Classification Of Turbine

According To The Working Medium (Working

Substance)
1. Steam Turbine The Working Substance Is High Pressure &
And High Temperature Steam.
2. Water Turbine The Working Substance Is Water.
3. Gas Turbine The Working Substance Is Gas.
4. Wind Turbine The Working Substances Are Wind.

According To The Action

1. Impulse Turbine

2. Reaction Turbine

According To The Direction Of Flow Of Fluid

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1. Tangential

2. Radial

3. Axial

4. Mixed

According To The Stages

1. Single Stages AMAR N. MAURYA

2. Multi Stages

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CLASSIFICATION OF TURBINES (mostly applicable)

CLASSIFICATION OF STEAM TURBINE:-

STEAM TURBINE:-A steam turbine is a prime mover which continuously converts the energy of
high pressure, high temperature steam supplied by a steam generator in to shaft work with low
temperature exhausted in to the condenser.

The energy conversion is in two steps:-

 The high pressure high temperature steam first expands in nozzle and comes out at a high
velocity.
 The high velocity jets of steam coming out of the nozzle, impinging on the blades mounted on
a wheel, get deflected by an angle and suffer a loss of momentum which is absorbed by the
rotating wheel in producing torque.

1. Impulse turbine - In this turbine all pressure drops of steam occur in the nozzle and there
is no pressure drop as steam flow through the passage between two blades.
2. Reaction turbine- In this turbine pressure drops occurs both in the nozzle (or fixed row of
blades) as well as in the moving row of blades.

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CLASSIFICATION OF WATER TURBINE:-

HYDRAULIC TURBINE: - Hydraulic turbine convert the potential energy of water in to shaft work,
which in turn rotates the electric generator.

1. Impulse Turbine: - All available energy of water in converted in to kinetic energy or velocity
head by passing it through a contracting nozzle provided at the end of penstock. Example:
- Pelton wheel.
2. Reaction Turbine: - in a reaction turbine only a part of the available energy of water is
converted into kinetic energy and a substantial part remain in the form of pressure energy.
As water flows through the runner the change from pressure to kinetic energy takes place
gradually. As such the pressure at the inlet of turbine is much higher than the pressure at
the outlet and it varies through the passage of water through the turbine.

The difference of pressure (or pressure drop) between the inlet and out let of the runner is
called reaction pressure and hence this turbine is known a s reaction turbine. Examples: -
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Francis turbine, propeller turbine and Kaplan turbine.

The water turbine is also classified according to the direction of flow of water in the runner

1. Tangential flow turbine: - the water flow along the tangent to the path of rotation of the
runner. Pelton wheel is tangential flow turbine.

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 2. Radial flow turbine: - The water flow along the radial direction and remains wholly and
mainly in the plane normal to the axis of rotation, as it passes to the runner. A radial flow
turbine may be either inward radial flow type or outward radial flow type. In an inward
radial flow turbine the water enters at the, outer circumference and flow radially inwards
towards the center of the runner. In an outer radial flow turbine water enters at the center
of flow radially outwards towards to the outer periphery of the runner.
3. Axial flow turbine: - The flow of water through the runner is wholly and mainly along the
direction parallel to the axis of rotation of the runner. Example: - Kaplan turbine.
4. Mixed flow turbine: - in mixed flow turbine water enters the runner at the outer periphery
in the radial direction and leaves it at the center in the direction parallel to the axis of
rotation of the runner. Example: - modern Francis turbine.

On the basic of the head and quantity of water required the turbine may be classified as
bellow:-

Type Head Examples

Low head 2-15 m Water wheel
Medium head 16-70 m This turbine thus requires a large quantity of water.
Examples: - Kaplan & propeller turbine.
High head 71-500m (These turbines require a large quantity of water.

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Modern franc is turbines may be classified medium
head turbine.)
Very high head 500m Practice pelton wheel used under a high head of
about 1770 meters.

CLASSIFICATION OF GAS TURBINE

GAS TURBINE: - A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion
engine.
Fresh air at ambient condition is drawn in to the compressor, where its temperature is raised.
The high pressure air proceeds in to the combustion chamber, where the fuel is burned at
constant pressure. The resulting high temperature gases then enter the turbine, where they
expand to the atmosphere pressure while producing power. The exhaust gases leave the turbine.
The gas turbine is to be used power generation as well as jet propulsion system.
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1. Turbofan: - (also called as Fanjet); It is an engine in which a large fan driven by the
turbine forces a considerable amount of air through a duct surrounding the engine. The
fan exhaust leaves the duct at a higher velocity, enhancing the total thrust of the engine.
2. Ramjet:- A ramjet is a properly shaped duct with no compressor or turbine and it is used
for high speed propulsion of missiles and aircraft.

