,i·

Power and
Industrial Plant
Engineering
Reviewer
REVISED EDITION
I
by:

Jose Arvin S. Tordillo

Mechanical Engineer
Review Director of Tordillo Engineering Review Center
Former Reviewer DERC, Cebu City (1995-2000)
Reviewer RLB CDTC, Espana St., Manila (1995-present)
Graduate BSME, Leyte Institute of Technology, 1994
Graduate BSEE, Unioereitu of Cebu, 2000
BSCE, with academic subjects at UC
Eleventh Place, ME Board, October 1994
Author of Various Engineering Reviewer Books and Textbooks
POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT
ENGINEERING REVIEWER
Revised Edition
' R'"
P;,~ ,:'\IEIi~;
i"" ~"'."" . -, j l " ;
0:'

POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING REVIEWER is one of

three board subjects of Mechanical Engineering and weighs 35 percent in the
1111'

Copyright © 1998 hoard exam. This book has been prepared to help both the student and graduate of
By Jose Arvin S. Tordillo mechanical engineering in preparation for the board examination.

This book is a compilation of formulas and principles of Power and

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be
Reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical including
ludustrial Plant Engineering. Typical illustration problems with complete solutions
.1Ie found at the end of each topic and 99 percent of the problems were taken from
p.ist board exams. And with the addition of practice problems to let the students
t rain in solving problems. The board examination of mechanical engineering was
.i lrcudy computerized or in multiple-choice type of questions which includes the

photocopying, recording, mimeographing, or by .k-tinition of terms and elements of mechanical engineering. The other part of this
any information and retrieval system, without IH10k is a multiple-choice question of some common terms of Power and Industrial

written permission from the copyright holder. I 'l.uit Engineering. Comments and suggestions for improvement of this book will be
I h.inkfully welcome and accepted. It is hopefully expected that this book will be
III-.ed by teachers and students alike.

My special thanks to Engr. Diego Inocencio T. Gillesania, Engr. Rey L.

I \,HUS and Engr. Donato M. Busa who have contributed to the success of this book.

I wish to dedicate this work to my loving wife Rusyl for her support and to
lIlt' Almighty God for giving me this gift; to my mother, Lilia; to my sister Menchie
,lIld her husband Am-Am, to my sister Fe who is now in Jefferson City, USA; to my
ISBN 971-91931-8-2
I" ,,111('r Bonnette and to his wife Sheryl; to my youngest brother, BonBon; to my
", 'I 'hews, Cybil, Bhep-Bhep, En-En, Baby Bliss and Dave; to my uncles and unties;
I" .dl my cousins; to lola, Enriqua for her continuous prayer; and to all my friends

i, 'I l heir assistance and moral support. Other people, as well, contributed to this
I"" II-. ill their own special ways. My omission of their names should not be taken as
I 1.1, I-. of appreciation. It wouldn't have been possible without all of you. Thank
Printed by: ,'>II, ,lg,lill'
DMC Busa Printers
Sanciangco St.
Cebu City JOSE ARVIN SECO TORDILLO
Tel No. (032) 416-8016 CEBU CITY, PHILIPPINES
 Table of Contents

Table of Contents
Conversions. _ .

Thermodynamics

Definitions . F-1

Properties of a Working Substance . F-1

Work, Heat and Power . F-4

First Law of Thermodynamics .. F-5

Second Law of Thermodynamics .. F-5

To my wife, Rusyl
Third Law of Thermodynamics .. F-5

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics . F-5

My late father, Bonifacio Sr.

Ideal Gases .. F-6

Pure Substance . F-10

My mother, Lilia
The Carnot Cycle .. F-13

My sisters, Menchie and Fe Florabel

Sample Problems in Thermodynamics .. F-14

My brothers, Bonnette and BonBon

Fuels and Combustion

Classification of fuels . . F-19

My brother-in-law, Am-Am
Solid Fuels . F-19

My sister-in-law, Sheryl
Liquid Fuels . F-21

Gaseous Fuels . F-22

My Nephews, Cybil, Bhep-Bhep, En-En,

Properties of Fuels and Lubricants . F-22

Combustion . F-25

Baby Bliss and Christian Dave

Sample Problems in Fuels and Combustion .. F-26

And to all of you.

Diesel Power Plant

Basic Classification of Common Internal

Combustion Engines .. F-29

Cycle Analysis of 4-stroke Gasoline Engine . F-30

Cycle Analysis of 2-stroke Gasoline Engine . F-31

Cycle Analysis of 4-stroke Diesel Engine . F-31

Cycle Analysis of 2-stroke Diesel Engine .. F-32

Performance of Diesel Generating Set... .. F-32

Typical Heat Balance of Diesel Engine .. F-35

Five Auxiliary Systems of Diesel Engine . F-36

Waste Heat Recovery Boiler Utilizing the

Diesel Engine Exhaust. : . F-37

Power Developed at an Altitude .. F-37

Sample Problems in Diesel Power Plant... .. F-37

Steam Power Plant

Steam Cycles..... F-44

Steam Generators (Boilers)........................................... F 47

Steam Turbines....................................................... f' ~):l

Steam Condensers....... r r,4

 Table of Contents Table of Contents

------------
Feedwater Pumps . F-56 MClchine Foundation
Steam E n g i n e s . . ,········· .. F-57 Functions of Machine Foundation . F-100
Sample Problums 111 Steam Power Plant.. .. F-59 Design Procedure in Machine Foundation .. F-101
Machine Foundation General Requirements . F-102
Geothermal Power PI;Hlt Sample Problems in Machine Foundation . F-103
Defiruuons.. .
. F-65
Types of Geothermal Plants
.. F-65 Ileat Transfer and Heat Exchangers
Perforn l;1l1ce of Flashed-Steam Geothermal Plant.
. F-67 Modes of Heat Transfer .. F-106
Sample IJrolJlem in Geothermal Power Plant..
. F-68 Conduction Through a Plane Wall .. F-106
Conduction Through Composite Plane Wall. .. F-107
Gas Turbine POW(~I Plant Conduction from Fluid to Fluid .. F-107
Air St;III(f;lId, Ideal (Brayton) Cycle .. F-70 Conduction Through Pipes r , •• , ••••• F-108
Perfo' 111; ince of Actual Cycle
. F-71 Conduction Through Composite Pipes . F-108
Idf:;11 GdS Turbine Cycle with Regenerator.
.. F-73
Conduction from Fluid to Fluid through Pipe . F-109
S;II11ple Problems in Gas Turbine Power Plant..
· F-74
Convection . F-110
Radiation , . F-111
Hydro-Electric Power Plant Sample Problems in Heat Transfer . F-112
Basic Parts of High-Head Hydro-Electric Power Plant.. ......... F-77
Pumped Storage Hydro-Electric Power or , " IS (Air) Compressors
Hydraulrc Accumulator ···· ..· F-78
Uses of Compressed Air .. F-116
Classification of Hydraulic Turbines ·. F-79
Classification of Air Compressors .. F-116
Performance of Hydro-Electric Power Plant.. ..
F-80
Performance of Single-Stage, Single-Acting,
Sample Problems in Hydro-Electric Power Plant... .. F-82

Reciprocating Compressor . F-117

DOUble-Acting, Single-Stage Reciprocating Compressor . F-119
Nuclear Power Plant Two-stage Reciprocating Compressor . 'F-120
Typical Nuclear Power Plant... : · ·..· F-85
Three-Stage Reciprocating Compressor .. F-121
Commercial Types of Nuclear Power Reactors ·.. F-86
Multi-Stage Reciprocating Compressor . F-122
Performance of Centrifugal and Rotary Compressors . F-122
Non-Conventional Power Sources Sample Problems in Gas (Air) Compressors .. F-123
Solar Power , , ,· ·..· ··..·..·..······ . F-87
Wind Power , ·· · ··..·..·..·· ·..·· . F-87 , '1111pS
Tidal Power ·..·· ····..·,· ·..· . F-88
Definitions . F-125
Low Thermal Head Plant... .. F-88
Typical Pumping Installations . F-127
Magneto Hydro Dynamic Plant... · · ·.. F-88
Basic Classification of Pumps .. F-128
Therrnoionic Converter ·..····..··..· ······ ..····· F-88
Head and Power Calculations . F-130
Fuel Cell, .., .. F-88
Calculating the Friction Head .. F-131
Characteristics of Reciprocating Pumps .. F-132
Instr umo: itat 1011 Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps . F-133
1 yp(~S of Instruments ·..·..·..····..···· ··· . F-89
Cavitation . F-134
[)f:fI111tI0I1S " .. ' .. , . F-91
Sample Problems in Pumps .. F-134

