III.

INTERNET RELATED ARTICLES

Global Industrial Transformer Market Dynamics, Trends, Opportunities,

Drivers, Challenges and Influence Factors Shared in a Latest Report
November 27, 2019

A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers electrical energy between

two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in one
coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic field, which in turn induces a
varying electromotive force(emf) or “voltage” in a second coil. Power can be
transferred between the two coils, without a metallic connection between the two
circuits.

Transformers are essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of

alternating current electrical energy. A wide range of transformer designs is
encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Transformers range in
size from RF transformers less than a cubic centimeter in volume to units
interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons.

Access Report Details at: https://www.themarketreports.com/report/global-

industrial-transformer-market-research-report

The global Industrial Transformer market is valued at xx million US$ in 2018 is

expected to reach xx million US$ by the end of 2025, growing at a CAGR of xx%
during 2019-2025.

This report focuses on Industrial Transformer volume and value at global level,
regional level and company level. From a global perspective, this report
represents overall Industrial Transformer market size by analyzing historical data
and future prospect. Regionally, this report focuses on several key regions: North
America, Europe, China and Japan.

Key companies profiled in Industrial Transformer Market report are ABB,

Alstom Power, Siemens Energy, Acme Electric, Altrafo, CELME, Crompton
and Greaves, EREMU, GE and more in term of company basic information,
Product Introduction, Application, Specification, Production, Revenue, Price and
Gross Margin (2014-2019), etc.

Purchase this Premium Report at: https://www.themarketreports.com/report/buy-

now/1422247
Metal Power Inductors Market Size Outlook 2025: Top Companies -TDK,
Murata, Samsung, Taiyo Yuden, Sumida
November 29, 2019

“A Metal Power Inductors Market Research Report :-

Metal power inductors have high power and high inductance value and some of
them posses with high temperature co-efficient stability. An inductor is a passive
component consisting of two basic parts: a core and a coil. Core material can be
ferrite (which is iron) or metal composite. A coil with no core is also considered
an inductor. When the current flowing through an inductor changes, the time-
varying magnetic field induces an electromotive force (e.g.) (voltage) in the
conductor, described by Faraday’s law of induction. According to Lenz’s law, the
induced voltage has a polarity (direction) which opposes the change in current
that created it. As a result, inductors oppose any changes in current through them.
The Metal Power Inductors

The study on the Metal Power Inductors Market attempts to provide significant
and detailed insights into the current market scenario and the emerging growth
prospects. The report on Metal Power Inductors Market also emphasizes on
market players as well as the new entrants in the market landscape. The expansive
research will help the well-established as well as the emerging players to set up
their business strategies and achieve their short-term and long-term goals. The
report also adds significant details of the evaluation of the scope of the regions
and where the key participants should head to find potential growth opportunities
in the future.

GET SAMPLE REPORT @ https://garnerinsights.com/Global-Metal-

Power-Inductors-Market-Insights-Forecast-to-2025#request-sample

Metal Power Inductors Market Research Report presents a detailed analysis based
on the thorough research of the overall market, particularly on questions that
border on the market size, growth scenario, potential opportunities, operation
landscape, trend analysis, and competitive analysis of Metal Power
Inductors Market. This research is conducted to understand the current landscape
of the market, especially in 2019. This will shape the future of the market and
foresee the extent of competition in the market. This report will also help all the
manufacturers and investors to have a better understanding of the direction in
which the market is headed.

Topmost Leading Manufacturer Covered in this report:

TDK, Murata, Samsung, Taiyo Yuden, Sumida, Chilisin, Sunlord, Misumi, AVX,
Sagami Elec, Microgate, Zhenhua Fu Electronics, Fenghua Advanced.
Global Metal Power Inductors Market: Product Segment Analysis:
Iron Core Inductor, Iron Powder Inductor, Ferrite Core Inductor, Laminated Core
Inductor.

Global Metal Power Inductors Market: Application Segment Analysis

Automotive Electronics, Communications Electronics, Consumer Electronics,
Others.

Geographically it is divided Metal Power Inductors market into seven prime

regions which are on the basis of sales, revenue, and market share and
growth rate.
United States, EU, Japan, China, India, Southeast Asia.

https://garnerinsights.com/Global-Metal-Power-Inductors-Market-Insights-
Forecast-to-2025#discount

Permanent Magnet Generators Market To Witness Steady Expansion

During 2017-2027

November 14, 2019

The rate of consumption of conventional energy sources is expanding day by day.

This has presented non-conventional energy sources as an alternative to
traditional energy sources. Renewable energy sources, for example, wind, solar,
biogas, small-scale hydro power plants, etc. provide enhanced ecological
protection. Declining fossil fuels supply and the damaged environment, which in
some ways can be blamed on the conventional energy sources, have made it more
important to discover other energy sources. Permanent magnet generators are
becoming more popular day by day. They renewable are used to convert
mechanical energy produced by rotor blades to electrical energy. The energy
conversion is based on Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, that
dynamically induces an electro-motive force i.e. e.m.f into the generators coils as
it rotates. In permanent-magnets generators, permanent magnets are incorporated
in the conventional rotor of an induction generator. Since these generators do not
leave behind any residue or untreatable waste, they are fast becoming an
extremely popular choice.

Permanent magnet generators are widely used in small wind turbines. These days,
they are also being used in large offshore and onshore wind turbines. These
generators are superior replacements of traditional induction motors and can
easily be attached with diesel generators, turbines and hybrid vehicles. These
generators can also be utilized as part of wind as well as water machines. Some of
the advantages of permanent magnet generators are self-protection against short
circuits and severe overloads and easy maintenance.
Download sample copy of this report:
https://www.futuremarketinsights.com/reports/sample/REP-GB-2684
The permanent magnet generators can be a direct current voltage machine with a
rotary collector and brushes or an alternating current synchronous multiphase
machine where the rotor and the stator magnetic fields are rotating at a similar
speed. This removes the excitation losses in the rotor, which generally amount to
20% to 30% of the collective generator losses. The reduced losses additionally
give a lower temperature rise, which essentially means that a simpler and smaller
cooling system can also be used in the generator. In case of permanent magnet
AC synchronous generator, the inductor is located at the rotor whereas in
permanent magnet DC generator, the inductor which consists of a coil or wire
loop is set up at the stator with a group of permanent magnets. In general, direct
current permanent magnet generators are a preferred choice for wind turbine
systems that operate at a small scale as they can work at low rotational speeds and
give high degree of reliability with minimum maintenance costs. Their cut-in
point is genuinely low and thus, they are also able to provide good proficiency
particularly in light wind conditions.

Permanent Magnet Generators: MarketDynamics

The interest in permanent magnet generators is increasing day by day. Since
electricity is becoming expensive with every passing day, individuals are
searching for an alternative energy source and permanent magnet generators fit
seamlessly in that place. These devices do not use any environmental resources to
produce energy and in this way, are environment friendly. Other than this, no by
products or wastage is produced by these generators during the energy generation
process. Environment specialists have been making a special case for permanent
magnet generators as these can diminish the pollution effect by up to 50%.
Demand for permanent magnet generator is increasingly growing in wind turbine
systems because of their numerous advantages.

