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Journal of Sound and Vibration (1972) 21(3), 355-364

VIBRATION OF COLUMN-SUPPORTED FLOOR SLABS

M. PETYTANDW. H. MWZA

Institute of Sound and Vibration Research,


University of Southampton, Southampton SO9 SNH, England

(Received 25 January 1972)

The tinite element displacement method of analysis is used to determine the vibration
characteristics of floor slabs on four column supports. The results obtained are compared
with other theoretical solutions and also experimental measurements. The effect of rigidity
and finite area of the column supports are investigated. Finally, the vibration characteristics
of various arrangements of slabs on many supports are considered.

1. INTRODUCTION
Column-supported floor slabs are a common feature in contemporary building construction.
The columns are generally located in a regular pattern so as to facilitate the partitioning of
the floor area for various purposes. The dynamic response of such a configuration is of
interest when the slabs experience out-of-plane oscillatory loads from machinery resting
upon them.
The simplest representation of a column-supported floor slab is a point-supported plate.
The term “point-support” is used to denote a constraint of zero deflection. A number of
papers [l-6] concerned with the free vibration of square or rectangular plates on four point-
supports have already appeared. Nishimura [l] used the finite difference method to obtain
the first ten frequencies and nodal patterns of a square plate supported at its four corners.
He obtained results which agreed closely with experiment using only a relatively coarse grid.
Cox and Boxer also used the finite difference method to calculate the first five frequencies of
a square plate supported at its comers. They also determined the variation of the fundamental
frequency with aspect ratio of a rectangular plate on corner supports. Kirk [3] used the
Rayleigh-Ritz method to determine the fundamental frequency of a square comer-supported
plate. Assuming very simple mode shapes he obtained good agreement with [2]. Reed [4]
obtained extensive analytical and experimental results for a rectangular plate supported at
its four comers. The analytical results were achieved by the Rayleigh-Ritz and a series
method. A twenty-four term solution shows very good agreement with experiment. Tso [5]
used the Rayleigh-Ritz method to determine the frequencies of square plates point-supported
at various positions along the diagonals. He attempted to correlate the results for the funda-
mental frequency with experiment. However, none of the modal forms assumed gave satis-
factory results for all possible support locations. Johns and Nagaraj [6] carried out a similar
investigation. They used both the Rayleigh-Ritz and finite difference methods in an attempt
to obtain both upper and lower bounds for the natural frequencies.
In this paper the finite element displacement method of analysis is used, first of all, to
determine the vibration characteristics of plates on four point-supports. This is followed by
an investigation into the effect of the rigidity of the column support. Finally, various arrange-
ments of plates on many point-supports are considered.
355
356 M. PETYT AND W. H. MIRZA

2. PLATES ON FOUR POINT-SUPPORTS


2.1. SQUARE PLATES
Consider a thin elastic square plate of side a. The coordinate axes OX and 0~ are orientated
parallel to the edges of the plate with the origin 0 at the centre. The plate is supported at the
four points [*a(04 - cr), +a(05 - cc)]as shown in Figure 1. Thus the case of cI= 0 corresponds
to a plate supported at its four corners whilst oz= 0.5 represents a plate with a single central
support. For all other intermediate values of LX,the supports lie on the diagonals.
The frequencies and mode shapes of such a configuration were determined using the finite
element displacement method of analysis. The details of this method are well documented in
the literature and so will not be presented here. Instead, the reader is referred to references
17, 81.
Two rectangular plate bending elements were used in the analysis. The first had three
degrees of freedom per node (displacement w and two slopes awlax and awl+). The second

T
(I

-L
Figure 1. Co-ordinate and support locations of a square plate.