Variablo Load Problem IllS and Blowers

Formulas .. ..................................................................... F-95

Types of Fans
. F-138
Head and Power Calculations
. F-139
Chimney Fan Laws
. F-141
Calculation of Chimney Diameter and Height... . F-96
Sample Problems in Fans and Blowers
. F 141
Sample Problems III Chimney . F-97
 ---

Table of Contents Table of Contents

-------------

Refrigeration
Ice Refriqer auon
Mechanical R(~fllq(~riltion
.
.
F-145
F-145 I Conversions

The COIllPI(~SSI(HI Cycle . F-146

Reversed Curnot Cycle in Refrigeration . F-148 Linear
Rdrlcwr ,111011 Cycle with Subcooling and/or Superheating .. F-149
F-149
1 statute mile = 5280 feet
Refrlgcl .itron System with Heat Exchanger ..
F-149
= 1760 yards
f~cfrl~lcr;ltJ()1I Compressors . 1 nautical mile = 6080 feet
Perf on lldllc(~ of Reciprocating Compressors .. F-150
F-151 1 league = 3 nautical miles
RefrIU(~I, 1111 Condensers · ·..···· ..·····
Exp,~I)SI()1I Uevices . F-152 = 18240 feet
R(~frl<J(~1 ,liltS . F-152 1 yard = 3 feet
Cak.: IIdt 111\1 the Cooling Load from Products .. F-154 = 0.9144 m
MlIltl 1)1(~ssure Refrigeration System .. F-154 1 meter = 100 cm
low 1 (~Ill perature Refrigeration .. F-156 = 1000 mm
O!lWI MctrlOds of Refrigeration . F-157 = 3.28 feet
S;mlpl(~ Problems in Refrigeration · F-158 = 1.093 yard
1 foot = 12 inches
Air Conditioninq 1 inch = 2.54 cm
F-161
Air Conditioning
Properties of Air
.
.. F-161
= 25.4 mm
1 rod = 5.5 yards
The Psychrometric Chart . F-163
Processes in the Psychrometric Chart... .. F-164
= 16.5 feet
Air Mixing . F-164 1 furlong = 40 rods

Air Conditioner . F-165 = 220 yards

Cooling Tower · ·..·..· ·..· ······· ..·

F-166 1 cable length = 720 feet

Dryer . F-167
1 fathom = 6 feet

Air Conditioning Calculations · ·· ··..··..·

F-168 1 span = 9 inches

Sample Problems in Air Conditioning .. F-170 1 vara = 33.33 inches

1 mil = 0.001 inch

lndustna: Processes

Some Industries in the Philippines .. F-176

I Area
Imillslr till Equipment

Dryers .. .. . F-176
1 hectare = 10,000 sq. m
Evaporators
Conveyors
Cr nnes
FOllmJry E.quipment.
Fir o PI otcctiOll Systems

Scope.... ..
.

.
.

..
F-177

F-178

F-178
F-179

F-180

F-180
I
I
= 11,960 sq. yards
1 acre = 43560 sq. ft
= 4046.8 sq. m
= 0.4047 hectare
1 square meter = 10.76 sq. ft
= 1.195 sq. yard
General Safety Requirements .
Commodity Classification ··..··· .. F-180
Definitions. . . F-181 I Volume
1 quart = 2 pints
F-184

I
Practice Problems . 1 US gallon = 231 cu. inches
Power and Industrial Plant Engineering Elements and Terms . ET-1 = 3.7854 liters
Compilation of Pels! ME Board Exam . . PB-1 = 4 quarts
 Table of Contents Table of Contents
---------------

1 British qallon = 277.42 cu. inches 1 erg = 1 dine-em

1 cu. m = 1000 liters = 10- Joule
= 35.31 cu. ft 1 Joule = 1 N-m
= 264.2 US gallon 1 kJ = 1000 Joule
1 cu. ft = 7.48 US gallon
= 28.32 liters Power
= 1728 cu. inch 1 horsepower = 550 ft-Ib/sec
1 ganta = 3 liters = 33,000 ft-Ib/min
= 8 chupas = 2545 Btu/hr
1 cavan = 25 gantas = 42.4 Btu/min
= 0.746 kw
= 746 watts
Angle = 1.014 MHp
60 degrees = 27t radians 1 kw = 3413 Btu/hr
= 400 grads = kJ/sec
= 6400 mils 1 watt = J/sec
= 1 rev 1 MHp = 0.736 kw
90 deg = 100 grad 1 Boiler Hp = 33,480 Btu/hr
1 deg = 60 min = 35,322 kJ/hr
1 min = 60 sec
Temperature
Mass & Weight °C = ~(oF - 32)
1 ton = 2000 pounds (Ibs.) 9
1 longton = 2240lbs OF = 2- °C + 32
1 metric ton = 1000 kg 5
= 2200lbs OK = °C + 273
1 pound = 16 ounces oR = OF + 460
1 kip = 1000lbs
1 kg = 2.22 Ibs L1°C = ~ (L1°F)
9
1 kgf = 9.80665 Newtons
1 Newton= 0.1019 kg L1°F = 2- (L1°C)
5
= 0.04591b
1 pound (Ib) = 0.453592 kg = 0.138255 N L1°C = L1°K
L1°F = L1°R

Work/Energy
1 Btu = 778 ft-lb Pressure
= 252 cal 1 atmospheric pressure (atm) = 101.325 kPa
= 0.252 kcal = 14.7 psi
= 1.055 kJ = 760 mm Hg
1 kcal = 4.187 kJ = 29.92 in Hg
1 cal = 4.187 Joule = 1.033 kq/crn"
 - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
iv Table of Contents Table of Contents
---

1 bar = 100 kPa Properties of Air

1 Pa = 1 N/m 2 Btu kJ
1 kPa =
1 kN/m 2 C p = 0.24---
lb- 0 F
0.24 kcal
kg _0 C
1.0-­
kg- 0 C /~I.L~'
= 1000 Pa m-"

Fluids Cv 0.171~ 0.171~ 0.716~

1 poise = 1 dyne-sec/em" lb _0 F kg-O C kg _0 C
= 0.1 Pa-s
1 stoke = 1 cm 2/s
= 0.001 m2/s R = 53.3 ft - lb 0.287~
1 lb-sec/tf = 478.7 poises lb-o R kg _0 K
2/s
1 ff/s = 929 cm
1 fe/s = 0.646 million gallons per day (mgd) k=1.4
= 448.8 gal/min (gpm)
3/s
1m = 1000 litis
= 35.31 fe/s Properties of Water

Cp = 4.187--
kJ
1.0~

Fundamental Constants kg- 0 C lb-O F

acceleration of free fall (g) . 9.80665 m/s CfiL{ ~SD'IDJ;J.­

23
Avogadro constant (L, NA ) .. 6.02252 x 10 mol' K~~

Boltzmann constant (k = R/N A ) .. 1.380622 x 10-23 J/K L = latent heat of fusion, = 335 ~ 144 Btu
12 kg lb
electric constant (Eo) · ···· · 8.854 x 10- F/m
electronic charge(e) .. 1.602192 x 10-19 C
~O
31
electronic rest mass (me) · .. 9.109558 x 10- kg Specific (sensible) heat of ice = 2.093
Faraday constant (F) .
4
9.648670 x 10 C/mol kg_ c
gas constant (R) . 8.31434 J/kg mol-oK
11 2 2
gravitational constant (8) .. 6.664 x 10- N m /kg Btu
2.68719 x 10 25 m-
3 = 0.5
Loschmidt's constant (Nd · lb-O F
7
magnetic constant (uo) . 4n x 10- Him
neutron rest mass (m n ) .. 1.67492 x 10-27kg Latent heat of vaporization (from and at 100°C)
34
Planck constant (h) . 6.626196 x 10- Js
proton rest mass (m p ) . 1.672614 X 10-27 kg
speed of light (c) .. 2.99792458 x 10 rn/s
8
= 2257 ~ 970.3 Btu
8
5.6697 x 10- m- K-4 2 kg lb
Stefan-Boltzmann constant (o ) ..

