Chapter IV

Molecules, Ions and Compounds

A. Ions and Molecules

Ions
-are atoms which are electrically charge (either positive or negative charge)
-the charge of an ion is the net charge that results from unequal numbers of protons and electrons
-many elements exist in nature as ions

Classification of Ions
Cations Anions
Contains fewer electron than proton More electron than proton
Proton>Electron Electron>Proton
Postive charge Negative charge
Symbol: (+) Symbol: (-)

How to Represent Ions?

The overall charge is represented as a superscript to the right of the element symbol
EXAMPLES:
1. Ca+2, which contains 20 protons and only 18 electrons
 The number of protons is determined from the atomic number. The atomic number of calcium is 20,
so there are 20 protons in Ca+2. It has a positive charge because it does not have enough electrons to
balance the positive charges from the protons. A 2+ charge shows that there is two less electron than
the number of protons, so its total number of electrons must be 18. The Ca+2 ion is a cation because it
is positively charged.
2. Cl-, which contains 17 protons and 18 electrons
 The atomic number of Chlorine is 17, so there are 17 protons. The negative charge results when there
are more electrons than protons. Since the charge is (-), meaning one electron is added to the atom,
Cl- ion is an anion because it is negatively charged.

Types of Ions
1. Monatomic ion
-consists of only one atom
Example: Na+, Mg2+, Fe3+, S2-, Cl-
2. Polyatomic ion
-consists of different atoms
Example: MnO4-, PO43-, HCO3-, SCN-
2 types of Polyatomic ions
2A. Binary polyatomic ions - consisting of two different elements
2B.Ternary polyatomic ions - consisting of three different elements

Naming Ions
 Elements that belong to Group1A (alkali metals) of the periodic table can give off one electron only,
while those in Group2A (alkaline earth metals) can lose two electrons. Thus, alkali metals produce
ions with positive one (+1) charge, while alkaline earth metals produce positive two (2+) ions. The
ions are named simply as the name of the metal always add the word “ion” to distinguish it from an
atom
Examples:
Group1A Group2A
Na+ : sodium ion Mg2+ :magnesium ion
K+ :potassium ion Ca2+ :calciumion

 Transitional metals (Group 1B to 8B of the periodic table) vary in the number of electrons they tend
to lose, resulting in a variety of electrical charges of their ions. As such, a systematic method of
naming their ions is employed.

1. In the classical method, the ion with the lower charge end with -ous, while that with the higher charge
ends with -ic. This suffixes are attached to the first few syllables of the foreign name of the metal (not its
english name).

2. In the stock method, a roman numeral indicating the charge is written in parentheses after the english
name of the metal.

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Examples:
Classical Method Stock Method
Fe2+ Ferrous Iron(II)
Fe3+ Ferric Iron(III)

Metals with More Than One Ion

Ion Stock Name Classical Name
As3+ Arsenic(III) Arsenous
As5+ Arsenic(V) Arsenic
Au+ Gold(I) Aurous
Au3+ Gold(III) Auric
Co2+ Cobalt(II) Cobaltous
Co3+ Cobalt(III) Cobaltic
Cu+ Copper(I) Cuprous
Cu2+ Copper(II) Cupric
Cr2+ Chromium(II) Chromous
Cr3+ Chromium(III) Chromic
Fe2+ Iron(II) Ferrous
Fe3+ Iron(III) Ferric
Hg2 2+ Mercury(I) Mercurous
Hg2+ Mercury(II) Mercuric
Mn2+ Manganese(II) Manganous
Mn3+ Manganese(III) Manganic
Ni2+ Nickel(II) Nickelous
Ni3+ Nickel(III) Nickelic
Pb2+ Lead(II) Plumbous
Pb4+ Lead(IV) Plumbic
Pt2+ Platnim(II) Platinous
Pt4+ Platinum(IV) Platinic
Sb3+ Antimony(III) Antimonous
Sb4+ Antimony(IV) Antimonic
Sn2+ Tin(II) Stannous
Sn4+ Tin(IV) Stannic