CLASSIFICATION OF WIND TURBINE:-

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WIND TURBINE: - A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind, also
called wind energy, into mechanical energy; a process known as wind power. Wind turbines can
rotate about either a horizontal or a vertical axis, the former being both older and more common.

It is classified on the basic of axis of rotation:-

1. Horizontal axis: - Horizontal-axis wind turbines have the main rotor shaft and electrical
generator at the top of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind. Most have a gearbox,
which turns the slow rotation of the blades into a quicker rotation that is more suitable to
drive an electrical generator.
2. Vertical turbine:-Vertical-axis wind turbines have the main rotor shaft arranged vertically.
Advantages of this arrangement are that the turbine does not need to be pointed into the
wind to be effective. This is an advantage on sites where the wind direction is highly
variable, for example when integrated into buildings. With a vertical axis, the generator
and gearbox can be placed near the ground, using a direct drive from the rotor assembly to
the ground.

3. Crass flow turbine: - Another type of vertical axis is the Parallel turbine similar to the
cross flow fan or centrifugal fan it uses the ground effect.

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Power plant
A power station (also referred to as a generating station, power plant, powerhouse or generating plant) is
an industrial facility for the generation of electric power At the center of nearly all power stations is a
generator, a rotating machine that converts mechanical power into electrical power by using a turbo-
generator.

THERMAL POWER STATIONS

In thermal power stations, mechanical power is produced by a heat engine that transforms thermal energy,
often from combustion of a fuel, into rotational energy. Most thermal power stations produce steam, and
these are sometimes called steam power stations. Not all thermal energy can be transformed into
mechanical power, according to the second law of thermodynamics.

CLASSIFICATION
❶ Power from Non Renewable

1. Fossil-fuel power stations may also use a steam turbine generator or in the case of natural gas-fired
plants may use a combustion turbine. A conventional coal-fired power station produces heat by

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burning coal in a steam boiler. The steam drives a steam turbine and generator that then produces
electricity.
2. Nuclear power plants use a nuclear reactor's heat that is transferred to steam which then operates a
steam turbine and generator.
3. Geothermal power plants use steam extracted from hot underground rocks.
4. Biomass-fuelled power plants may be fuelled by waste from sugar cane, municipal solid waste,
landfill methane, or other forms of biomass.

❷ Power from renewable energy

Power stations can also generate electrical energy from renewable energy sources.

1. Hydroelectricity
Dams built to produce hydroelectricity impound a reservoir of water and release it through one or
more water turbines, connected to generators, and generate electricity, from the energy provided
by difference in water level upstream and downstream.
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2. Pumped Storage
A pumped-storage hydroelectric power plant is a net consumer of energy but can be used to
smooth peaks and troughs in overall electricity demand. Pumped storage plants typically use
"spare" electricity during off peak periods to pump water from a lower reservoir or dam to an upper
reservoir.

3. Solar Energy

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 Solar energy can be turned into electricity either directly in solar cells, or in a concentrating
solar power plant by focusing the light to run a heat engine. A solar photovoltaic power
plant converts sunlight into direct current electricity using the photoelectric effect. Inverters
change the direct current into alternating current for connection to the electrical grid. This
type of plant does not use rotating machines for energy conversion.
4. Solar Thermal Power Plants
Solar thermal power plants are another type of solar power plant. They use either parabolic
troughs or heliostats to direct sunlight onto a pipe containing a heat transfer fluid, such as
oil. The heated oil is then used to boil water into steam, which turns a turbine that drives an
electrical generator. The central tower type of solar thermal power plant uses hundreds or
thousands of mirrors, depending on size, to direct sunlight onto a receiver on top of a tower. Again,
the heat is used to produce steam to turn turbines that drive electrical generators.

5. Wind
Wind turbines can be used to generate electricity in areas with strong, steady winds, sometimes
offshore. Many different designs have been used in the past, but almost all modern turbines being
produced today use a three-bladed, upwind design.

6. Ocean Energy or Ocean Power

Ocean energy or ocean power refers to the energy carried by ocean waves, tides, salinity, and ocean
temperature differences. The movement of water in the world’s oceans creates a vast store of
kinetic energy, or energy in motion. This energy can be harnessed to generate electricity to power

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homes, transport and industries.

Typical power output

The power generated by a power station is measured in multiples of the watt, typically megawatts (10 6
watts) or gigawatts (109 watts).
Power stations vary greatly in capacity depending on the type of power plant and on historical, geographical
and economic factors. The following examples offer a sense of the scale.

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