Latent heat of water vapor in air and flue gases (average)

= 2442 ~ 1050 Btu

kg lb
 To my wife, Rusyl
My late father, Bonifacio Sr.
My mother, Lilia
My sisters, Menchie and Fe Florabel
Formulas
My brothers, Bonnette and BonBon
My brother-in-law, Am-Am
My sister-in-law, Sheryl
My Nephews, Cybil, Bhep-Bhep, En-En,
and
Baby Bliss and Christian Dave
And to all of you. Principles

.......

 Formulas and Principles - THERMODYNAMICS

THERMODYNAMICS
DEFINITIONS:

Ihermodynamlcs - is the study of heat and work and those properties of

.ubstance that-bear a relation to heat and work,

Working Substance - a substance to which heat can be stored and from

.vluch heat can be extracted.

,I. Pure Substance - a working substance whose chemical composition

remains the same even if there is a change in phase; Ex. Water,
ammonia, Freon-12.

11, Ideal Gas - a working substance which remains in gaseous state during
=
its operating cycle and whose equation of state is PV mRT ; Ex. Air,
O2 , N 2 , CO 2 •

PROPERTIES OF A WORKING SUBSTANCE

Mass and Weight

Mass - a property of matter that constitutes one of the fundamental

physical measurements or the amount of matter a body contains, Units of
mass are in Ibm, slugs, kgm, or in kg.

Weight - the force acting on a body in a gravitational field, equal to

the product of its mass and the gravitational acceleration of the field. Units
of weight are in Ibf , kg f , N or kN.

Volume

Volume - the amount of space occupied by, or contained in a body

,llld is measured by the no. of cubes a body contains. Units of volume
,110 In fe, Gallons, liters, ern", or rn".

Pressure = force per unit area. Units of pressure are measure in psi,
2 2
kg/cm , kN/m or kPa.

1\1 )';olule Pressure = Gauge Pressure + Absolute Atmospheric Press

kPaa = kPag + 101.325
Psia = Psig + 14.7

........

J
F-2 Formulas and Principles - THERMODYNAMICS Form~/as
----_.
__ .
and P~i-;;~iPle~~-THE-R~ODYNAM
---- - - --
- ------ ---- -------------­
-
ICS r 3

1 Atm Pressure = 0 kPag, 0 psig

'i
Weight
=101.325 kPa
2
Specific Weight, (I) = --_ _ ---
..
kN/m
3

Volume

=1.033 kg/cm
=29.92 in Hg

=760 mm Hg
Specific Gravity of a liquid =
Density of Liquid
=14.7 psia
(Relative Density) Density of Water

1 bar =100 kPa

Pressure of Perfect Vacuum = - 101.325 kPag

Density of water = 1000 kg/m 3 = 9.81 KN/m 3 = 62.4 Ib/ft 3
= absolute zero pressure

Specific Gravity of a Gas Density of a GIS

4. Temperature (Relative Density) Denslt.y of :\ 11

Temperature - the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance.

Density of air =! 2 kg/me, at 101.325 kPa and 21 1 "C.

Relations of Temperature Scales, 0 C and 0 F:

Internal Energy, tr, kJ/kg
0C = 2- (oF - 32)

9
Internal enerqy - herit energy due to the movement of the molecules
within the substance brought aboi.t Its temperature
of = -9 oC + 32
5
Internal energy is zero if temperature is constant.
Temperature at which molecules stop moving

=-273°C =
-460°F
Flow Work, W, kJ/kg

Absolute Temperatures:
Flow work - work due to the change in volume.
-K = oC + 273

<R = of + 460
W = F x L = PA x L. = Pv
Temperature Change or Temperature Difference:
where: P = pressure, kPa
v = specific volume, m 3/kg

~oC = 2- ~oF ~oK = ~oC Enthalpy, h, kJ/kg

9
Enthalpy sum of the internal energy of a body and the product of
~oF = ~ s-c ~oR = ~oF
pressure and specific volume.
5
Enthalpy = Internal Energy + Flow Work
5. Specific Volume, Density, and Specific Weight
h = u + Pv
Mass 3
Density, p = Volume
kg/m
Entropy,s.
k,T
~---~~
kg-OK
Volume 1 3/kg Entropy - measure of randomness of the molecules of a substance
Specific Volume, v = Mass
= m
- measures the fraction of the total energy of a system th. It I'. II' <I
P
available for doing work
 Formulas and Principles - THERMODYNAMICS F-5
Formulas and Principles - THERMODYNAMICS
F-4
FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
WORK, HEAT, POWER and EFFICIENCY
Total Energy Entering a System = Total Energy Leaving a System
= Force x distance, ft-Ib, kN-m or kJ
Work

1
W=FxL=Pv

Heat _ form of energy due to temperature difference.

-.&+----t/ W
_ units of heat are in Btu, cal, kcal, kJ

Q = mCtlT then C = Cp or C,

Specific Heat, C = the heat required to change the temperature of 1 kg of H1 + KE 1 + PE 1 = H2 + KE2 + PE2 + q + W

a substance 1-c. from which:

kJ
C = specific heat at constant pressure,
p
~
kg- C
or --0
kg- K W
2)

= m(h 1-h2) + }'2 m(V/-V2 + m(z1-z2) - q

W = m(h 1-h2) neglecting KE PE and q

I

kJ
C = specific heat at constant volume,
v
~
kg- C
or ­
kg_OK
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
Conversion units of heat: Kelvin Planck statement applied to the heat engine:
1kca\ = 4.187kJ "It is impossible to construct a heat engine which operates in a cycle
1 Btu = 778 ft - Ib 1N-m= 1J .uid receives a given amount of heat from a high temperature body and does
= 252 cal ( 0.252 kcal) If1 equal amount of work."
1000 J = 1 kJ
= 1.055 kJ
Clausius statement applied to the heat pump:
. fd . k Work hp, watts or kw "It is impossible to construct a heat pump that operates without an
P ower = ume rate 0 olng wor = Time
-­
»iput work."

Conversion units of power: The most efficient operating cycle is the Carnot Cycle.

1 MHp = 0.736 kw
1 hp = 550 ft-Ib/sec = Hp
= 33, 000 ft-Ib/min 1.014 MHp fHIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
1 Boiler Hp = 33, 480 Btu/hr
= 2545 Btu/hr = 35,322 kJ/hr
= 42.4 Btu/min = J/sec "The entropy of a substance of absolute zero temperature is zero"
1 watt
= 0.746 kw

!EROTH's LAW
"If two bodies has the same temperature as a third body they have
III(~ sarne temperature with each other."