Permanent Magnet Generators: MarketSegmentation

Based on type of machine, the global permanent magnet generatorsmarket is
segmented into the following:

 Permanent Magnet AC generator

 Permanent Magnet DC generator
Based on speed, the global permanent magnet generatorsmarket is segmented into
the following:

 Low speed PMG

 Medium speed PMG
 High Speed PMG
Based on end-use, the global permanent magnet generatorsmarket is segmented
into the following:

 Wind turbine systems

 Hydro turbine systems
 Others

http://chronicles24.com/2019/11/14/permanent-magnet-generators-market-to-
witness-steady-expansion-during-2017-2027/

Canadian Pacific honours Canadian, U.S. military with special locomotives

Nov 12, 2019

"As a leading employer of veterans, CP is proud to commemorate military

machines and the brave men and women who've operated them in conflicts
around the world," said CP President, CEO and veteran Keith Creel. "As these
locomotives pass through communities across the CP system, I hope those who
see them will reflect on the sacrifices made by so many of their countrymen to
protect and defend their freedom."

CP personnel carefully studied the paint colours and patterns that branches of the
Canadian and U.S. militaries applied to tanks, planes and warships. Based on their
research, they devised five liveries for these locomotives:

 CP 7020 wears North Atlantic Treaty Organization green,

which the Canadian and U.S. armies apply to fighting
vehicles and equipment serving in temperate climates.
 CP 7021 wears the sand colour that the Canadian and U.S.
armies apply to fighting vehicles and equipment serving in
arid climates.
 CP 7022 wears the grey, red and black colour pattern of
modern Canadian and American warships.
 CP 7023 wears a two-tone gray paint scheme designed
after the livery applied to Canadian and American fighter
jets.
 CP 6644 wears the camouflage colours applied to Royal
Canadian Air Force "Spitfire" fighter planes flown at the
Allied invasion of Normandy, France, on June 6, 1944.

Four of the five locomotives bear a Canadian flag on one side and American on
the other. CP operates in both countries and employs veterans of both countries'
military services.
"We are proud to support our veterans and the invaluable skill and experience that
they have gained serving their country," said CP Senior Vice-President
Engineering, Mechanical and Procurement Scott MacDonald, a veteran. "These
locomotives are a symbol of our support. They will operate in regular service and
further support our commitment as a proud employer of veterans
in Canada and the United States."

CP was recently awarded a Gold Top 10 Military Friendly® Employer

designation by Viqtory Media. In October, CP joined Homes for Heroes and other
stakeholders for the grand opening of the ATCO Veterans Village in Calgary, a
community of tiny homes aimed at getting homeless veterans off the street.
Through its Spin for a Veteran program, CP has helped raise more
than $800,000 for the cause.

About Canadian Pacific

Canadian Pacific is a transcontinental railway in Canada and the United
States with direct links to major ports on the west and east coasts. CP provides
North American customers a competitive rail service with access to key markets
in every corner of the globe. CP is growing with its customers, offering a suite of
freight transportation services, logistics solutions and supply chain expertise. Visit
cpr.ca to see the rail advantages of CP.

SOURCE Canadian Pacific

Global Rail Equipment Market Insights Report 2019-2025 : Nippon Sharyo,

Siemens, CSR, China CNR, Alstom, Bombardier, Trinity Industries
BY ANN.CASTRO ON DECEMBER 3, 2019
The "Rail Equipment Market" research report presents an all-inclusive study of
the global Rail Equipment market. The report includes all the major trends and
technologies performing a major role in the Rail Equipment market development
during forecast period. The key players in the market are Nippon Sharyo,
Siemens, CSR, China CNR, Alstom, Bombardier, Trinity Industries, Greenbrier,
GE, Electro-Motive Diesel, American Railcar. An attractiveness study has been
presented for each geographic area in the report to provide a comprehensive
analysis of the overall competitive scenario of the Rail Equipment market
globally.

Furthermore, the report comprises an outline of the diverse tactics used by the key
players in the market. It also details the competitive scenario of the Rail
Equipment market, placing all the key players as per their geographic presence
and previous major developments. SWOT analysis is used to evaluate the growth
of the major players in the global market.
The report presents a detailed segmentation Locomotives, Passenger trains,
Freight cars, CRH trains, Subway trains, Others, Market Trend by Application
Grain Growing, Sugar Cane Growing, Black Coal Mining, Iron Ore Mining, Rail
Freight Transport, Rail Passenger Transport of the global market based on
technology, product type, application, and various processes and systems.
Geographically, the market is classified into. The report also includes the
strategies and regulations according to the various regions stated above. Porter’s
five forces analysis describes the aspects that are presently affecting the Rail
Equipment market. Moreover, the report covers the value chain analysis for
the Rail Equipment market that describes the contributors of the value chain.

The report also puts forth the restraints, drivers, and opportunities expected to
affect market’s growth in the forecast period. Further, it offers a holistic
perspective on the Rail Equipment market’s development within stated period in
terms of revenue [USD Million] and size [k.MT] across the globe.

The all-inclusive data presented in the report are the outcome of detailed primary
and secondary research along with reviews from the experts and analyst from the
industry. The report also evaluates the market’s growth by taking into
consideration the impact of technological and economic factors along with
existing factors affecting the Rail Equipment market’s growth.

darTZeel NHB-468 monoblock power amplifier

What's the point of reviewing a pair of monoblock amplifiers that costs more than
most people spend on two or even several cars— and far more than most
audiophiles spend on an entire music system? That's a good question. Another is:
Why should I write this review when, just seven years ago, I reviewed a pair of
darTZeel monoblocks that look exactly like this new pair?

I realize that products such as the darTZeel NHB-468 ($170,000/pair) are for the
very few, but the very few include far more people throughout the world than you
may realize— people who can afford such costly audio products and who do buy
them. I know, because in my travels I've met a lot of them, and they deserve to
read reviews of products they're considering buying—things most of us can only
dream of owning.

What also makes this product worth reading about is that the man who created it
admits to being directed more by sound than by measurements—within the
boundaries of competent electronic engineering, of course. That takes him to
some unusual, thought-provoking places where the measurements-oriented people
often don't go . . .
Description
Last spring, before the High End 2019 show in Munich, I made a side trip to
Switzerland to tour darTZeel's factory and machine shop, and to visit the listening
room of founder and chief designer Hervé Delétraz. His speakers of choice are
Klipschorns: not at all what I was expecting— I'm not sure what I did expect from
the man behind this quirky brand—nor was the sound what I thought I'd hear.

In that system, driven by either the darTZeel NHB-108 Model 2 amplifier or the
new 468 monoblocks, those corner horns delivered a steady stream of "I've never
before heard that!" revelations from every high-resolution file and vinyl record
we played. I came away understanding Delétraz's transducer choice. On the other
hand, the obviously bumpy frequency balance, lack of deep bass, and "last
century" spatial presentation—like listening through an open window—left a
great deal to be desired compared to what I hear at home. "You can't have
everything—either at home or in the concert hall," I thought while listening at
Hervé's, though what these speakers did correctly kept me seated for quite a long
time!

image: https://www.stereophile.com/images/1019dart.bac.jpg

Soon after my return to the US, a pair of NHB-468s arrived at my house. They
look very similar to the NHB-458 monoblocks, which I've owned and enjoyed
since I reviewed them in 2012, and which I had no desire to replace. As I like to
say about my similarly quirky 2008 Saab 9-3 Turbo X, "I'll drive this car to the
nursing home!" (hopefully no time soon), and I have felt the same way about the
458s. (Unlike Saab, at least darTZeel is still in business!)

