Kevin Mathew

• Electricity
• Current
• Voltage
• Resistance
• Resistor
• Capacitor
• Inductor
• Fuse
• Semiconductors
• Diode
• Transistor
• FET & MOSFET
• Crystal
•IC (Integrated Ceircuit)
Electricity is a natural phenomenon that occurs
throughout nature and takes many different forms.
All materials are made up from atoms, and all atoms
consist of protons, neutrons and electrons.

When these protons, neutrons and electrons are

Protons - positive electrical charge.
together within the atom they are happy and stable.
But if we separate themNeutrons
from each- no other they
electrical want to
charge.
reform and start to exert a potential of attraction
Electrons - negative electrical charge
called a potential difference.
In a closed circuit the loose electrons will start to move and drift
back to the protons due to their attraction creating a flow of
electrons. This flow of electrons is called an electrical current.
In 1872 the German physicist Georg Ohm found that, at a
constant temperature, the electrical current flowing through a
fixed linear resistance is directly proportional to the voltage
applied across it, and also inversely proportional to the
resistance. This relationship between the Voltage, Current and
Resistance forms the basis of Ohms Law and is shown below

Voltage (V) = Current(I) X Resistance(R)

Current(I) = Voltage (V) ÷ Resistance(R)
Resistance(R) = Voltage (V) ÷ Current(I)

Power (W) = Voltage (V) X Current(I)

All basic electrical or electronic circuits consist of three
separate but very much related electrical quantities called:
Voltage ( v ), Current ( I ) and Resistance ( Ω ).

Voltage is the potential difference in charge between

two points.

Current is the rate at which charge is flowing.

Resistance is a material’s tendency to resist the flow

of charge (current).
Voltage, ( V ) is the potential energy of an electrical supply
stored in the
Voltage form of an electrical charge.
Symbols
The difference in voltage between any two points,
connections or junctions (called nodes) in a circuit is known
as the Potential Difference, ( p.d. ) commonly called the
Voltage Drop.

A constant voltage source is called a DC (Direct current)

Voltage with a voltage that varies periodically with time is
called an AC (Alternate current) voltage.

Voltage is measured in volts.

While a potential difference is applied across a conductor,
electrical charge flows through it and electrical current is the
measure of the quantity of the electrical charge flowing
through the conductor per unit time.

Electric current is the rate of charge flow past a given point in

an electric circuit, measured in Coulombs/second which is
named Amperes.

It can be assumed that the resistance to current flow is a

constant so that the current in the circuit is related to voltage
and resistance by Ohm's law. The standard abbreviations for
the units are 1 A = 1C/s.
Electrical resistance may be defined as the basic property of any
substance due to which it opposes the flow of current through it.

The current through a substance not only depends on the

numbers of free electrons in it, but also depends on the length of
path an electron has to travel to reach from lower potential end
to higher potential end of the substance.
In addition to that, every electron has to collide randomly with
other atoms and electrons in numbers of times during its
travelling.
So, every substance has a property to resist current through it and
this property is known as electric resistance.
 Voltage Current Resistance Power

1 Cell – 1.5 V 1 Bulb – 3 Ω