... ~
F·6 Formulas and Principles - THERMODYNAMICS Formulas and Principles - THERMODYNAMICS -7

IDEAL GASES Processes Involving Ideal Gases

An ideal gas is a substance that has the equation of state: Any Process:

PV = mRT
PlY) == P2Y2 ==
mR
where: P = absolute pressure, kPa
1; T2
3 3/sec
V = volume, m or m
m = mass,
kg or kg/sec U2 - U 1 = mC y(T rT 1 )

kJ
R = gas constant, - - 0 ­ H2 - H 1 == mC p (T r T 1 )

kg- K
T == absolute temperature, oK T~ P
82 - 8 1 == mC p In _4 - mR In ---.Z
Tj P1
Basic Properties of an Ideal Gas:
I <eversibleProcess: No friction loss
8.3143 kJ
R == /\diabatic Process: No heat loss, no heat gain, that is completely insulated
M kg-OK .ystern
1545 ft-1b -xdiabatic Throttling Process: constant enthalpy or isenthalpic process,
R == 'itat is, h 2 == h, and t 2 = t 1
M 1b-OR r .onstant Pressure or Isobaric Process: P 1 == P 2
.onstant Volume or Isovolumic Process: V 1 == V 2
Cp - Cv == R , .onstant Temperature or Isothermal Process: T 1 == T 2
onstant Entropy or Isentropic Process: adiabatic and reversible,
cp == k 8 1 == 8 2

Cy 'olytropic Process: non-adiabatic process

where: R == gas constant

M == molecular weight PROCESSES:
C p == specific heat at constant pressure
C, == specific heat at constant volume
I onstant Pressure P 1 == P 2 ~ = Y2
k == specific heat ratio
Tj T2
, .harles Law)
Properties of Air:
Work Done == P 1(V2 - V 1 )
M == 28.97 kg air/mole of air
k == 1.4
Heat Added == mC p(T rT 1 )
kJ

R == 53.3 ft -1b == 0.287

T~
1b-oR kg-OK
Entropy Change == mCp In ---=-­
T)

kJ
Cp == 0.24 Btu == 0.24 kca1 == 1.0
lb-OF kg-OC kg-OC
onstant Volume V 1 ==V 2 ~ == P2

T1 T2

Cy == 0.171 Btu == 0.171

kcal == 0.716 ~ u.u lr», Law)

lb-OF kg-OC kg-OC Work Done = 0

F-8 Formulas and Principles - THERMODYNAMICS Formulas and Principles - THERMODYNAMlc~; F -9

me, (n - k)(T2 - 'II)

Heat Added = mCv(Tz-T 1) Heat Added =
I
11 --
T
Entropy Change = mCv In ---.2
T1 = mC,(n - k) In T2
Entropy Change
n-l T1

Constant Temperature T1 = T2 PN1 = P2V 2

(Boyle's Law) MIXTURES INVOLVING IDEAL GASES
V2
Work Done = PN1 In ­
VI onsider a mixture of three gases, a, b, and c, at a pressure P

'Icl a temperature T, and having a volume V.

Heat Added = mRT 11n V 2

Mass or Gravimetric Analysis:
VI

111T = m a + 111b + 111 e

Entropy Change = mRln V2
VI
J = m a + mb +~c
111'1 mT mT

Constant Entropy PV
k
= C, PN/ = P2V/
Volumetric or Molal Analysis:
k-I k- I
T2
TI = (~~ JT T2
TI
= VI
(V 2 J
v = Va + Vb + V c

Va = volume that gas a would OCCUPy

at pressure P and Temperatur-e T
Work Done
= PIVI -P2V2
1 = Va + Vb + Ve

k -1 V V V

Vb = volume that gas b would OCCUpy

Heat Added = 0 at pressure P and Temperatur-e T
Entropy Change =0 V c = volume that gas c would OCCUpy
at pressure P and Temperature T
n
Polytropic Process PV
n
= C, PN1
n
= P2V2

n-I
rJalton's Law of Partial Pressure:

(I
n- I
T2 = ( P2 1----;- T2 = ~ P = Pa + Pb + Pc
T1 PI j TI V2
Pa = partial pressure of gas a, that is, the pressure that gas a will

Work Done
= PIVI -P2V2 . "II If It alone occupies the volume occupied by the mixture, etc.
n-1
1',1 V~(l») Vb
Ph = -(P)
Vc
Pc =-(P)
v V V
 F -10 Formulas and Principles - THERMODYNAMICS
Formulas and Principles - THERMODYNAMICS F - 11

4. Specific Heat of the Mixture: Saturated liquid and Saturated Vapor

ma mb me Examples of saturation temperature at various pressures for three common
Cp ~ -Cpa + -Cpb + -Cpe

mT mT mT
pure substances:

rna mb me Saturation Temperature

Cv --Cva + --Cvb + -Cve

mT mT mT
Pressure Water
Ammonia Freon-12
50 kpa 81.33°C -46.73°C -45.19°C

101.325kpa 100°C
-33.52°C -29.79°C

500 kpa 151.86°C 4.08°C 15.59°C

PURE SUBSTANCE
Properties of saturated liquid and saturated vapor at various temperatures
Pure Substance - is a working substarice that has a homogenous and and pressures are found in tables (Table 1 and Table 2 for steam) with the
invariable chemical composition even though there is a change of phase. following typical construction:

Saturation Temperature - the temperature at which vaporization takes Specific Internal Enthalpy Entropy
place at a given pressure, this pressure being called the saturation Volume Energy
pressure for the given temperature. Temp Press Y..c JLg hf b.fg !J.g
.!de .!dfg .!dg ~e ~fg ~g

Superheated Vapor - vapor whose temperature is higher than the Vfg = vg - Vf hfg = hg - hf
saturation temperature at the given pressure.
Ufg = ug - Uf Sfg = Sg - Sf
Degrees Superheat - difference between actual temperature and
saturation temperature.
Mixture
suococted Liquid - liquid whose temperature is lower than the saturation x = quality or dryness factor

temperature at the given pressure. = ratio of mass of saturated vapor to the total mass of the mixture,

expressed in decimal or percent.

Compressed liquid - liquid whose pressure is higher than the saturation

pressure at the given temperature. 1-x = wetness
- if the temperature is held constant and the pressure
is increased beyond the saturation pressure. Properties of Mixture: v = v, + X Vfg h = hf + x hfg

U = Uf + X Ufg s:;:sr+XSrg

Degrees Subcooling - difference between saturation temperature and

actual temperature.
The T . S diagram of a Pure Substance
Critical Point - is the condition of pressure and temperature at which a
liquid and its vapor are indistinguishable.
T I I ~ Critical Point
Mixture - substance made up of liquid and vapor portion. Super heated Vapor
Subcooled Liquid Region -----+---. - - - - . Region

Saturated Liquid Line I .1 Saturated Vapor

....
I
-----1,I---1.~Mixture Region

S
 F ·12 Formulas and Principles - THERMODYNAMICS
Formulas and Principles - THERMODYNAMICS
--- -'--~---~---'---~._._~--~._--
_ _----~~ ..
F - 13

The Mollier Diagram (h-s) of steam is usually useful in determining the

THE CARNOT CYCLE
final enthalpy of steam after an isentropic process.

Processes Involving Pure Substances: T

1. Isobaric or constant pressure process: P1 = Pz '1"1 = '1'-1

4 I 11

Work Net

2. Isothermal or constant temperature process:

T1 = T2 '1"2 = T,
3 I I 2
Evaporation and condensation processes occur at constant
pressure and constant temperature.
• S
S-, = S, SI = S2
3. Isovolumic or constant volume process: V 1 = V 2
For constant mass: V1 = V2
If the final state is a mixture: V1 = (VI + x VIg)z

4. Isentropic or constant entropy process: S1 = S2

QAB~
Isentropic process is reversible (no friction loss) and adiabatic (no
\V
heat loss, that is. completely insulated system).