Outwardly, the 468 differs from the 458 only in the richer and more gleaming
gold finish on its front panel—that and, on its rear panel, a 20A IEC jack that
replaces the 458's 15A one. (According to Delétraz, 458 owners can get the guts
upgraded and keep the old chassis.) The new amplifier's operating system, feature
set, and front-panel controls and display screen remain unchanged from those of
the 458—I describe these in detail in that 2012 review—although much of what's
inside (though not all) has been completely redesigned and is very different. The
biggest change to the audio circuitry involves a patent-pending technology/circuit
design darTZeel calls CP2C, an acronym for Constant Power to Current.
According to Delétraz, he and his design team have invented a "physically
contradictory" circuit that "mimics a current source with the output impedance of
a voltage source." The circuit design is said to deliver appropriate power to the
loudspeaker on demand, with the proper speed and timing, while correcting in real
time the loudspeaker drivers' counter electromotive force (back EMF).

image: https://www.stereophile.com/images/1019dart.2.jpg
The instruction manual avers that the amplifier should not be considered as either
a theoretically ideal voltage source or an ideal current source, both of which, in
addition to many flaws, have good qualities. To paraphrase the manual's
"Franglish," a perfect voltage source has zero output impedance and in practical
terms requires 100% negative and global feedback, which produces temporal
(phase) distortion. An ideal current source has infinite source impedance, which is
good for controlling a speaker's back EMF, but produces poorer measured
performance and sound quality that is overly speaker-dependent. The company
claims that the CP2C circuit produces an amplifier-to-speaker connection
equivalent to the matched impedance links—the 50 ohm "transmission line" Zeel
connection—that darTZeel uses between their NHB-18S preamp and its
amplifiers.

The amp is biased into class-B "as much as possible," allowing for cooler
operation, longer component life, and no negative sonic impact, because darTZeel
claims faster rise/fall times than with higher-bias designs, suggesting that class-A
is only useful in asymmetrical circuits, not push-pull.

The 468 is rated as outputting 475W RMS (550W peak) into 8 ohms, 625W
(700W peak) into 4 ohms, and 222W RMS (300W peak) into 2 ohms. That's
bound to raise some eyebrows, especially considering the massive power supply,
with 750 joules of available energy. Power measurements for its predecessor, the
NHB-458, are 530W into 8 ohms, 800W into 4 ohms, and 1025W into 2 ohms.
Note that both amps use the same massive power supply, featuring one of the
biggest power transformers I've encountered in an audio product, which floats on
a suspended platform that's tuned to absorb frequencies between 40Hz and 70Hz.

image: https://www.stereophile.com/images/1019dart.side.jpg

The 468 retains the 458's zero global negative feedback, fully open-loop output
stage, which means no output impedance compensation (Zobel network, etc.), so
if you accidentally short the amplifier it's likely to blow up in a cloud of smoke.
That's the price paid for purity.

According to Delétraz, the NHB-468 can drive "any speaker and you can go down
to 1 ohm and even below (and the amp will still produce great, undistorted
music)," and he suggests the amp "was not designed for electric welding but
for hysteric goose bumping."

More hysteric goose bumping

In my room, driving the Wilson Audio Specialties Alexx speakers, my darTZeel
NHB-458 monoblocks were rarely required to produce more than a few watts—
although when called on to reproduce some bass-heavy material, and where I
wanted it loud, they peaked out at a few hundred watts.

But I prefer having the wattage on reserve for reviewing other speakers. For
instance, I was happy to have the added current when I reviewed the Sonus Faber
Aidas.

For seven years, the 458s have kept me sonically satisfied. Sure, the recently
reviewed CH Precision M1.1 amp, configured as a monoblock
pair, definitely produced more bottom-end weight and punch, just as the Ypsilon
Hyperion hybrid monoblock amps demonstrated that greater harmonic expression
and bloom could be produced in the mids and upper-mids (and being a hybrid
design with solid-state output, they were no slouches on bottom). While I
wouldn't mind having me some of that, I found more to my liking the rest of what
the 458s do.

Then the 468s arrived.

A friend helped me install the new monoblocks, and I ran them with my NHB
18NS preamp for many weeks, using the original darTZeel 50 ohm cables I'd
received with the 458s in 2012 (although a new and supposedly improved set of
50 ohm cables came packed with the 468s).

I'd had on repeat vinyl play the Jamie Saft Quartet's Blue Dream (Rare Noise
RNR095LP), preparing to write a review that unfortunately hasn't materialized yet
but will. It's beautifully recorded, as is everything produced by this label, whether
recorded on tape or computer. The music might remind you of the classic
Coltrane quartet, but with Saft in place of McCoy Tyner, Nasheet Waits subbing
for Elvin Jones, Brad Jones for Jimmy Giuffre, and Bill McHenry for the big C.

With the NHB-468s swapped in, cold out of the box, I listened again. Big sonic
change! All for the better, building on the new amp's predecessor—which had, as
I described in the original review, "high-frequency cleanness and transparency
combined with as perfect a high-frequency transient response as I've heard from
any amplifier, all emerging from velvety-black backdrops." Back then I described
the 458s' transient attacks as "neither slightly soft nor a bit too fast or tight, the
latter of which can produce a hard, wiry sound that never lets you forget that
you're listening to electronics, not live music." The new amps produced a sound
that was immediately more supple, more liquid, and noticeably more
"wraparound" three-dimensional, without turning soft. (I've heard my share of
soft-sounding solid-state bores.)

Via the 468s, instrumental attacks became more delicate and nuanced. The
cymbals lost a bit of unwanted etch, the bass became less mechanical (not that it
sounded overtly mechanical before), and the soundstage now pushed well beyond
the speakers, wrapping around and forward, producing a noticeably more
enveloping sound.

The presentation gained much and lost nothing. The sonic picture floated better in
space, further removed from the speaker plane than it had been previously (which
was reasonably freestanding to begin with). The attack didn't soften or lose its
natural edge as it became more subtle. The entire picture became more involving
and less "canned."

Saft's piano became less brittle, the saxophone rounder and better balanced
between reed and horn. In addition to improved attack, there was now more
generous sustain and decay and an overall sense of natural musical relaxation,
though instrumental attacks and overall transient performance remained the best
I've heard from a solid-state amplifier. No doubt, though, those who demand more
tight-fisted control and bottom-end "slam" might look toward something from
Boulder, for instance.

But let me circle back: To complete that record review after months of listening, I
replayed Blue Dream and heard what I've just described, then reinstalled the 458s.
The stage flattened, losing the "wraparound" quality, the bass became somewhat
harder and more mechanical, the cymbals lost shimmer and took on some edge,
the piano produced more attack and hardness and lost the sustain generosity and
suppleness. Please remember this is all by degree. It still sounded really great! But
not nearly as good as through the new amps.

