Prevention – the state must punish the criminals to prevent or suppress the danger to the state arising from

the criminal acts of the offender.

Self defense – the state has the right to punish the criminal as a measure of self defense so as to protect
society from the treat and wrong action inflicted by the criminals.
Reformation – the object of punishment in criminal case is to correct and reform the offender.
Exemplarity – the criminal is punished to serve as an example to others to deter from committing the crime.
Justice – that crime must be punished by the state as an act of retributive justice, vindication of absolute right
and moral law violated by the criminal.
Retribution – personal vengeance
Expiation – group vengeance
Deterrence – the exponent of the classical theory contended that punishment is to prevent others in
committing a crime.
Impaling - killing by piercing with a spear or sharp pole.
Burning at stake – a form of executing death by tying the victim in a vertical post for burning.
Guillotine – kill by cutting the head off with a guillotine.
Furca – V-shaped yolk worn around the neck and where the outstretched arms of convict were tied to.
Ducking stool – instrument of punishment consisting of a chair in which offenders were ducked in water.
Pillory – post with holes for the wrist and neck; offenders were locked in and so exposed to public scorn
Stocks – consisting of a heavy timber frame with holes in which the feet of an offender could be locked.
Dungeon – a dark cell where prisoners can be confined
Galley – a large medieval vessel with a single deck.
Hulks – floating hells
13th century – refuge in church to avoid punishment.
16th century – partially relieved overcrowding of prisons.
17th – 18th century – death penalty, became prevalent as a form of punishment
1870 – 1880 – golden age of penology
Ergastulum – roman prison used to confined slaves.
Gaol – means jail
Underground cistern – an underground tank for rainwater.
Mamertime prison – confinement built under the main sewer of rome
Code of hammurabi – lex taliones
Justinian code – written by emperor Justinian of rome in 6th c.a.d
Twelve tables – represented the earliest codification of roman law incorporated into the Justinian code.
Code of draco – harsh code
Burgundian code – punishment according to social class
Code of kalantiao – promulgated in 1433
Maragtas code – datu maragtas
Charles Montesquieu - French historian and philosopher
William penn – imprisonment as correctional, abolition of death penalty and torture
Voltaire – believes that fear of shame was a deterrent to crime
Cesare beccaria – humanistic goal of law
Manuel montession – director of prison in Valencia
John howard - maintenance of facilities
Alexander moconochie – former superintendent of british penal colony at norfolk island (mark system)
Llemetz of france – established agricultural colony
Sir walter crofton – director of irish prison in 1854
Zebulon r. Brockway – father of prison reform
Sir evelyn ruggles brise – director of English prison
James v. Bennett – wrote closing of Alcatraz prison