°c.
proportional to the The
operatingtemperature (in °c). The
operating
Data Transfer
operating
temperatu temperatu
output
temperature
re range is range is from
re range is
proportional
from -55°c -55°c to 150°c. from -55°c
to the
to 150°c. to 150°c.
temperature
(in °c). The
operating
Figure 3.4 Design Layout
temperature
range is from
-55°c to
36
150°c.
 The Design Simulation includes the key parameters of a panel board such
as load currents, voltage, temperature and humidity. A Data Logging Device
is used to store the measured parameters.

Block Diagram of Smart Panel Board

Transformer Rectifier

LCD Display
AC
Regulator
SUPPLY

Relay Driver

Wi-Fi IOT /
MCU Module Android
Device
Relay Relay

Panel Board Humidity

Sensor

PT Voltage
Sensor

CT Current
Sensor

Temperature
sensor

Figure 3.4 Block Diagram

37
 Figure 3.2 shows our proposed design for smart panel board. The

parameters are being use to able to communicate using Wi-Fi module, IOT

software, humidity sensor, voltage sensor, current sensor and rectifier or

sampler to convert alternating current into a low voltage level (DC) to able

to recognize by the microcontroller.

3.3 Preparation of sample

The simulation modelling was used to illustrate the ideal low – cost

monitoring system of a smart panel board. And it is being designed by the

researchers including the codes for the input parameters. The instrument

materials used in this study such as humidity sensor, microcontroller

(atmega 328), LCD and Wi-Fi module is purchased in E gizmo and

Circuitrocks to make sure that the equipment is reliable. Relays, resistor,

LED will purchase in electrical manufacturing company for appropriate

information about the materials needed.

3.3 Instrumentation

Transformer - used to either raise or lower voltages and currents in an

electrical circuit.

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Relay Driver / Relay

Regulator Module

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Wi-Fi module

Humidity sensor

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Liquid Crystal Display

Temperature sensor ( DS18B20)

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Current sensor ( 50 amps AC/DC 1118_0)

Voltage sensor

Internet of things application for Android

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