This was before I installed the new, replacement 50 ohm cables installed—and
that's another story: After months of listening to the 468s using the original
interconnects between preamp and amp, I swapped them out for the new
interconnects and, as Art Dudley would say, "Holy crap"!

One of the first records I played was an original promo copy of Little
Feat's Sailin' Shoes (Warner Brothers BS 2600). I've been playing this one since
1972, and I have a pretty good idea of what it sounds like, or so I thought. True,
much in the system has changed since I last played it—I can't remember when—
but as soon as "Easy to Slip" began, I heard the studio space appear in front of me
as never before. The placement of the background singers, the
guitars, everything was uncannily natural—not only in space but as individual
instruments with solidity and dimensionality. The music was also more
rhythmically "on time" and well organized than I've ever before heard this record
sound. The record had more dynamic "slam" and control, as well as an
effervescent presentational delicacy than I've likewise never before heard from it.
But how much was the rest of the system contributing to this?

I was more interested in hearing records I'd been playing with the 468s connected
to the preamp using the old darTZeel cable, so I went back to those, including the
test pressing of Bernard Haitink and the Berlin Philharmonic's forthcoming direct-
to-disc release of the Bruckner Symphony No.7, referenced in this month's
Analog Corner, which I've played dozens of times over the past month using only
the older cables. So let's just say: If you own darTZeel electronics connected
using the older 50 ohm cable, get the new.

When I reinstalled the 458s toward the end of the review period using the new 50
ohm cables, I again played the Little Feat record, and while the sonic package was
well-wrapped, it couldn't compare to what I'd heard through the 468s, especially
in terms of spaciousness and attack subtlety. Well-organized though they were,
the images lay flat against the speakers, hung between them almost as if on a
clothesline.

Through the 458s, the direct-to-disc Bruckner produced a flatter but still
holographic picture, with the massed strings sounding enduringly graceful but less
liquid and somewhat harder. The three-dimensional, front-to-back instrumental
layering and exceptional timbral complexity captured in this recording (using
vintage tube mike preamps and mixed live on a vintage tube mixing console),
especially at the conclusion of the first movement (allegro moderato), were "in the
house" but scaled back in intensity and transparency.

Returning to the 468s, the Little Feat record exuded a midband richness that was
missing from the 458s; instruments were more well integrated within the mix, and
I heard added depth and texture in the bottom end, as well as that wider, deeper
"wraparound" stage—it was immediately obvious on the first listen. Singer
Lowell George was more front and center, and on "A Apolitical Blues," where the
late Mr. George sings almost off-mike and more "in the room," the sense of space
was intensified and made even more convincing. All gains, no losses.

As for the Bruckner, the combination of 468s and the new cable delivered even
greater depth of field, three-dimensionality, and spaciousness, while intensifying
string tone and textures and—especially—adding weight to the big double basses,
violas, and cellos, producing the "body rush" you hear live. This is a not-to-be-
missed symphonic recording and you ought to have a listen—all the more so if
you're lucky enough to hear it on these amps!

Conclusion
The darTZeel owners I've met seem to be a happy, enthusiastic group, satisfied
with their purchases and with the sound produced by whichever darTZeel
products they have. Count me among them. The new NHB-468 has made me even
happier. This amp does what the NHB-458 does—just better. It's got power to
spare and sounds as if it's just loafing, even on the most demanding material.

I haven't seen the measurements and won't until I see the final proofs of the
finished article, but I assume the distortion measurements will be good but
bettered by some. I believe Delétraz is capable of reducing distortion to as low as
is measurable, but he's going for something beyond measured perfection, and I
think he's achieved his goal in terms of a unified, holistic, natural sonic picture.

Those who prefer in a solid-state amp greater bottom-end "grip" and iron-fisted
control may want to consider a different amplifier. As I mentioned above, I think
the CH Precision M1.1s produce more weight and punch on bottom, and
Boulder's amps tend to have more overall speaker grip. However, in my system,
the darTZeel "sound" is ideal for all musical genres: good grip on bottom, natural
transient performance, plenty of air on top if it's in the recording, and never even a
hint of etch, grain, or edge.

These are expensive, powerful amplifiers, handcrafted in Switzerland and as

attractive to listen to as they are to look at. If you can afford them, you should
have a listen. If you own 458s, you'll be happy with the upgrade. At the very least,
try the new cables!

Read more at https://www.stereophile.com/content/dartzeel-nhb-468-monoblock-

power-amplifier-page-2#iqrPPmcjKopMDWhF.99

Read more at https://www.stereophile.com/content/dartzeel-nhb-468-monoblock-

power-amplifier#cquJMgv4emF02hMK.99

Surprise finding: Discovering a previously unknown role for a source of

magnetic fields

Date: October 19, 2018

Magnetic forces ripple throughout the universe, from the fields surrounding
planets to the gasses filling galaxies, and can be launched by a phenomenon called
the Biermann battery effect. Now scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's
(DOE) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) have found that this
phenomenon may not only generate magnetic fields, but can sever them to trigger
magnetic reconnection -- a remarkable and surprising discovery.

The Biermann battery effect, a possible seed for the magnetic fields pervading our
universe, arises in plasmas -- the state of matter composed of free electrons and
atomic nuclei -- when the plasma temperature and density are misaligned. The
tops of such plasmas might be hotter than the bottoms, and the density might be
greater on the left side than on the right. This misalignment gives rise to an
electromotive force that generates current that leads to magnetic fields. The
process is named for Ludwig Biermann, a German astrophysicist who discovered
it in 1950.
Revealed through computer simulations
The new findings reveal through computer simulations a previously unknown role
for the Biermann effect that could improve understanding of reconnection -- the
snapping apart and violent reconnection of magnetic field lines in plasmas that
gives rise to northern lights, solar flares and geomagnetic space storms that can
disrupt cell-phone service and electric grids on Earth.
The results "provide a new platform for replicating in the laboratory the
reconnection observed in astrophysical plasmas," said Jackson Matteucci, a
graduate student in the Program in Plasma Physics at PPPL and lead author of a
description of the process in Physical Review Letters. Coauthors of the paper
include his thesis advisers, Will Fox of PPPL and Amitava Bhattacharjee, head of
the PPPL Theory Department, and researchers from other laboratories.
The simulations modeled published results of experiments in China that studied
high-energy-density (HED) plasma -- matter under extreme pressure such as
exists in the core of the Earth. The experiments, in which PPPL played no part,
used lasers to blast a pair of plasma bubbles from a solid metal target. Simulations
of the three-dimensional plasma traced the expansion of the bubbles and the
magnetic fields that the Biermann effect created, and tracked the collision of the
fields to produce magnetic reconnection.
The simulations showed that temperature spiked in the reconnecting field lines
and reversed the role of the Biermann effect that originated the lines. Because of
the spike, the Biermann effect destroyed the magnetic field lines it had created,
cutting them like a pair of scissors cutting a rubber band. The sliced fields then
reconnected downstream, away from the original reconnection point. "This is the
first simulation to show Biermann battery-mediated magnetic reconnection,"
Matteucci said. "This process had never been known before."
Tracking billions of ions and electrons
Modeling the HED experiments required tracking billions of ions and electrons
interacting with one another and with the electric and magnetic fields that their
motion created, in what are called 3D kinetic simulations. Researchers carried out
these simulations on the Titan supercomputer at the DOE Oak Ridge Leadership
Computing Facility (OLCF) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
The scientists have since modeled a British experiment and are working on
simulations of experiments performed at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics
(LLE) at the University of Rochester and the National Ignition Facility at
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

Story Source:
Materials provided by DOE/Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. Note:
Content may be edited for style and length.
 Componentized Direct-Drive Electric Generator Targets New and
Refurbished Wind Turbines

Fred Klatt | Oct 01, 2019

Wind turbines larger than 6 MW are becoming common, particularly for offshore
installations, where consolidating several smaller wind turbines into one large
version reduces manufacturing, installation, and sustainment costs in accordance
with economies of scale.

