PURPOSIVE COMMUNICATION (South America, Asia, Southern Europe)

Globalization- is the process by which people AFFECTIVE VS. NEUTRAL

and goods move easily across borders.
 Globalization has speeded up
enormously over the last half-century,
thanks to great leaps in technology
 Globalizations has led many to millions
of people being lifted out of poverty
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
 Communicating across cultures is
challenging. Each cultures has set rules
that its members taken for granted.
HIGH CONTEXT VS. LOW CONTEXT
High Context Cultures- leave message
unspecified, to be understood through context,
nonverbal cues etc.
Neutral- they don’t telegraph their emotions of
feelings , keep them carefully controlled and
subdued.
(Japan, Norway, Netherlands, Indonesia,
UK)
Affective- they telegraph their feelings.
VARIETIES OF ENGLISH
EXPANDING CIRCLE(FOREIGN
LANGUAGE)
China, Indonesia, Taiwan, Korea, Japan,
Egypt, SAUDI Arabia, Nepal, Israel,
South America
OUTER CIRCLE(SECOND LANGUAGE)

 Mediterranean Bangladesh, Philippines, Singapore,

 Slav Malaysia, India, Nigeria, Kenya,
 Central European Pakistan, Ghana, Sri Lanka
 Latin American
 African INNER CIRCLE(NATIVE LANGUAGE)
 Arab US, UK, New Zealand, Australia,
 Asian Canada
 American-Indian

Low Context Countries- messages are clear and

specific Acrolect- comes closest to the standard

 Germanic Basilect- digresses thoroughly from it and comes

 English Speaking Countries closest to the pidgin, less prestigious dialect

SEQUENTIAL VS SYNCHRONIC Mesolect- middle variety, an intermediate dialect

Sequential Cultures- businesspeople give full
attention to one agenda item after another
(North America, English, German,
Swedish and Dutch)
Synchronic- flow of time is viewed as circle ,
with the past, present, future, long-term planning
Edulects- these varieties resulting from one
certain types of education by social class but are
conveyed or transferred by the kind of
instruction from school
Singaporean English- actsy- show off, missy-
nurse, chop- rubber stamp
Philippine English- deep- puristic or hard to
understand, stick-cigarette, highblood-tense or
upset, blowout- treating someone,
Malaysian English- antilog- male hated by a girl,
Popcorn- a loquacious person, kachang- peanut,
easy, slambar- relax, open shelf- girls who are
popular and those who are not, day bugs- those
who come to attend school but do not live in
residence halls,
Textese- language of texts, sms language or
textese language
CULTURAL TEXTS
- One cause of miscommunication is
pronunciation
Cultural Barriers- not only in differing
languages, it may also be in the form of a
cultural practice or even a bodily gestures.

REGISTERS OF ENGLISH Challenges of Intercultural

Communication
A variety of language defined according to its
use in social situations. -English is now a global lingua franca.

Language being the product of interaction Handshake- is commonly done by people

among the members of the society, must introduced to each other by a third party.
ultimately be studied according to the social
Country or Region Type of Handshake
context in which it is found United States Firm Handshake
France Soft Handshake
Style- refers to the degree of formality attached
Germany Firm, handshake, for
to particular interpersonal social situation which men traditionally
reflected by differences in language accompanied by a
bow
Registers- refers to kind of language whose Japan Handshake with arm
forms are of a definable social situation, firmly extended,
regardless of the status of the participants accompanied by a
bow
Genre- associated more with the organization of Middle East Handshake and free
culture, register is understood as the context- hand placed on the
specific variety of language. forearm of the other
person
Field- may be analysed in terms of the social
setting and the communicative purpose in which
Diener- “german” bow means a bow to
the text is produced.
and in recognition of an authority
Tenor- roles required for the writers and readers
including the cultural values shared by both. Sources of Misunderstanding

Mode- explained in light knowledge of other 1. Ambiguity- lack of explicitness on

texts required of speakers/listeners and the part of the speaker in the form of
writers/readers as regards the genre including problematic reference and
ambiguous semantics.
Legase- legal language, is highly characterized
2. Performance-related
by archaic expression, technical jargon intrinsic
misunderstanding- slips of the
only to the community of legal professionals
 tongue and mishearing which may
due to utterances spoken quickly
and unclearly
3. Language-related misunderstanding-
ungrammaticality of sentences
4. Gaps in word knowledge- gaps in
content rather than language
5. Local Context- turns within the
sequences produced by the
participants themselves, and the
orientation of the participants as
well as the repair moves.