element also had the twist term 8 w/axay as an additional nodal parameter. A detailed
description of these elements and their relative merits is given in [9]. Since the plate is sym-
metrical about the coordinate axes only one quarter of it need be considered. By this means one
large eigenvalue problem is replaced by four smaller eigenvalue problems. These four
problems correspond to the four combinations of symmetry and anti-symmetry of the
modes about the coordinate axes. In performing these analyses it is assumed that the normal
slope is zero along a line of symmetry and the displacement is zero along a line of anti-
symmetry. In order to check these assumptions a comparison was made with one analysis
of the complete plate.
Table 1 gives the values of a non-dimensional frequency parameter Q = cuaZ2/(pt/D)
(CLJ= frequency, p = density, t = thickness, D = Et3/12(1 - y2), E = Young’s modulus,
u = Poisson’s ratio) for the first six modes of a corner-supported plate (r~= 0). These results
were obtained for two different subdivisions of the quarter plate. It is clear from this table
that with an increase in the number of elements, the two element models yield results that
converge to the “exact” value from above. Since the plate is square there are two modes
2~ and 2b with the same frequency. The mode shape for 2b is the same as that for 2a rotated
through 90’. The lowest of the finite element solutions is compared with various theoretical
and experimental results in Table 2. In all cases there is close agreement. Both the finite
element and series solution results provide an upper bound to the experimental values for
all but the fundamental mode. However, the finite difference results are sometimes above
and sometimes below the experimental values. In reference [2] analyses were performed for
two different grid spacings. An extrapolation using Richardson’s formula was then carried
out in an attempt to increase the accuracy of the results. The extrapolated values are the
VIBRATIONOFFLOOR SLABS 357

ones quoted in Table 2. The results for both grid spacings are lower bounds to the experimental
results. Although the extrapolation has increased the accuracy of the solution it has destroyed
its lower bound characteristic.
Table 3 gives the values of the non-dimensional frequency parameter s1 for the fundamental
mode for various support locations. Again finite element results are given for both element
models and two subdivisions of the quarter plate. In each case the support point occurs at a
node point of the idealization. These solutions also converge from above. The results are

TABLE 1
Finite element solutions for first six frequency para-
meters of a corner-supported square plate

Mode 4 Plate
KlO. subdivision 3 d.f./node 4 d.f./node

1 2x2 7.184 7.170


4X4 7.177 7.143
%b 2x2 16.30 16.06
4x4 16.01 15.59
3 2x2 19.62 19.62
4x4 19.62 1960
4 2x2 39.73 39.18
4x4 39.30 38.73
5 2x2 45.94 45.25
4x4 45.78 44.79

TABLET

Comparison between theory and experiment for the first six


frequency parameters of a corner-supported square plate

Finite Series
Mode difference solution Experimental Finite
no. 121 r41 [41 element

1 7.117 7.12 7.16 7.143


2a, b 15.73 15.77 15.5 15.59
3 19.13 19.60 19.5 19.60
4 38.42 3844 38.2 38.73
5 43.55 44.4 443 4479

compared with the finite difference solutions of reference [6]. From this comparison it
appears that the finite difference solution is not always a lower bound solution. For supports
close to the edge the finite difference results are good but when the supports are near the
centre then the deviation is rather large.
Figure 2 shows a comparison between the finite element solutions and the experimental
and Rayleigh-Ritz solutions of reference [S]. All three deflected shapes used in the Rayleigh-
Ritz analysis yield high values of a especially for support positions near the centre. However,
the general agreement between the finite element results and the experimental values is good
for all values of a.
Table 4 lists the first six frequency parameters for various support locations. The corre-
sponding nodal patterns are shown in Figure 3. Dots indicate the support positions while
358 M. PETYT AND W. H. MIRZA

TABLE 3
Frequency parameter for the fundamental mode of point-
supported square plates with various support locations

Finite element Finite


+ Plate , , difference
a subdivision 3 d.f./node 4 d.f./node [61

0 2x2 7.184 7.170 7.092


4x4 7.177 7.143
o-1 2x2 12.921 12.921 12.58
4x4 12.827 12.799
0.2 2x2 19.622 19.622 22.26
4x4 19.613 19.612
0.3 2x2 19.207 19.207 18.31
4x4 19.158 19.317
o-4 2x2 13.383 13.383 15-32
4x4 13.300 13.280
0.5 2x2 11.344 11.306 26*82t
4x4 11.283 11.247 (13.48)$

t Original. $ Modified.