The overall reliability of the wind turbine is mostly determined by the mechanical
gearbox, which converts the practical low speed of the wind-turbine rotor
propeller hub (e.g., 5 to 20 RPM) to the variable high speed of a conventional
electric generator system (e.g., two pole-pair, 60 Hz, 450 to 1800 RPM). In turn,
large wind turbines are eliminating the gearbox (and its compounded inefficiency,
complexity, size, and cost) with low-speed, directly driven electric generator
systems. However, as physics dictates, low-speed electric generator systems are
necessarily large in diameter (and heavy).

For example, the radial-flux, direct-drive, rare-earth permanent-magnet (RE-PM)

electric generator of the 12-MW Haliade-X wind turbine from GE is
approximately 11 meters (or 36 ft) in diameter and consumes a significant portion
of the 20.6-meter (67.5 ft) long nacelle weight, which is over 600 metric tons (or
660 tons). All of that must be transported to the wind-turbine installation site over
specially prepare routes and then lifted more than 130 meters to the tower hub.
Accordingly, the manufacture, installation, maintenance, and transportation of
large wind-turbine generator systems requires uncommonly large, specialized, and
expensive handling equipment with complicated transportation logistics.

The Call for Lightweight, Low-Speed Wind Turbines

Under an ARPA-E program, the U.S. Department of Energy is asking for a

“lightweight” (or small) high-power, low-speed (e.g., 5 to 20 RPM), direct-drive
electric generator system for the next generation of large wind turbines. But a
“lightweight” direct-drive electric generator seemingly contradicts standard
electric motor or generator (i.e., electric machine) design principles and trade
space as follows:

 Increasing electric-machine air-gap flux density reduces the effective air-gap area
with associated reduction of physical size, amount of copper magnet wire, and
 amount of electrical steel for a given power rating (all in accordance to Faraday’s
Law). However, air-gap flux density (and associated effective air-gap area) will
be similar among all optimally designed, conventional electric machines due to
the flux-density saturation limit of the same slotted electrical steel core and
material equally used by all. It’s not impacted by the limited residual flux density
potential of the RE-PM as commonly suggested (that ideally shows no electrical
dissipation but adversely trades residual flux density, β, for coercivity or flux
intensity, H, in accordance with the fixed RE-PM energy product or BHmax), nor
by the even higher flux-density potential of winding magnetizing magneto-
motive-force (MMF) (that adversely shows electrical dissipation but ideally
increases flux density directly with higher flux intensity).
 Although very low excitation frequency provides the best means of reducing pole-
pair count (and associated electric machine diameter), all optimally designed,
low-speed, direct-drive generators still have comparably large diameters (and
physical sizes). That’s due to the limited low-frequency performance of today’s
electronic control, which still necessitates a large number of pole-pairs and
associated slots (or coreless framework) along the air-gap circumference for the
placement and structural support of at least the necessary conventional “active”
winding set. It may be sinusoidally distributed (most efficient) or
segmented/concentrated (least efficient), or have extraneous “passive” RE-PMs,
dc electromagnets, reluctance saliencies, or slip-induction windings (with the slot
dimension determined by the wire gauge or RE-PM size to meet the power
rating).
 Direct-current superconducting electromagnets (sometimes called super
permanent magnets) produce at least double the air-gap flux density than what’s
practical with conventional magnetizing MMF and without regard to the flux-
density saturation limits of the electrical steel core. However, the diameter of a
low-speed superconducting electric-machine system still depends on the
accumulation of slots (or framework) along the airgap circumference (for at least
the structural support of the necessary “conventional” active winding set). As a
result, any diameter reduction is mostly due to the exceptionally low excitation
frequency performance of the electronic controller (to reduce pole-pair or slot
count). The high flux density does reduce the effective air-gap area, but with
comparable diameters. Mostly the associated length of the radial-flux or the
“outside diameter” of the axial-flux superconductor electric machine is
substantially reduced. When considering the compounded cost, size, weight,
complexity, and inefficiency issues associated with the extraneous cryogenic
support equipment and electrical provisioning for superconductor electromagnet
operation, the overall “system” efficiency, size, cost, or weight advantage is
significantly neutralized. Note: If ever practical, alternating-current
superconductors would allow thinner gauge winding wire (for at least the active
winding set), which would directly reduce the slot cavity width and the associated
electric machine diameter.
 Because of complexity, safety of assembly, and transportation issues of the RE-
PM, such as manual handling or deadly back electro-motive-force (EMF) (with
the slightest rotor movement), or of the superconductor electromagnet, such as
 cryogenic refrigeration and hydraulics, RE-PM and superconductor electric-
machine “systems” are factory-preassembled as a large, complete system (most
likely pre-installed within the wind turbine nacelle) for transport to the installation
site.
 To support the enormous electromagnetic and dynamic forces, the frame and
bearing assembly of any optimally designed electric machine easily consumes at
least 40-50% of the overall size (and weight). In consideration, a very lofty 50%
frame improvement with costly exotic or futuristic structural forms or materials
would only provide, at most, a 25% improvement in electric machine overall size
and weight. Note: Since at least the early 1960s, the hypothetical multiphase
wound-rotor (synchronous) doubly-fed electric-machine circuit and control
architecture was shown to provide twice the power with the same packaging (and
air-gap flux density) as all other electric-machine systems. Thus, it would
immediately halve the frame size and weight per unit of power.
 With a cylinder (i.e., rotor) inside a cylinder (i.e., stator) form, a large diameter
“radial-flux” generator (such as the GE Haliade-X) requires an unusually deep
air-gap depth to avoid collision between the rotor and stator bodies (due to
structural deformity by the enormous centripetal and electromagnetic forces
experienced during operation). Unusually deep air-gap depths are more
conveniently accommodated with the high coercivity of extremely expensive RE-
PM and as a result, virtually all direct-drive wind turbine generators blindly use
RE-PMs, regardless of their formidable technical, political, and
environmental issues. These include high cost, restricted availability, limited
operational life expectancy, persistent magnetism safety, complicated field
weakening techniques, environmentally unfriendly production, etc. And all
are magnified again by requiring proportionally more expensive RE-PM material
for more coercivity to hold a reasonable air-gap flux density with deeper air-gap
depth (just like more winding magnetizing MMF for more flux intensity).
 With an adjacent rotor and stator disk form, a large-diameter “axial-flux” electric
generator may require a more substantial bearing assembly. More importantly,
though, the axial-flux form eliminates the potential collision between the rotor
and stator bodies (due to centripetal force) and allows a reasonably shallow (and
shim adjustable) air-gap depth (to reduce RE-PM material or magnetizing MMF
for a given air-gap flux density). Also, unlike the inside-to-outside winding
approach of the radial-flux form, the outside-to-inside winding approach of the
axial-flux form conveniently allows for automated (or additive) winding
techniques. And, unlike the insulating effect of a rotor cylinder inside a stator
cylinder (or radial-flux) form, the axial-flux form equally exposes the adjacent
rotor and stator disks to the same convection ambient for better
thermodynamics. Note: The best form for a large-diameter conventional direct-
drive electric generator would be a non-segmented axial-flux form with a single
air-gap for the highest permeability and the lowest amount of magnetizing MMF
or expensive RE-PM volume. However, axial-flux enabling manufacturing
tooling, knowledge, and capital isn’t readily available, particularly for large
direct-drive electric machines.
 In accordance with the previous standard electric-machine design principles and
trade space, a low-speed, direct-drive electric generator “system” will necessarily
be large in diameter, regardless of the flux-density potential of superconductors or
the deep air-gap depth conveniently supported by RE-PMs. Instead, a practical
lightweight, low-speed, high-power, direct-drive electric generator for wind
turbines is only provided with:

1. A true multiphase wound-rotor (synchronous) doubly-fed electric machine

circuit and control architecture that conveniently accommodates the axial-flux
form and effectively halves the frame size and weight per unit of power.

2. An electric-machine circuit and control architecture that conveniently

accommodates ultra-low-frequency excitation control to reduce pole-pair count
and resulting diameter.

3. A 3D printer that conveniently accommodates the additive manufacture of large

axial-flux electric machines with the highest performance materials to reduce size.

4. An electric-machine circuit and control architecture that conveniently

accommodates safe separation into multiple components of transportable size,
diameter, and weight. In turn, these components should be able to be conveniently
lifted, reassembled, and power stacked lengthwise inside the nacelle at the
installation site to incrementally meet the wind-turbine power rating.

SYNCHRO-SYM and BRTEC

Items 1 through 4 are satisfied as follows:

 As a true multiphase wound-rotor doubly-fed “synchronous” electric-machine

circuit and control architecture as only provided by brushless real-time emulation
control (BRTEC). For example, SYNCHRO-SYM developed by Best Electric
Machine has two independently and brushlessly excited multiphase winding sets
on the rotor and stator, respectively, with each “actively” contributing to “real
electromechanical power” production. They don’t rely on unstable slip-induction
while providing field weakening over at least twice the constant torque-speed
range with a given torque, air-gap flux density, voltage, and frequency of
excitation or twice the power. And it comes within the same packaging and has
the same materials as the alternative electric-machine system, which is always
with a “passive” rotor of extraneous RE-PMs, dc electromagnets, reluctance
saliencies, super permanent magnets, or slip-induction windings. As a result,
SYNCHRO-SYM immediately halves the frame size and weight per unit of
power.
 Today’s state-of-the-art field-oriented control (FOC) of variable-speed electric
machines must deal with the extreme difficulties of accurate and timely
 measurement and synthesis of very shallow sloped, “low-frequency signals” (e.g.,
4 to 8 Hz), which are needed to reduce the diameter of direct-drive electric-
machine systems from the fixed high-frequency (e.g., 50/60 Hz) multiphase
electric-utility power grid. Simultaneously, it must synchronize the shallow
sloped signals to the low angular speeds of the rotor under stochastically changing
conditions (all by the imprecision of an electronically processed, software
“simulation and estimation” algorithm for quasi-stable variable speed control). In
contrast, only the fully integrated, bidirectional, direct-conversion (no DC Link
Stage) BRTEC easily measures and synthesizes the steep slopes of “high-
frequency signals” with any stochastic variations sensorlessly, automatically,
and instantaneously synchronized to the angular speed and phase of the rotor—all
by the precision of “real time electromagnetic emulation” for stable variable-
speed, constant-frequency (VSCF) control and comprehensive leading, lagging,
and unity power factor correction. For example, BRTEC automatically develops
the very low variable excitation frequency (e.g., 0 to 4 Hz) by electromagnetically
mixing the steep-sloped, “high-frequency” grid input (e.g., 50/60 Hz) with the
difference of a synthesized “high frequency” (e.g., 46/56 Hz), both of which are
easily measured, synthesized, or controlled electronically without regard to speed
or stochastic changes. As a result, BRTEC has full electromechanical power-
conversion control to “zero speed” for the largest speed bandwidth of tidal or
wind energy harvesting, regardless of rotor direction.
 MOTORPRINTER conveniently 3D prints “axial-flux” cores (with integral frame
assembly) from high-performance electromagnetic ribbon, such as high-flux-
saturation, low-core-loss amorphous metal ribbon, to create a high-efficiency,
high-permeability (i.e., very low flux leakage) conventional electric-machine core
with the extremely low magnetizing MMF or very small RE-PM size and high
air-gap flux density. The low leakage of amorphous metal ribbon also allows
narrower but deeper slots, which reduce the outside diameter of the axial-flux
electric machine by reducing the slot cavity width to one or two wire widths while
spreading the remaining winding turns over the depth of the slot.
 As an integrated electric-machine system without the safety and handling issues
of passive RE-PMs or superconducting electromagnets and with BRTEC equally
divided between the rotor and stator assemblies, SYNCHRO-SYM accommodates
duplicate active “axial-flux” rotor and stator disk assemblies for
componentization into very small size, diameter, weight, and inventory of
components. This leads to easy and safe transport by conventional means (over
commonly navigable routes); convenient lifting to the nacelle with a small
internal nacelle crane; and convenient handling and reassembly into functional
SYNCHRO-SYMs inside the nacelle (with lengthwise stacking to incrementally
achieve the rated wind turbine power). Stacking multiple SYNCHRO-SYMs (as
provided by BRTEC) also delivers generator resiliency (e.g., any one failure isn’t
a total system failure), and/or high-voltage (series connection) or high-current
(parallel connection) applications.

The figure shows the stacking method of two fully assembled and functional
SYNCHRO-SYMs.
It’s possible to stack two fully assembled and functional SYNCHRO-SYMs (1) and
(2). Each has its own bearing and frame assembly, axle assembly, and integrated
electronic control. As a result, the power stack shows the accumulated power,
which is independent from the wind-turbine rotor hub and bearing assembly. The
stator (3) and rotor (4) are duplicate axial-flux disk assemblies. The axle
assembly (5), which is attached to the rotor assembly (4), and the stator assembly
(3) have bayonet plugs (6) that align and mate (8) with the bayonet sockets (7) to
form a rigid but separate integrated stack of stators (3) and rotors (4) of multiple
assemblies.