 Nonmetals take different nomenclature. The monatomic anions are named by attaching the suffix -ide
to the first few letters (root) of the nonmetal name. Elements in Group 7A (Halogens) and Group 6A
(oxygen family) accept one and two electrons, respectively.
Example
Br- :bromide
S2- :sulfide

 Nonmetals can also form polyatomic ions with oxygen. The anion with lesser oxygen atoms end with
-ite and the one with more oxygen atoms ends with -ate.
Example
NO2- :nitrite
NO3- :nitrate

 The halogens can form four different polyatomic ions with oxygen. Each ion is named differently
depending on the number of oxygen atoms present in it.
Example
1 Oxygen atom ClO- Hypochlorite
2 Oxygen atoms ClO2- Chlorite
3 Oxygen atoms ClO3- Chlorate
4 Oxygen atoms ClO4- Perchlorate
Note: The most common polyatomic ions are anions that contain oxygen attached to some other elements,
such anion is called an oxoanion

 In some cases, the oxygen in the polyatomic ion is substituted with sulfur atom. In this case, a prefix
thio- is added to the name of the anion.
Example
OCN- cyanate SCN- thiocyanate

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  Ternary polyatomic ions may be formed by the addition of hydrogen (H) atoms to binary polyatomic
ions. Prefix bi- is added to indicate the presence of 1(one) hydrogen ion in the chemical formula. For
several hydrogen ions bonded, greek prefixes are used to indicate the number of hydrogen atoms
present in the ion.
Greek Prefixes
Number Prefix
1 hydrogen atom Bi-
2 hydrogen atom Di-
3 hydrogen atom Tri-
4 hydrogen atom Tetra-
5 hydrogen atom Penta-
6 hydrogen atom Hexa-
7 hydrogen atom Hepta-
8 hydrogen atom Octa-
9 hydrogen atom Nona-
10 hydrogen atom Deca-
Example
Chemical
Chemical Formula Name of Hydrogen ion
Formula of Name of compound
of Compound Compound added
Compound
Bicarbonate or
CO32- carbonate +H HCO3-
Hydrogen carbonate
Biphosphate or
PO43- phosphate +H HPO42-
Hydrogen phosphate
+2H H2PO4- Dihydrogen phosphate

Common Polyatomic Ions

Ion Name
BO33- Borate
NH4+ ammonium
H3O+ hydronium
OH- hydroxide
C2H3O2 Acetate
AsO43- Arsenate
CN- cyanide
NO2- nitride
NO3- nitrate
HSO3- bisulfite
HSO4- bisulfate
MnO4- permanganese
S2O32- thiosulfate
CO32- carbonate
CrO42- chromate
Cr2O72- dichromate
C2O42- oxalate
PO33- phosphite
PO43- phosphate
O22- peroxide

Molecules
Atoms combine to stabilize themselves because they either lack or exceed the required number of electrons
for stability. Therefore, atoms have a choice to lose, gain, or simply share their electrons with other atoms
to be stable. The atoms in chemical compounds are held together by attractive electrostatic interactions
known as chemical bonds.

Molecules are made up of atoms chemically bonded together. Atoms of molecules may from the same
atoms(diatomic molecules or polyatomic molecules) or different atoms.

Compound are molecules but not all molecules are a compound.

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The different models used in representing molecules are as follows:
1. Molecular formula- shows the type of atom and the number constituting a certain molecule
2. Structural Formula- shows the order in which the atoms in the molecule are bonded. It can show
either the three dimensional array of atoms or not
3. Ball and stick model- is the type of perspective drawing that shows the three-dimensional orientation
of molecules
4. Space-filling model- is similar to the ball and stick model; however; the line that denotes sharing of
electrons is omitted. Instead, atoms are fused together.