5. Throttling or isenthalpic (constant enthalpy) process: h1 = h2

QR
If the final state is a mixture: h1 = (hi + x hlg)z
Wp
If the initial state is a mixture, such as in steam calorimeter:
T 1-T2 = T 4-T3 and S1- S4
(hi + x h(9 ) 1= h2 S2- S3

OA = T 1(S1 - S4)

Process Heat Added or Rejected

OR = T 2(Sr S3) = T Z(S1 - S4)
Constant Pressure Q = mCp (T 2- T1)
Heating or Cooling of Liquid
w = OA - OR = T 1(S1 - S4) - Tz(S,- S4)

kJ
For water: Cp = 4.187 - - 0 ­ W Q A -QR '1'1 (S: - S4) - T 2 (Sj - S4)
kg- K I1r
QA QA T1(Sl - S4)
Evaporation or condensation Q = m(h fg) = m(h g - hi)
T] -T2
(P =C and T C) = hlg = latent heat llr or I1T =
TH -'1'1
'1'] TH
Constant Volume (V = C ) Q = m(u2 - U1)
where: nT Carnot Cycle efficiency
Constant Entropy ( S = C ) Q = m(h z - h 1) T1 = T H =highest absolute temperature
(Isentropic) Tz = TL =
lowest absolute temperature
Constant Enthalpy (h = c) Q = 0
(Throttlinq)

~.
F -14 Formulas and Principles - THERMODYNAMICS
Formulas and Principles - THERMODYNAMIC, 1"

Basic Working cycles for various applications:

Efficiency = T11-TI 1660 - 685
= 58.73%
Application Basic Working Cycle 'IJ[ 1660

Steam Power Plant Rankine Cycle An ideal gas at 45 psig and 80 cF is heated in a closed container to 130'f­
Gasoline Engine Otto Cycle What is the final pressure? (Apr 97)
(Spark-Ignition) A. 54 psia C. 75 psia
Diesel Engine Diesel Cycle
B. 65 psia 0.43 psia
(Combustion-Ignition)
Gas Turbine Brayton Cycle Solution:
Refrigeration System Refrigeration Cycle
P 1 =45 + 14.7 59.7 psia =
T 1 = 80 + 460 = 540 0R

SAMPLE PROBLEMS: T 2 = 130 + 460 = 590 0R

1. A Carnot engine receives 130 Btu of heat from a hot reservoir at 700°F
PI Pc
and rejects 49 Btu of heat. Calculate the temperature of the cold
reservoir. (Bd. Prob Apr. 97) TI '1'2
A. -21.9°F C. -20.8°F
B. -24.2°F D. -22.7°F 59.7 Po
--0=-­

540 590
Solution:
P2 = 65.23 psia
TH = 700 + 460 = 1160 0R

TH -TL
Carnot Engine Efficiency = Q A -QR A Carnot engine requires 35 kJ/sec from the hot source. The engine
QA TH produces 15 kw of power and the temperature of the sink is 26°C. What is
the temperature of the hot source in °C? (Apr 97)
130- 49 1160-TL
A. 245.57 C.250.18
130 1160
B. 210.10 0.260.68

TL ~437.23°R Solution:
TL =-22.77°F
T c = 26 + 273 = 299°K
2. The maximum thermal efficiency possible for a power cycle operating
between 1200°F and 225°F is: (Apr. 97)
A. 58% C. 57.54% Efficiency 0= Q-;
W 'I'll -

Tf!
TL

B. 58.73% D. 57.40%

I~ Tl j 299
Solution: -

-~)
Til
TH = 1200 + 460 = 1660 0R

TL = 225 + 460 = 685 oR Til = 52325 cK

T" = 52325 - 273 = 250.25 °C

 F -16 formulas and Principles - THERMODYNAMICS
Formulas and Principles - THERMODYNAMICS F -17

5. An air bubble rises from the bottom of a well where the temperature is fear Throttling Process:
25'oC, to the surface where the temperature is 27°C. Find the percent 1.03 MPa 0.100 MPa
increase in the volume of the bubble if the depth of the well is 5 m. h, = h z
Affnospheric pressure is 101,528 Pascals. (Apr 96) (hf + x hfg)1 = hz 1 2 125°C
A. 49.3 C. 56.7 768.55 + x(2010.7) = 2726.6
....•...
x = 0.9738 = 97.38%
~
B. 41.3 0.38.6
----.... 0 ~ - -...
Solution: Percentage Moisture = 100 - 97.38

PIVI P2V2
= 2.62%
T1 T2

A water temperature rise of 18°F in the water cooled condenser is

where: P 1 = 5(9.81) + 101.528 equivalent in °C to: (Oct 94)
= 150.578 kPa 27°C
101.528 kPa A. 7.78°C
T1 = 25 + 273 298 oK= B. 10°C
C.263.56°K
Pz = 101.528 kPa 2 D. -9.44°C
Tz = 27 + 273 300 oK= Solution:
5m

150.578VI 101.528V2
Temperature Change, L'l oC = -L'l
5 0F =
5
-(18) = 100 C
298 300
1
9 9
25°C
Vz = 1.493 V 1
Steam flows into a turbine at the rate of 10 kg/s and 10 kw of heat are lost
from the turbine. Ignoring elevation and kinetic energy effects, calculate
the power output from the turbine. (Oct 94)
% Increase = V2 - VI 1.493VI - VI
= 0.493 = 49.3% Given: h, = 2739.0 kJ/kg and hz = 2300.5 kJ/kg
VI VI A. 4605 kw C. 4375 kw
B. 4973 kw 0.4000 kw
6. Steam enters a throttling calorimeter at a pressure of 1.03 MPa. The
calorimeter downstream pressure and temperature are respectively 0.100 Solution:
MPa and 125°C. What is the percentage moisture of the supply steam?
(Oct 95) First law of Thermodynamics
Energy In = Energy Out
Properties of steam:
rnh, = mh z + W + q
P, MPa hf hfg hg
W = m(h 1-hz) - q
1.3 2010.7 2779.25
= 10(2739 - 2300.5) - 10
Note: at 0.100 MPa and 125°C, h 2726.6 kJ/kg
= = 4375 kw

A. 2.62 C.3.15 Ihe enthalpy of air is increased by 139.586 kJ/kg in a compressor. The
B. 5.21 D. 1.98 'CIte of air flow is 16.42 kg/min. The power input is 48.2 kw. Which of the
following values most nearly equals the heat loss from the compressor in
kw? (Apr 95)
Solution:
A. -10.0 C. +10.0
hf 1 = 2779.25 - 2010.7
I~. -995 D. +9.95
= 768.55

.......

 F -18 Formulas and Principles - THERMODYNAMICS Formulas and Principles - FUELS AND COMBUSTION F - 1

Solution: FUELS AND COMBUSTION

By first law of thermodynamics
mn, + W =
mh 2 + (-q)
CLASSIFICATION OF FUELS:
q = m(h 2 - h.) - W
a. Solid Fuels (Principal component: Carbon, C)
16.42 Coal, coke, wood, charcoal, bagasse, coconut shells and husks,
q = - (139.586) - 48.2 briquetted fuels)
60
b. liquid Fuels (Principal component: Hydrocarbon, CnHm )
q = -10 kw Gasoline, alcohol, kerosene, diesel, bunker, other fuel oils
10. An iron block weighs·5 N and has a volume of 200 ern". What is the
C. Gaseous Fuels (Principal component: Hydrocarbon, CnHm)
density of the block? (Apr 96)
Natural gas, producer gas, blast furnace gas, liquified petroleum
A. 988 kg/cu.m C. 2550 kg/cu. m
gas (LPG), methane, ethane, acetylene, propane
B. 1255 kg/cu. m
D. 800 kg/ cu. m
SOLID FUELS

Solution:
Three methods of classifying coals (adopted in US since 1927):
Mass 5~ kg (1 00)3 crn3
Density = Volume
=
200cm3
x -- x
9.81~ rn
3 1. Classification by Rank
- degree of metamorphism, or progressive alteration, in
3 the natural series from lignite to anthracite
Density = 2548 kg/m
- probably the most universally applicable method of
classification, in which coals are arranged according to fixed
11. A volume of 400 cc of air is measured at a pressure of 740 mm Hg abs carbon content and calorific value, in BTU, calculated on the
and a temperature of 18°C. What will be the volume at 760 mm Hg abs
mineral-matter-free basis.
and o-cz
A. 376 cc C. 356 cc Classification of coals by rank:
B. 326 cc D. 366 cc I. Anthracite
II. Bituminous

Solution:
III. Sub-bituminous
IV. Lignite

PIVl P2V2

TI T2 2. Classification by Grade
- quality determined by size designation, calorific value, ash,
740(400) 760V2 ash-softening temperature, and sulfur.
1R + 273 0+273
3. Classification by Type or Variety
V2 = 365.4 cc determined by the nature of the original plant material and
subsequent alteration thereof.