80 I I I I
70-
60-

Figure 2. Plots of fundamental frequency vs. support locations. 0, Experiment; -, theory; 0, finiteelement
(see reference [5]).
TABLE 4
Variation of frequency parameter of jirst six modes of a square plate with support
location

Mode number

a II 2 3 4 5 6

0 7.143 15.590 15.590 19,599 38.729 44.792


o-1 12.798 19.599 23.245 23.245 55.266 62.072
0.2 19.612 23.043 32.803 32.803 46.108 46.108
o-3 19.137 1960 23.621 23.621 25.990 37.650
0.4 13.287 13.837 13.837 16.621 19.599 37.843
o-5 0.0 o-o 11.247 13.610 19.599 32.347
VIBRATION OF FLOOR SLABS 359

I 2 3 4 5 6

05fgpJTJpJpJEJ
Figure 3. Nodal patterns of first six modes of vibration of point-supported plates.

the nodal lines are shown by the broken lines. The mode shape with nodal lines coincident
with the diagonals occurs for each support location at the same frequency. This mode is also
the mode of vibration of a free plate with frequency parameter 19.596 (see reference [lo]).
The mode of vibration of a free plate with one nodal circle with Sz = 24.270, is also a mode
of vibration of the plate whose supports are on the nodal circle. This occurs when ccis approxi-
mately 0.2. Again the fourth mode for cc= 0.5 is also a mode of vibration of a free plate
(&I= 13.473). The fist two modes for this case are rigid body modes whilst the third has a
single nodal point only.
2.2. RECTANGULARPLATES
A rectangular plate of aspect ratio 2 with comer supports was analyzed using the four-
degree-of-freedom per node element and a 4 x 4 gridwork for the quarter plate. The results
obtained are presented in Table 5. This table also gives a comparison between the finite
element solution and the theoretical and experimental results of reference [4]. There is very
close agreement between all the results. Both the series solution and the finite element analysis
give upper bounds to the experimental results, the series solution giving slightly better
accuracy.
TABLET
Comparison between theory and experiment
for the first six frequency parameters of a
corner-supported rectangular plate

Series
Mode solution Experimental Finite
no. [41 r41 element

: 27.50
9.29 27.0
9.15 28.43
9*33

3 32.83 32.5 33.41


4 52-o 51-l 53.08
5 63.8 62.4 65.94
6 71.3 70.3 72.46
360 M. PETYT AND W. H. MIRZA

3. EFFECT OF JOINT RIGIDITY


The results discussed in the previous section assume a point-support with the plate hinged
on it. However, in building construction, if the slab and columns are cast in situ, the joint
may be regarded as rigid. Even in the construction of prefabricated panel systems, certain
bending rigidity may be introduced if the joints are welded or when additional reinforcement
is used and the gaps are filled in situ. Timoshenko and Woinowsky-Krieger [I I] discuss, in
brief, the effect of a rigid slab-column connection on the magnitude of static bending moments.
They give empirical values for the peripheries of the “areas of influence” for circular and
square columns.

101
0 0025 005 0075 010 0,125 015

&

Figure 4. Effectof rigid columnjoint on slab frequencies.we,Frequencywith rigidjoint; w., frequencywith


hingedjoint; n, mode number.

The effect of joint rigidity was determined by idealizing a square slab into a 6 x 6 gridwork
of elements. The finite area of the columns, assumed square, was represented by the four
corner elements (see Figure 4). Using the three-degree-of-freedom per node element, the
first four natural frequencies were calculated for various column areas. In all cases the
columns and the slab-column junctions were assumed to be rigid. The results obtained are
shown in Figure 4. It can be seen that even for a point support (e = 0), there is a large increase
in the fundamental frequency when w, awlax and aw/ay are constrained at the joints. With
an increase in the column cross-section, the stiffness of the slab increases producing large
increases in the natural frequencies. This effect is largest for the fundamental frequency and
decreases progressively as the mode number increases.