B. Compounds
A compound foms from the chemical combination of two or more different atoms. It may be classified as
either ionic or covalent.
Categories of Compounds
IONIC COMPOUNDS COVALENT COMPOUNDS
-consists of opposite charged cations and anions in -results when two nonmetals shares electrons
proportions that give electrical neutrality -covalent compounds form when 2 species have a
-Ionic compounds form when 2 species have a large similarity in electronegativities (the same affinity
difference in electronegativities resulting in for electrons) resulting in sharing of an/a electron(s)
complete transfer of an/a electron(s) between 2 between 2 species
species -Mostly between nonmetals but sometimes happen
-easily identified because they usually consist of between metals and nonmetals
ions from a metal with ions from a nonmetal

Naming Ionic Compound

-the formula of ionic compounds is written by combining the symbols of the cation and the anion.
-writting the chemical formula of ionic compound is done by setting the charge number of one ion as a
subscript of the other ion (known as crisscross rule).

THE CRISSCROSS RULE

In this method, the numerical value of each of the ion charges is crossed over to become the subscript of
the other ion. Signs of the charges are dropped.

1. For Binary ionic compound, give the name of the cation first, simply using its element name. To name
the anion we add the suffix -ide to the root of the name of the name of the element that corresponds to the
anion.
Example:

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2. For ionic compounds containing polyatomic ions is similar in naming binary ionic compounds. The
cation is named first followed by the name of polyatomic ion.
Example:

3. Hydrated salts (Ionic compounds have water molecules incorporated in their structure). A greek prefix
is added to the term hydrate to indicate the number of water molecules per formula unit of the salts.
Without their water molecules, the salts are considered “anhydrous” and have different properties than the
hydrated compound.
Example:
CuSO4 ----------- Anhydrous copper(II) sulfate
CuSO4  5H2O-----Copper(II)sulfate pentahydrate
Ba(OH)2------------Barium hydroxide
Ba(OH)2  8H2O--Barium hydroxide octahydrate

Summary

Naming Covalent Compounds

1. To name molecular/covalent compounds systematically, we begin by stating the name of the element
farther to the left and farther down on the periodic table. To the root of the second element’s name we add
-ide ending. We specifically identify the number of atoms in a molecular compound. To indicate the
number, use greek prefixes such as -mono,-di, -tri, and so on.
Example:
Formula Name Formula Name
CO Carbon monoxide SO3 Sulfur trioxide
CO2 Carbon dioxide N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide
CCl4 Carbon tetrachloride PF5 Phosphorus pentaflouride

Summary

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Acids and Bases

Acids are compounds that can give off hydrogen ions when dissolved in water (aqueous). They are easily
recognized because their chemical formula begins with H. When hydrogen combines with an element on
the far right of the periodic table (excluding the noble gases), the compound is an acid (ex: HF and HCl).

When writing formula for acids, we generally place the hydrogen first and write (aq) after the formula to
indicate that the compound is an acid when dissolved in water.

A gaseous binary acid is formed when a monoatomic anion combines with hydrogen. When dissolved in
water, the binary acid behaves like an ionic compound; the hydrogen ions and the anions are dissociated in
the solution. To name a binary acid in its acqueous form, the anion name is prefixed with hydro-, suffixed
with -ic, and added with the term acid.
Example:
HCl(g) Hydrogen chloride -----+H2O------- H+(aq) + Cl(aq) = HCl(aq) Hydrochloric acid
H2S(g) Hydrogen sulfide -----+H2O-------- H2(aq) + S(aq) = H2S(aq) Hydrosulfuric acid

A ternary acid forms from a polyatomic ion. The acid name is based on the polyatomic ion; the suffix -ite
is replaced with -ous, and the -ate with -ic.
Example:
NO2- nitrite ---------HNO2 nitrous acid
NO3- nitrate --------HNO3 nitric acid
SO32- sulfite --------H2SO3 sulfurous acid
SO42- sulfate ---------H2SO4 sulfuric acid

Bases is a substance that reacts with an acid in aqueous solution to form water. Most common bases either
contain hydroxide ion, OH-, or can provide OH- ions in solution.
Example:
NaOH(s) -----+H2O------ Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

If NaOH were added to a solution containing an acid, the OH- ion from NaOH would react with the H+
ion from the acid according to the equation.
H+ (aq) + OH-(aq)----------H2O(l)