Non Destructive

Testing
Shubham R. Thakur (2545)
Pratik P. Tambe (2523)

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INDEX

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Non Destructive Testing:-
Non Destructive Testing Is Method of Examining the
Material without destructing the material

History of NDT:-

Non-destructive testing use dates back many, many years.

It is said that that flour and oil were used during Roman times
to find cracks in marble slabs. For centuries, blacksmiths used
sonic NDT when listening to the ring of different metals as they
were being hammered into shape; a technique also used by
early bell makers. One of the first recorded uses of NDT was in
1868, when Englishman S.H. Saxby relied on the magnetic
characteristics of a compass to find cracks in gun barrels.
The first NDT method to come into industrial application
was the X-Ray technique. In 1895, German physicist Wilhelm
Conrad Rontgen’s experiments with cathode rays led him to
discover X-rays, an invention that earned him the first-ever
Nobel Prize. In his first publication on the topic, Rontgen
described various uses including possible flaw detection.

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 Industry did not need the invention at the time, but
medicine did, so medical equipment was the first to be
developed. It wasn't until 1930 that the industrial use of X-ray
technology came into being when Richard Seifert developed
higher energy medical equipment expanding its use with other
application through cooperation with welding institutes.
Magnetic particle crack detection was executed even earlier
than X-ray testing, but, in 1917, an American by the name of
William Hooke also tried to find cracks in gun barrels by
magnetic indications.
Real industrial application came in 1929 by Alfred Victor
de Forest and Foster Baird Duane, who, in 1934, formed the
company Magnaflux to manufacture NDT products.
One of the first methods of NDT was an early form of liquid
penetrant testing called the "Oil and Whiting Method," which
came into use in the second half of the 19th century.
The first "industrial" application was recommended
following the tragic sinking of the Titanic, and, in 1929, Russian
named Sokolov proposed the use of ultrasound for testing
castings.
NDT began to be recognized as an independent technology
during WWII, partly through the founding of The American
Industrial Radium and X-ray Society in 1941 - known today as
ASNT.
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Advantages of NDT:-
1. Material Can Be Used For Intended Purpose After
Testing
2. Testing Is Possible Before Manufacturing
3. 100% Examination Of Material Is Possible
4. As Testing Is Done Before Manufacturing It Saves Raw
Material ,Money And Time

Limitations to NDT:-
1. Minimum 2 methods are required for complete
examination of material
2. One test is not enough to test all parameter
3. Cost of equipment is high .thus NDT cause more cost
than destructive testing

Methods of NDT:-
1. Radiograph Testing
2. Ultrasonic Testing
3. Magnetics Particle Testing
4. Eddy Current Testing
5. Leak Testing
6. Visual Testing
7. Penetrant Testing

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Liquid penetrating testing:-
It is use for detect the surface dis-continuities.

Principle:-
It works on the principle of capillarity. A colored penetrant
is applied on the surface or specimen. Due to capillary action,
the penetrant goes into the surface discontinuities, the excess
penetrant is removed after dwell time. Developer is applied on
the surface. The reverse capillary action takes place on the
surface discountity the indication can be seen directly under
light.

Experimental procedure:-
1. Surface preparation-
Precleaning of workpeice is the first step carried
out in liquid penetrant testing.
2. Application of dye penetrant:-
A suitable floursent dye is mixed in the
penetrant .this dye penetrant is applied evenly
on workpeice
3. Excess penetrant removal:-
After dwell tie is over, the excess of penetrant is
removed from the surface carefully
4. Application of developer:-
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 A thin layer of developer is applied over the
surface. The reverse capillary action aids the dye
penetrant to come out on the surface. The role
of developer is to pull trapped penetrant out of
the defects
5. Inspection and evaluation of defects:-
After dwelling time over, the surface of the
specimen is seen under white or ultraviolet light
depending upon the developer.
6. Post cleaning:-
After the cleaning of the surface, the specimen
can be used or intended purpose.

Application:-
1. Ingots- porosity and cracks
2. Welds-cracks
3. Casting-cracks, hot tears, cold shut.
4. Forging-laps crack, burst.
5. Non-metals- blow holes , flaws, cracks

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Ultrasonic Testing:-

Principle:-
Ultrasonic waves travels through any solid body from one
end to another. In presence of any internal defect, the wave are
reflected which can be measured by any suitable means.

Ultrasonic testing methods:-

Ultrasonic testing methods

Through transmission method pulse-echo method

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Procedure:-
a) Through Transmission method:-
1. This method used transducer on the both side of
test piece.
2. First the transducer send a pulse through the
sample which is received by the second
transducer at other end and converted into
electrical signal that can be shown on the
oscilloscope
3. A clear, strong signal means sound a sound
material, whereas a weak signal indicate defects

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 b)Pulse-echo method:-
1. It used only one transducer, which serves
transmitter as well as receiver
2. When an electrical signal given to transducer , it
produces ultrasonic waves
3. When these waves travel through component
and reach opposite surface.
4. From this surface waves are reflected back giving
another signal. If component is defect free only
two signals are observed. The intermidate signal
is an indication of 0 defects.

Applications:-
Ares of application
i. Billets, forging,
welding, plates, rods
and bars.
ii. Assemblies
Nature of defects
Internal discontinuity like
cracks,voids,inclusion
Stress-corrosion cracking,crossion
pits and fatigue cracks

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Magnetic Particle Method:-
Principle:-
This works on the theory of induced magnetism.
When a metallic particle is magnetized, flux flow in it. This flux
gets disturbed due to presence of a defects called crack.
This flux leak out at crack. This leakage can be
detected by spraying fine iron powder on the surface as the
iron powder gets accumulated at leaking flux. A magnetic probe
can be used to sense flux leakage.

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Procedure:-
i. Preparation of test surface.
ii. Magnetization of test piece.
iii. Application of magnetic powder.
iv. Observation.
v. Demagnetization of test piece.

Application:-
Rods, bars, forging blanks, and rough casting,
crankshafts, frames, flywheels, cam hook, steam turbine
blades, etc.

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Conclusion:-

NDT has come a long way since the early years, and I play
an important part in modern industry. It is possible test
specimen even before it actual production. Due to NDT now it
is easy to test material without destructing it. Even in ancient
world LPT was done to test the material. But the practical
testing of the material cannot be achieved by NDT which is a
major and important drawback. Thus it can be said that NDT is
not alone sufficient to test the material.

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Reference:-
1. Applied science by Dr. D.D.Jadav and V.K.Kumvat.
2. Https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nondestructive_testin
g
3. Http://tspndt.com/non-destructive-testing-industrial-
supplies-blog/a-brief-history-of-non-destructive-testing

Appendix:-
1. NDT – Non destructive testing
2. LPT – Liquid penetrating testing
3. MPT – Magnetic particle testing
4. UT – Ultrasonic testing

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