Looking at the figure, another method for mating “stators” would comprise a set
of sliding frames (or rails) that span at least the full length of the stack of
SYNCHRO-SYMs. The rails are a portion of the “stator” bayonet plugs (6) with a
similar portion of sockets (7) configured as channel blocks for inserting the
sliding frames. With each lightweight SYNCHRO-SYM component lifted to the
nacelle and positioned onto the sliding frames by an internal nacelle crane, such
as the rotor (4) and axle (5) assembly, the stator (3) and bearing assembly, or each
complete SYNCHRO-SYM in the stack, the component would slide along the
rails for alignment and attachment to another component inside the nacelle. As a
result, all stators of the SYNCHRO-SYM stack are joined as one by the stator
rails (or sliding frames) and stator bayonet methods (6,7). And separately, all
rotors of the SYNCHRO-SYM stack are joined as one by the rotor bayonet
method (6,7).

The same field installation and assembly process (using the internal nacelle crane
as just discussed) is also utilized to replace or maintain any rotor, stator, or fully
functional component within the entire stack. Or more importantly, it’s used to
retrofit legacy wind-turbine systems, which have peaked their useful operational
life.

Likely, the “legacy systems” have an obsolete mechanical gearbox, generator, and
electronic drive, all of which can be hastily disassembled and removed, and then
replaced with a small-diameter, low-speed, “direct-drive stack” of SYNCHRO-
SYM components. Since the legacy electronic drive, gearbox, and generator
upgrade is only 18% of total wind-turbine cost, the 80/20% tax credit rule is
satisfied, while upgrading to a higher-performing, more efficient, more reliable,
integrated, variable-speed wind-turbine system.

Using a computer-aided-design (CAD) tool specifically developed for the axial-

flux SYNCHRO-SYM manufactured with MOTORPRINTER, called BEM-CAD,
resulted in the table shown below. The table presents specification comparisons
between the 12-MW Haliade-X wind turbine from GE and a resilient power stack
of 12, small, lightweight, self-contained, 1-MW SYNCHRO-SYMs. Each
SYNCHRO-SYM can be separated again into smaller rotor and stator components
for easiest handling and transportation.

BRTEC brings superconductor electric-machine systems closer to reality by

exciting the conventional sinusoidally distributed active winding set with pure
sinusoidal excitation waveforms, which reduces cryogenic refrigeration by
avoiding harmonic heating of the superconductor electromagnet, and by
brushlessly relocating the superconductor electromagnet to the stationary body
(stator) for convenient logistical support. NOTE: When alternating-current (AC)
superconductors become a reality, only the fully electromagnetic SYNCHRO-
SYM will be the superconductor electric machine of choice.

What Is Electric Current?

By Jim Lucas - Live Science Contributor March 01, 2016

Electric current is electric charge in motion. It can take the form of a sudden
discharge of static electricity, such as a lightning bolt or a spark between your
finger and a ground light switch plate. More commonly, though, when we speak
of electric current, we mean the more controlled form of electricity from
generators, batteries, solar cells or fuel cells.

Most electric charge is carried by the electrons and protons within an atom.
Protons have positive charge, while electrons have negative charge. However,
protons are mostly immobilized inside atomic nuclei, so the job of carrying
charge from one place to another is handled by electrons. Electrons in a
conducting material such as a metal are largely free to move from one atom to
another along their conduction bands, which are the highest electron orbits. A
sufficient electromotive force (emf), or voltage, produces a charge imbalance that
can cause electrons to move through a conductor as an electric current, according
to Serif Uran, a professor of physics at Pittsburg State University.
While it is a bit dicey to compare electric current to the flow of water in a pipe,
there are some similarities that might make it somewhat easier to understand. We
can think of the flow of electrons in a wire as the flow of water in a pipe,
according to Michael Dubson, a professor of physics at the University of
Colorado Bolder. The caveat is that, in this case, the pipe is always full of water.
If we open the valve on one end to let water into the pipe, we don't have to wait
for that water to make its way all the way to the end of the pipe. We get water out
the other end almost instantaneously because the incoming water pushes the water
that's already in the pipe toward the end. This is what happens in the case of
electrical current in a wire. The conduction electrons are already present in the
wire; we just need to start pushing electrons in one end, and they start flowing at
the other end almost immediately.
According to the Georgia State University's HyperPhysics website, the actual
speed of an electron in a wire is on the order of a few million meters per second,
but it doesn't travel straight down the wire. It bounces around nearly at random
and only makes progress at a few millimeters per second. This is called the
electron's drift velocity. However, the transmission speed of the signal, when
electrons start being pushed out the other end of the wire after we flip the switch,
is nearly the speed of light, which is about 300 million meters per second
(186,000 miles per second). In the case of alternating current, where the current
changes direction 50 or 60 times per second, most of the electrons never make it
out of the wire.
Charge imbalances can be created in a number of ways. The first known way was
to create a static charge by rubbing two different materials together, such as
rubbing a piece of amber with animal fur. A current could then be created by
touching the amber to a body with less charge or to ground. However, this current
had very high voltage, very low amperage, and lasted for only a fraction of a
second, so it could not be made to do any kind of useful work.
Direct current

The next known way to create a charge imbalance was the electro-chemical
battery, invented in 1800 by Italian physicist Alessandro Volta for whom the unit
for electromotive force, the volt (V) is named. His "voltaic pile" consisted of a
stack of alternating zinc and copper plates separated by layers of cloth soaked in
salt water and produced a steady source of direct current (DC). He and others
improved and refined his invention over the next few decades. According to
the National Museum of American History, "batteries attracted the attention of
many scientists and inventors, and by the 1840s were providing current for new
electrical devices like Joseph Henry's electromagnets and Samuel Morse's
telegraph."
Other DC sources include fuel cells, which combine oxygen and hydrogen into
water, and produce electrical energy in the process. Oxygen and hydrogen can be
supplied as pure gasses or from air and a chemical fuel such as alcohol. Another
source of DC current is the photovoltaic orsolar cell. In these devices photonic
energy from sunlight is absorbed by electrons and converted into electrical
energy.
Alternating current

Most of the electricity that we use comes in the form of alternating current (AC)
from the electric power grid. Alternating current is produced by electric
generators that operate on Faraday’s Law of Induction, by which a changing
magnetic field can induce an electric current in a conductor. Generators have
rotating coils of wire that pass through magnetic fields as they turn. As the coils
rotate, they open and close with respect to the magnetic field and produce an
electric current that reverses direction every half turn. The current goes through a
complete forward-and-reverse cycle 60 times each second, or 60 hertz (Hz) (50
Hz in some countries). Generators can be powered by steam turbines heated by
 coal, natural gas, oil or a nuclear reactor. They can also be powered by wind
turbines or water turbines in hydroelectric dams.
From the generator, the current goes through a series of transformers, where it is
stepped up to a much higher voltage for transmission. The reason for this is that
the diameter of the wires determines the amount of current, or amperage, they can
carry without overheating and losing energy, but the voltage is limited only by
how well the lines are insulated from the ground. It is interesting to note that the
current is carried by only one wire and not two. The two sides of direct current are
designated as positive and negative. However, because the polarity of AC changes
60 times per second, the two sides of alternating current are designated as hot and
ground. In long-distance power transmission lines, the wires carry the hot side,
and the ground side travels through the Earth to complete the circuit.
Since power equals voltage times amperage, you can send more power down the
line at the same amperage by using higher voltage. The high voltage is then
stepped down as it is distributed through a network of substations until it gets to
the transformer near your house, where it is finally stepped down to 110 V. (In the
United States, wall sockets and lights run on 110 V at 60 Hz. In Europe, nearly
everything runs on 230 V at 50 Hz.)