Three varieties of coal in the high-volatile C bituminous group:

1. agglomerating and nonweathering
2. agglomerating and weathering
~ nonagglomerating and nonweathering

~

F - 20 Formulas and Principles - FUELS AND COMBUSTION
Moist BTU - refers to coal containing its natural bed moisture but
not including visible water on the surface of the coal.
Burners for Pulverized Coal:
1. Vertical firing - although an early method, still is used
extensively, but with all the secondary air admitted around the
burner nozzle so that it mixes quickly with the coal primarily air
mixture from the burner nozzle.
2. Impact firing - a form of vertical firing, consists of burners
located in an arch low in the furnace or in the side walls and
directed toward the furnace door, with high velocities of both
primary and secondary air. This type of firing is used extensively
in wet-bottom or slagging-type furnace.
3. Horizontal firing - employs a turbulent burner, which consists
of a circular nozzle within a housing provided with adjustable
valves, the unit being located in front or rear wall. This type of
burner is suited to high capacity and dry bottom furnaces.
4. Corner or Tangential firing - is characterized by burners
located in each corner of the furnace and directed tangent to a
horizontal, imaginary circle in the middle of the furnace. This type
of firing is suited to either wet or dry bottom furnace operation and
medium or high-volatile coals, and it is capable of extremely high
capacities.
Note: Wet-bottom construction generally is chosen for low grade
coals that have low fusion characteristics, whereas dry bottom construction
often is selected for high-fusion coals.
Coke _ is the solid, infusible, cellular residue left after fusible bituminous
coals are heated, in the absence of air, above temperatures at which active
thermal decomposition of the coals occurs. High temperature ranges from
815 to 1093 DC (average practice, 926 to 1037 DC). Low temperature coke is
DC.
formed at temperatures below 704 The residue, if made from a
noncooking coal, is known as char.
Wood Fuel - may come to the boiler plant in the form of cordwood, slabs,
edging, bark, sawdust, or shavings. The major variable in wood is moisture
content; air dried wood seldom contains less than 12% water, whereas kiln
dried usually contains from 1 to 7%. There are three general methods in
burning wood fuels (1.) in moving bed on an inclined grate, (2). In
suspension, as in spreader stokers, or (3). in piles on flat grates.
Charcoal _ the only carbon for steel making and other metal smelting from
prehistoric times up to eighteenth century. Charcoal is produced by partial
combustion of wood at about 400DC and with limited air. Hardwood charcoal
weighs about 31 kgs. per m 3 and softwood charcoal about 28 kgs. per rn".
Formulas and Principles - FUELS AND COMBUSTION F - 21
II(~ maximum of 14% volatile and 2% moisture is customarily established.
. lie heating value of charcoal ranges from 25,531 to 32,495 kJ/kg.
';traw, Paper, and Miscellaneous Waste Fuels - also classified as solid
. ,,~Is.
I (QUID FUELS
I llel Oils - any liquid or liquefiable petroleum products burned for the
'neration of heat in a furnace firebox, or for the generation of power in an
;1
, 'I(jlne, exclusive of oils with a flash point below 37.7 DC by the Tag closed
,·,ter. Fuel oils in common use fall into into four classes: (1). Residuals
.uls: which are topped crude petroleums or viscous residuums obtained in
,.tlilery operations; (2). Distillate fuel oils, which are distillates derived
:" octly or indirectly from crude petroleum; (3). Crude petroleums and
weathered crude petroleums of relatively low commercial value; and (4)
I iionded fuels, which are mixture of two or more of the preceding classes.
(;asoline - as a refined petroleum naptha which by its composition is
.:utable for use as. a carburetant in internal combustion engines. Motor
; .soline for automotive use, is mixture of hydrocarbons distilling in the range
DC DC
, 37.7 to 204.4 by the standard method of test. The hydrocarbons
"Iong chemically to four principal classes: paraffins, olefins, naphtenes,
, ,(J aromatics. Gasoline ordinarily graded by volatility and antiknock value, or
" tane number.
K(~rosene - a petroleum distillate having a flash point not below 22.8 DC as
,Iurmined by the Abel tester.
I\lcohol - the alcohol most frequently used considered as fuel for internal
.nbustion engines is ethly alcohol, sometimes called grain alcohol. Its
·,rlern chemical name is ethanol (CzHsOH). Two other alcohols that have
"(;n used as fuel are methanol and isopropanol, which are also called methly
, ohol and isoprohyl alcohol.
I .o al Tar and Tar Oil - is a product of the destructive distillation of
'uminous coal carried out at high temperature.
liquefied Petroleum Gases (LPG) - are mixtures of hydrocarbons
.uefied under pressure for efficient transportation, storage and use.
Illesel fuel oils - refiners grade fuels broadly according to methods of
'oduction: (1). Distillate fuels are produced by distillation of crudes, (2).
I':esidual fuels, are those left after the distillation process, (3) blended fuels,
Ire mixtures of straight distillate fuels with cracked fuel stacks.
 -._. - -._----­
F·22 Formulas and Principles - FUELS AND COMBUSTION
- - - - ---'-----

Formulas and Principles - FUELS AND COMBUSTION F - 23

- --- ---- --

GASEOUS FUELS Instruments used for measuring specific gravity:

- gaseous fuels commonly used in industry, whether distributed by Hydrometer, pycnometer, westphal balance

public utilities or produced in isolated plants, are composed of one or more

simple gases in varying proportions. API and Baume Gravity Units:
141.5
Diesel LUbricating Oils °API = - 131.5
SG at 15.6°C (for petroleum products)
- crude oils are frequently described as "paraffinic", "naphthenic", or
"mixed based".
140

°Baume = SG at 15.60C - 130 (for brine)

Two broad types of oils are in use:

1. Straight oils - are produced entirely from the crudes chosen
through elimination of undesired constituents by suitable refining Specific gravity at temperature t, applying correction factor:
processes.
2. Additive oils - are produced by adding to straight mineral oils SG t = SG 15 6, C [1 - 0.0007(t - 15.6)]
certain oil-soluble compounds that enhance the lubricating oil
properties for use in a diesel engine. Heating value or Calorific value, kJ/kg

SAE three types of lubricating oils;

a. Higher heating value (gross calorific value) - the heating value
obtained when the water in the products of combustion is in the liquid
1. Regular type - suitable for moderate operating conditions. state.
2. Premium type - having oxidation stability and bearing corrosive­
preventive properties making it generally suitable for more severe
b. Lower heating value (net calorofic value) - the heating value
service than regular-duty type.
obtained when the water in the products of combustion is in the vapor
3. Heavy duty type - has oxidition stability, bearing corrosion­ state.
preventive properties, and detergent-dispersant characteristics for
use under heavy-duty service conditions. Instruments used in measuring the heating value of fuels:
a. Oxygen bomb calorimeter: for solid And liquid fuels
b. Gas calorimeter: for gaseous fuels
Properties of Fuels and LUbricants:
Calculating heating value by formulas:
1. Analysis of composition:
a. DUlong's formula, used for solid fuels of known ultimate
a. Proximate analysis - analysis of the composition of fuel which gives, analysis:
on mass basis, the relative amounts of moisture content, volatile
matter, fixed carbon and ash.
Q h = 33,820 + 144,212(H - 0 ) + 9,304 S kJ/kg
8
b. Ultimate (chemical) analysis - analysis of the composition of fuel
which gives, on mass basis, the relative amounts of carbon,'
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, ash and moisture. b. ASME formula, for petroleum products:

Q h = 41,130 + 139.6 (OAPI)

kJ/kg
2. Specific Gravity; Density

Density of Liquid

c. Bureau of Standards Formula:

Specific Gravity = Density of Water
Q h = 51,716 - 8,793.8 (SGf kJ/kg
Density of Gas
=
Densitv of Air
----_.~ .-- - - - - - - - ---­ ----------
F - 24 Formulas and Principles - FUELS AND COMBUSTION Formulas and Principles - FUELS AND COMBUSTION I- - 25

Difference between higher and lower heating value: Fire Point - the temperature at which oil gives off vapor thilt burns
continuously when ignited
Qh - QL = 9(H 2)(2442)
Pour point - the temperature at which oil will no longer pou .... freely or
where: H2 = 26 - 15(SG), % the temperature at which oil will solidify

Dropping Point - the temperature at which grease melts

4. Viscosity of Lubricants
Viscosity - resistance to flow or the property which resists shearing of the Cloud Point - temperature at which the paraffin elements separate
from oil
lubricant.