4. PLATES AND MANY POINT-SUPPORTS


This section describes the vibration characteristics of plates divided up into square bays
by point-supports. As the number of bays increases the number of elements in the structural
idealization increases resulting in a large number of degrees of freedom. In such a case a
direct eigenvalue solution becomes uneconomic. This problem was overcome by making use
of the “eigenvalue economizer” technique, simultaneously proposed by Guyan [12] and
Irons [13]. This procedure consists essentially of retaining only a small proportion of the
nodal displacements termed as “masters”. The remaining “slave” displacements take the
values dictated by the “masters”.
VIBRATION OF FLOOR SLABS 361
Before applying the economizer technique to multisupported plates, a check was made on
the accuracy of the method. For this purpose, a corner-supported square plate was analyzed
using the 3 degrees of freedom per node and a 4 x 4 subdivision of the full plate. The values
of the frequency parameter 52 for the first six modes were determined with and without the
use of eigenvalue economizers. The results are presented in Table 6. Figure 5 shows the two

TABLE 6

Comparison of frequency parameters from direct analysis and eigenvalue economization


analysis for a square corner supported plate

Mode number
Plate Total degrees r
subdivision of freedom I 2 3 4 5 6

4x4 71t 7.184 16.30 16.30 19.62 39.731 45.943


4x4 21$ 7.184 16.324 16.324 19.676 40.164 46.572
4x4 9$ 7.194 16.484 16.484 20.093 42.728 49.704

t Direct analysis. $ Eigenvalue economizer.

(0) (b)
Figure 5. Master displacements for eigenvalue economizer analysis. (a) 21 masters (b) 9 masters.

TABLE 7

First ten frequency parameters for one-dimensional arrays of square bays

Mode number
No. of ,
bays 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 -__- 10
2 16.272 16.758 33.280 35.720 37.200 39.480 SO.722 75.450 82.210 83.270
3 24405 25.410 28.392 55.890 56.010 56.040 57.848 65.643 68,160 85.950
4 33.016 33.412 37.200 38.968 75.480 75.640 78.088 78.460 86.010 87.520
5 41.410 41.860 45.425 48.420 49.420 95.585 95.645 101.822 101.824 105.795

choices of master displacements. It is clear from Table 6 that, without any appreciable loss
in the accuracy of the results, a considerable saving in computer storage is made by employing
eigenvalue economizers. When only deflections are retained at all the node points, the first
six frequency parameters are within 2 % of the values obtained by a direct analysis although
the total degrees of freedom have been reduced to less than a third. The results which follow
are based upon this very order of retention for the master displacements.
Table 7 lists the first ten frequency parameters for rectangular plates divided up into square
bays by point-supports. Results are presented for up to five bays. The table shows that due
to the periodicity of the structure, the frequencies occur in bands. The number of frequencies
23
362 M. PETYT AND W. H. MIRZA

in the first band is equal to the number of bays, whilst the number in the second band is twice
the number in the first. The reason for this is that the second and third frequencies of a
single bay are equal. One would expect that, in the case of rectangular bays, the number of
frequencies in each band would be equal to the number of bays. In the case of square bays
two of these bands have coalesced. The deflected forms of the bay edges in the x- and y-
directions for the first frequency band are shown in Figures 6 and 7, respectively. These figures

Figure 6. Modes of vibration of plate edges in x-direction (first band of frequencies). n, Number of
frequencies in the band; ----, original position.

Figure 7. Modes of vibration of plate edges in y-direction (first band of frequencies). n, Number of bays;
----, original position.

show that a definite pattern in the mode shapes exists. Alternate modes are symmetrical and
antisymmetrical about the centre in the x-direction whilst there is only one half-wave in the
y-direction. Some exceptions to this rule appear to occur. It is thought that this is due to the
accumulation of numerical errors. The amplitudes in question are small (two to three orders
of magnitude less than the maximum) and the frequency parameters close. At the lowest
frequency the predominant vibration is confined to the outer bays. For increasing mode
number the vibration extends inwards with adjacent bays out-of-phase with one another.
At the highest frequency in the band all bays in the array are out-of-phase. A careful examina-
tion of Tables 1 and 7 reveals a simple relationship between the fundamental frequency of a
single bay !S,, and the lowest frequency L&i in the first band of an n-bay plate. In order to
obtain an approximate value for J&i the following expression can be used :
Q”, = 4Q,, + 1)
For all values of n up to 5, the frequency parameters obtained from this expression were
within 5 % of the values given in Table 7.
VIBRATION OF FLOOR SLABS 363
Table 8 lists the first ten frequency parameters for square plates divided up into two-
dimensional arrays of square bays by point-supports. Results are presented for 2 x 2 and
3 x 3 arrays. Like the one-dimensional arrays, the frequencies again occur in bands, the first
band containing as many frequencies as the number of bays in the configuration. The
deflections of the bay edges for the first frequency band are shown in Figure 8 for the 2 x 2
array. The lowest frequency corresponds to the case when the bays vibrate in-phase in the