Once the current gets to the end of the line, most of it is used one of two ways:
either to provide heat and light through electrical resistance, or mechanical motion
through electrical induction. There are a few other applications — fluorescent
lights and microwave ovens come to mind — that operate on different principles,
but the lion's share of power goes to devices based on resistance and/or
inductance. A hair dryer, for example, uses both at the same time.

This brings us to an important feature of electric current: it can do work. It can

light your home, wash and dry your cloths, and even raise your garage door at the
flip of the switch. What is becoming more and more important, though, is the
ability for electric current to convey information, most notably in the form of
binary data. Although the Internet connection to your computer uses only a tiny
fraction of the electric current of, say, an electric heater, it is becoming more and
more important to modern life.

Additional resources
 HyperPhysics: Electric Current
 The Physics Classroom: Current Electricity
 Physics4Kids: Electric Current

https://www.livescience.com/53889-electric-current.html
Discovering a previously unknown role for a source of magnetic fields

by Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory

Magnetic forces ripple throughout the universe, from the fields surrounding
planets to the gasses filling galaxies, and can be launched by a phenomenon called
the Biermann battery effect. Now scientists at the U.S. Department of Energy's
(DOE) Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) have found that this
phenomenon may not only generate magnetic fields, but can sever them to trigger
magnetic reconnection—a remarkable and surprising discovery.

The Biermann battery effect, a possible seed for the magnetic fields pervading our
universe, arises in plasmas —the state of matter composed of free electrons and
atomic nuclei—when the plasma temperature and density are misaligned. The
tops of such plasmas might be hotter than the bottoms, and the density might be
greater on the left side than on the right. This misalignment gives rise to an
electromotive force that generates current that leads to magnetic fields. The
process is named for Ludwig Biermann, a German astrophysicist who discovered
it in 1950.

Revealed through computer simulations

The new findings reveal through computer simulations a previously unknown role
for the Biermann effect that could improve understanding of reconnection—the
snapping apart and violent reconnection of magnetic field lines in plasmas that
gives rise to northern lights, solar flares and geomagnetic space storms that can
disrupt cell-phone service and electric grids on Earth.

The results "provide a new platform for replicating in the laboratory the
reconnection observed in astrophysical plasmas," said Jackson Matteucci, a
graduate student in the Program in Plasma Physics at PPPL and lead author of a
description of the process in Physical Review Letters. Coauthors of the paper
include his thesis advisers, Will Fox of PPPL and Amitava Bhattacharjee, head of
the PPPL Theory Department, and researchers from other laboratories.

The simulations modeled published results of experiments in China that studied

high-energy-density (HED) plasma —matter under extreme pressure such as
exists in the core of the Earth. The experiments, in which PPPL played no part,
used lasers to blast a pair of plasma bubbles from a solid metal target. Simulations
of the three-dimensional plasma traced the expansion of the bubbles and the
magnetic fields that the Biermann effect created, and tracked the collision of the
fields to produce magnetic reconnection.

The simulations showed that temperature spiked in the reconnecting field lines
and reversed the role of the Biermann effect that originated the lines. Because of
the spike, the Biermann effect destroyed the magnetic field lines it had created,
cutting them like a pair of scissors cutting a rubber band. The sliced fields then
reconnected downstream, away from the original reconnection point. "This is the
first simulation to show Biermann battery-mediated magnetic reconnection,"
Matteucci said. "This process had never been known before."

Tracking billions of ions and electrons

Modeling the HED experiments required tracking billions of ions and electrons
interacting with one another and with the electric and magnetic fields that their
motion created, in what are called 3-D kinetic simulations. Researchers carried
out these simulations on the Titan supercomputer at the DOE Oak Ridge
Leadership Computing Facility (OLCF) at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

The scientists have since modeled a British experiment and are working on
simulations of experiments performed at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics
(LLE) at the University of Rochester and the National Ignition Facility at
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

Railway Signal Special Equipment Market Analysis 2019 Global Industry

Size, Key Vendors, Competitive Landscape by Key Segmentation Outlook To
2025
November 14, 2019

In 2018, the global Railway Signal Special Equipment market size was xx million
US$ and it is expected to reach xx million US$ by the end of 2025, with a CAGR
of xx% during 2019-2025.

This report focuses on the global Railway Signal Special Equipment status, future
forecast, growth opportunity, key market and key players. The study objectives
are to present the Railway Signal Special Equipment development in North
America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, India and Central & South
America.

Railway Signal Special Equipment Industry Top Manufactures Analysis

Nokia Networks
– Siemens
– GE
– Beijing Railway Signal Co., Ltd.
– Electro-Motive Diesel
– Kawasaki
– Bombardier Inc

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Market segment by Type, the product can be split into
– Station Signal Control
– Marshalling Station Shunting Control
– Interval Signal Control
– Traffic Command Control
– Train Operation Control
Market segment by Application, split into
– Train
– Motor Train
– High-Speed Rail

The study objectives of this report are:

– To analyze global Railway Signal Special Equipment status, future forecast,
growth opportunity, key market and key players.
– To present the Railway Signal Special Equipment development in North
America, Europe, China, Japan, Southeast Asia, India and Central & South
America.
– To strategically profile the key players and comprehensively analyze their
development plan and strategies.
– To define, describe and forecast the market by product type, market and key
regions.

This report presents the worldwide Railway Signal Special Equipment

Market size (value, production and consumption), splits the breakdown (data
status 20142019 and forecast to 2025), by manufacturers, region, type and
application. This study also analyzes the market status, market share, growth rate,
future trends, market drivers, opportunities and challenges, risks and entry
barriers, sales channels, distributors and Porter’s Five Forces Analysis.

The report focuses on global major leading industry players of Railway Signal
Special Equipment industry providing information such as company profiles,
product picture and specification, capacity, production, price, cost, revenue and
contact information. Upstream raw materials and equipment and downstream
demand analysis is also carried out. The Railway Signal Special Equipment
Market development trends and marketing channels are analyzed. Finally, the
feasibility of new investment projects are assessed and overall research
conclusions offered.

Major Points from Table of Contents

Table of Contents
Table Global Railway Signal Special Equipment Market Size by Type (2014-
2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Railway Signal Special Equipment Market Size Share by Type
(2014-2019)
Figure Global Railway Signal Special Equipment Market Size Market Share by
Type (2014-2019)
Table Global Railway Signal Special Equipment Market Size by Application
(2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Railway Signal Special Equipment Market Size Share by
Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Railway Signal Special Equipment Market Size Market Share by
Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Railway Signal Special Equipment Revenue Market Share by
Application in 2018
Figure North America Railway Signal Special Equipment Market Size 2014-2019
(Million US$)
Table North America Key Players Railway Signal Special Equipment Revenue
(2018-2019) (Million US$)
Table North America Key Players Railway Signal Special Equipment Market
Share (2018-2019)
Table North America Railway Signal Special Equipment Market Size by Type
2014-2019 (Million US$)
Table North America Railway Signal Special Equipment Market Share by Type
2014-2019
Table North America Railway Signal Special Equipment Market Size by
Application 2014-2019 (Million US$)

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