Absolute viscosity - viscosity which is determined by direct Conradson number (carbon residue) - the percentage by weight of
the carbonaceous residue remaining after destructive distillation
measurement of shear resistance

Kinematic viscosity - absolute viscosity divided by the density Octane number - the ignition quality rating of gasoline, wh ich is the
percentage by volume of iso-octane in a mixture if iso-octane and
Viscosity index - the rate at which viscosity changes with temperature heptane that matches the gasoline in anti-knock quality.

Cetane number - the ignition quality rating of diesel, which is the

Units of Viscosity

percent of cetane in the standard fuel.

Absolute viscosity:

_ Dyne -sec
lb - sec
1 reyn = --:-z­ 1 poise = 0.1 Pa-sec COMBustiON
m cm z
Combustion - chemical reaction, between fuel and oxygen, which is
Kinematic Viscosity: accompanied by heat and light.
cm Z 2
1 stoke 1 -- =
sec
= 0.0001 m /sec
Theoretical air-fuel ratio - the exact theoretical amount, as determined
from the combustion reaction, of air needed to burn a unit amount of fuel,
Viscosimeter - an instrument , consisting of standard orifice, used for kg air per kg fuel.
measuring viscosity (in SSU and SSF)
Actual air-fuel ratio - theoretical air-fuel ratio plus excess air
SSU (Saybolt Second Universal) - number of seconds required for 60
ml of oil (at 37.5°C) to pass through a standard orifice Actual A/F - Theoretical A/F

'1'0 excess air =

Theoretical A/F

SSF (Saybolt Second Furol) - unit used for very viscous liquids using a
relatively larger orifice
I vpical combustion reaction of a fuel with known chemical formula:
1 centistoke = 0.308(SSU - 26)
Fuel + Air = Products of Combustion
62 SSF = 660 SSU CnH m+ X O2 + x(3.76) N2 = YCO2 + Z H20 + x (3.76) N2
5. Other properties of fuels and lubricants:
where: x, y and z represents the number of moles
Flash Point - the temperature at which oil gives off vapor that burns
temporarily when ignited
 ---~._~--

Formulas and Principles - FUELS AND COMBUSTION F - 27

F - 26 Formulas and Principles - FUELS AND COMBUSTION

Molal analysis is volumetric analysis. % Excess air = Actual A IF - Theo A I F x 100%

Theo A/F
Air by volume consists of 21% oxygen and 79% nitrogen, thus there _ 19-15
are 3.76 mols of N2 per mol of O 2, - -1-5 x 100%

O 2 is only 23.2% by mass of air.

= 26.67%
Molecular weight of air, M = 28.97 kg air per mol of air. A fuel has the following volumetric analysis:

CH 4 = 68% C 2H6 = 32%

Combustion of solid fuel with known ultimate analysis:
Assume complete combustion with 15% excess air at 101.325 kPa, 21°C
o kgair wet bulb and 27°C dry bulb. What is the partial pressure of the water
Theo AlF = 11.5 C + 34.5(H - - ) + 4.3 S
8 kgfuel vapor in kPa?
A. 9.62 C.17.28
B. 12.81 D.15.94
Molecular Weights:

C 12 = N2 28
= Solution:
H2 = 2 S = 32

O2 = 32 Combustion reaction with theoretical air:

0.68 CH 4 + 0.32 C 2H e + 2.48 O2 + 2.48(3.76) N2

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
= 1.32 CO 2 + 2.32 H20 + 2.48(3.76) N2
1. There are 20 kg of flue gases formed per kg of fuel oil burned in the
combustion of a fuel oil C 12H26. What is the excess air in percent? (Oct
Combustion reaction with 15% excess air:
96)
C.26.67
A. 20.17 0.68 CH 4 + 0.32 C2 He + 1.15(2.48) O 2 + 1.15(2.48)(3.76) N2
B. 16.56 D.8.21
=1.32C02 + 2.32 H20 + 1.15(2.48)(3.76) N2 + 0.15(2.48) O 2
Solution:
Total mols in products of combusticn:
Solving for the theoretical air-fuel ratio:
= 1.32 + 2~32 + 10.723 + 0.372
C + 18.5 O + 18.5(3.76)N 2 = 12C02 + 13 H20 + 18.5(3.76)N 2
12H 26 2
= 14.735 mols
molsair
Theo AlF =
18.5 + 18.5(3.76) =88.06
molfuel
1 ~artial pressure of water vapor, Pw = Vw (P)
88.06(28.97) =15 kgair V
= 12(12) + 26(1) kgfuel
~(101.325)
=
Actual AlF = 20 kg flue gases - 1 kg fuel
= 19 kgair
kgfuel
.. 14.735
= 15.95 kPa

~~

 --_ - - - - - - - - - - - - ­
.. Formulas and Principles - DIESEL POWER PLANT F·29
F " 28 Formulas and Principles - FUELS AND COMB"USTION

3. A diesel electric plant supplies energy for Meralco. During a 24-hour INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES (I C E)
period, the plant consumed 200 gallons of fuel at 28°C and produced
W(
3930 kw-hr. Industrial fuel used is 28 °API and was purchased at P5.50
W'
per liter at 15. 6°C. What should be the cost of fuel to produce one kw- Basic Classification of common Internal Combustion Engines:
WI

hr?
C. P1.069 Type of Engine Fuel Used Method of Ignition Operating Cycle
, ~'1
A. P1.05
I,'· "':' B. P1.10 D. P1.00
,}
Gasoline Engine Gasoline Spark Otto
Solution:
Kerosene Engine Kerosene Spark Otto
·1 ,,, Solving for density at 15.6°C:
·1"1,1
Gas Engine Gaseous Fuel Spark Otto
141.5
°API = - 131.5
SG I 5 6 Diesel Engine Diesel Heat of Compression Diesel
~11!cld!l1
~ Oil-Diesel Engine Fuel Oils Heat of compression Diesel
141.5 - 131.5
28 =
SG 15 6
Other Classifications
SG 15 6 = 0.887
Number of strokes per cycle: Method of starting:
Density at 15.6°C = 0.887(1) = 0.887 kglli Two-stroke Manual: crank, rope, kick
Four-stroke Electric: battery
Solving for density at 28°C: Compressed Air
Number of Cylinders: Using other engine
SG t = SG 15 6[1 - 0.0007(t - 15.6)1 Single-cylinder
Two-cylinder Application:
SG
Z8 C
= 0.887[1 - 0.0007(28 - 15.6)1 = 0.879 Three-cylinder, etc. Automotive
Marine
Density at 28°C = 0.879(1) = 0.879 kg/Ii Position of cylinders: Industrial
Vertical Stationary Power
P5.50 Horizontal Locomotive
Price per kg - - ­
0.887
= P6.20 per kg
Incline Aircraft

Arrangement of cylinders: Number of piston sides working:

Cost Per kw-hr
P6.20 In-line Single-acting
200 gal 3.7854 Ii 0.879 kg
x x x-­ Radial Double-acting
apiA = gal Ii kg
3930 kw - hr Opposed cylinder
jll3 Opposed piston Intake pressure:
= P1.05 per kw-hr V-type Naturally aspirated
Supercharged
Method of cooling:
Air cooled
Water cooled
 F - 30 Formulas and Principles - DIESEL POWER PLANT Formulas and Principles - DIESEL POWER PLANT