TABLE 8

First ten frequency parameters for two-dimensional arrays of square bays

Mode number
No. of , .
bays 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
-
2 x 2 35.10 35.21 39.35 41.57 71.11 71.13 71.18 80.26 86.83 89.16
3 x 3 79.89 85.47 85.53 85.84 87.80 99.53 99.59 109.15 122.24 161.31

Mode I Mode 2

Mode 3 Mode 4

Figure 8. Modes of vibration of four point supported plates placed in a square grid (tit band of frequen-
cies). 0, Point support; ----, original position.

Mode 4 Mode 5 Mode 6

ffJ$$J yx$j$ @

Mode 7 Mode 8 Mode 9

Figure 9. Modes of vibration of point-supported square plates in a 3 x 3 grid.


23*
364 M. PETYT AND W. H. MIRZA

x-direction but out-of-phase in the y-direction. The second mode is the same as the first
rotated through 90”. In this case one would expect the frequencies of these modes to be equal.
The slight difference in Table 8 is probably due to the accumulation of numerical errors. The
third mode is also a mode of vibration of a corner-supported square plate with the same
frequency parameter (see Table 1 and Figure 3). The fourth and highest frequency in the
band has all the bays vibrating in-phase with one another. The modal deflections for the
first frequency band of the 3 x 3 array are shown in Figure 9. Mode 3 has the same deflected
shape as mode 2 turned through 90”. Table 8 again shows slight discrepancies in their fre-
quency parameters. At the lowest frequency all adjacent bays are out-of-phase, whilst at
the highest frequency all bays are in-phase. An approximate value of the lowest frequency
parameter in the first band Qnn, is given by the expression
Q”“, = n[n(Q,, + 1) + 11.

5. CONCLUSIONS
The finite element displacement method has been used to determine the vibration charac-
teristics of floor slabs supported by columns. It has been shown that in the case of corner-
supported square and rectangular slabs the method is as accurate as the other analyses
previously suggested. When the supports lie on the diagonals of a square slab then the method
proves to be the most accurate available. Because of the ease of application to various
configurations it has been possible to investigate the effect of joint rigidity and also the finite
area of the column cross section. Finally, the vibration characteristics of slabs on many
supports has been determined.

REFERENCES
1. T. NISHIMURA1953 Proceedings Third Japanese National Congress of Applied Mechanics 417-420.
Studies on vibration problems of flat plates by means of difference calculus.
2. H. L. Cox and J. BOXER 1960 Aeronautical Quarterly 11,41-50. Vibration of rectangular plates
point-supported at the corners.
3. C. L. KIRK 1962 Journal of the Royal Aeronautical Society 66, 240-241. A note on the lowest
natural frequency of a square plate point-supported at the comers.
4. R. E. REED, JR. 1965 NASA TN D-3030. Comparison of methods in calculating frequencies of
corner-supported rectangular plates.
5. W. K. Tso 1966 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal 4, 733-735. On the
fundamental frequency of a four point-supported square elastic plate.
6. D. J. JOHNSand V. T. NAGARAJ 1969 Journal of Sound and Vibration 10,404-410. On the funda-
mental frequency of a square plate symmetrically supported at four points.
7. 0. C. ZIENKIEWICZ 1967 The Finite Element Method in Structural and Continuum Mechanics.
London: McGraw-Hill.
8. J. S. PRZEMIENIECKI1968 Theory of Matrix Structural Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.
9. V. MASON 1968 Journal of Sound and Vibration 7, 437-448. Rectangular finite elements for
analysis of plate vibrations.
10. A. W. LEISSA1969 NASA SP-160. Vibration of plates.
11. S. TIMOSHENKOand S. WOINOWSKY-KRIEGER 1959 Theory of Plates and Shells. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
12. R. J. GUYAN 1965 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal 3,280-281. Reduc-
tion of stiffness and mass matrices.
13. B. M. IRONS 1965 American Znstitute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal 3, 961-962.
Structural eigenvalue problems-elimination of unwanted variables.

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