Cycle analysis of 4-stroke Gasoline Engine: Cycle Analysis of two stroke Gasoline Engine:

Carburetor
Products of P
3 P
Combustion

@JCompression

4:>=-: '
Compression I ~
Fuel 4
[i] Suction 1 -----..
~Exhaust -----"~ v
Intake Port I V

Heat Added, Q A := mCiT 3-T2 )

Heat Rejected, Q R = mC v(T 4-T 1) Cycle Analysis of 4-stroke Diesel Engine (Diesel Cycle)
Net Work, W net = QA - QR Fuel -----.. Injector
.L
,---. Products of Combustion
Cycle Efficiency - Wnet
-­
_ QA -QR = (T3-T2)-(T4-TI )
- QA QA T3 -T2

Cycle Efficiency = 1 ­
k-I 2. Compression
I

Clearance Volume, V c = V3 = V2 • II I I II 1. suction

= ~ = .!..:.c I -- t ---- " 1V

>
Compression Ratio, rK
V2 c
4. Exhaust

V2 = V2 11~<l1 Added, Q A = mC p(T3-T2 )

Clearance ratio, c =
I

V VI-V2

o
, I, ';11 Rejected, QR = mC v(T 4-T 1 )

where: V D = piston volume displacement

'11'1 work, W net = QA - QR

W ll et QA -QR
1(;le Efficiency =
QA QA

Ide Efficiency = I[rc I]

1- I t I k(I --1)
k

VI __l+c

..
.unpression Ratio, rK = V - C
2

­
 F - 32 Formulas and Principles - DIESEL POWER PLANT
Formulas and Principles - DIESEL POWER PLANT F - 33

Cut-off Ratio, rc = Y3 rna ". kgair

Y2 AlF = air-fuel ratio =
mf kgfuel
Specific Heat Ratio, k = 1.4 for air standard ma =
PYa
RT
Y2 Y2
Clearance Ratio, c = = V o = piston displacement, m 3/sec
YD Y j - Y2

Cycle Analysis of 2 stroke Diesel Engine:

= (~J D LN C
2

Fuel
where: D = bore, rn.
P L = length of stroke, m
N = speed, rev/sec (for 2-stroke)
N = speed/2, rev/sec (for 4-stroke)
Exhaust C = number of cylinders
Port 1. Compression I ~"
Piston Speed = 2LN, m/sec
2L = distance traveled by piston in one revolution
Air
I V
Indicated Power - power developed inside the cylinder

Measuring instruments used: Engine indicator traces actual P-V

~

DIESEL POWER PLANT diagram;

Planimeter - measures area of P-V diagram
Tachometer - measures speed
PERFORMANCE OF DIESEL GENERATING SET:
Indicated Power = Pm; X V D kw

Air Indicated Power Generator

Pm; = indicated mean effective pressure, kPa
~rna(kgfs) Exhaust Gases _Output
Area of diagram
(rna + mt) = X spring scale

nJ
Length of diagram
Fuel

mf(kgls)
II
Qf(kJ/kg) V D = piston volume displacement, m3/sec
Generator
Brake Power - power developed by the engine

Diesel Engine Brake Power Measuring instruments used: Dynamometer measures the torque;
Cooling Water In Tachometer - measures the speed
Cooling Water Out

Brake Power = 2nTN, kw

1. Heat Generated (Fuel) = m, x Qh kw
where: T = torque, kN-m
where: rn. = fuel consumption, kg/sec N = speed, rev/sec
Qh = heating value of fuel, kJ/kg

~--
.....
- -------._-­
F - 34 Formulas and Principles ­ DIESEL POWER PLANT Formulas and Principles - DIESEL POWER PLANT F - 35

Calculation of brake power using brake mean effective pressure: ill fx3600 kg
b. m, == brake spec. fuel consumption =
BrakePower kw-hr
Brake Power = Pmb X V O, kw

where: Pmb = brake mean effective pressure, kPa

C. m, = combined or overall spec. fuel consumption

mfx3600 kg

==

7. Friction Power = Indicated Power - Brake Power GenOutput kw - hr

Brake Power = Indicated Power - Friction Power 13. Heat Rate

8. n m = mechanical efficiency = Brake Power

= Pmb Vo = Pmb a. Indicated Heat Rate ==
mf(3600)Qh kJ
Ind Power PmiV o Pmi IndPower kw-hr

Brake Power = Ind Power x nm

b. Engine Heat Rate = mrC3600)Qh kJ
---
Generator Output BrakePower kw-hr
9. n, = electrical or generator efficiency =
Brake Power
c. Engine-Generator Heat Rate = illf(3600)Qh kJ

OenOutput kw - hr

Generator Output = Brake Power x n, = Ind Power x n m x n,

10. Thermal efficiency 14. Generator Speed

Ind Power l20f
of
a. nti = indicated thermal efficiency = m.Q,
N =

Brake Power
b. ntb = brake thermal efficiency ==
m.Q,
where: N = speed, rpm p = no. of poles (even)
f = frequency (usually 60 hz)
Oen Output
C. ntc == combined or overall thermal efficiency ==
m.Q, Typical Heat Balance of Diesel Engine:

11. Volumetric Efficiency (air only) Useful Output (Brake Power) .. 34%

Cooling Loss . 30%

Actual volume of air entering Exhaust Loss . 26%

Va
= = V Friction, Radiation, Etc .. 10%

Piston Displacement o
maRT Heat Inputby Fuel... . 100%
Va ==
P
Supercharging:
12. Specific Fuel Consumption
Supercharging - admittance into the cylinder of an air charge with

mfx3600 kg density higher than that of the surrounding air.

a. rn, == indo spec. fuel consumption ==

IndPower kw-hr

........
 F·36 Formulas and Principles - DIESEL POWER PLANT ---------
F . 37

Reasons for supercharging:

Waste Heat Recovery Boiler Utilizing Diesel Engine Exhaust:
1. to reduce the weight-to-power ratio
2. to compensate for power loss due to high altitude
~ Air
Exhaust Gases
Types of superchargers: ............ I

1. Engine-driven compressor
2. Exhaust-driven compressor (turbo-charger)
• Diesel Engine
r-
.-­
LJkw
m g
t1
= rna + mr

3. Separately-driven compressor f­ I- Generator hs ms

'-­ Steam
Five Auxiliary Systems of Diesel Engine: I I
1 ..... . .
1. Fuel system: . . . . . . .
Fuel storage tank, fuel filter. transfer pump, day tank, fuel pump '/
Feedwater ---. . . . . <?'

h ..........) . . . .

2. Cooling system: r
Cooling water pump, heat exchanger, surge tank, cooling tower, raw
water side By Heat Balance in Boiler: tz

3. Lubrication System: mgCpg(t 1 - t2 ) = ms(hs - hr)

Lub oil tank, lub oil pump, oil filter, oil cooler, lubricators
where: Cpg = specific heat of exhaust gas
4. Intake and Exhaust System:
.. Air filter, intake pipe, exhaust pipe, silencer

5. Starting System: Power Developed at an altitude:

Air compressor, air storage tank

Advantages of Diesel Engine over other I.C.E. engines: P=B---­

1. Low fuel cost
2. High Efficiency
3. Needs no large water supply
4. No longer warm-up period
s 29.92 520
Bg
5. Simple plant layout
where: Ps = standard power or power at sea level
B = new pressure or actual barometric pressure, in Hg
(decrease in pressure, approx. 1 in Hg per 1000 ft)
T = new temperature or actual absolute temperature, oR
(decrease in temperature approx. 3.6°F per 1000 ft)
29.92 in Hg = standard atmospheric pressure
520 0R
= temperature at sea level

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

I. A six cylinder, four stroke diesel engine with 76mm bore x 89mm stroke
was run in the laboratory at 200 rpm, when it was found that the engine
torque was 153.5 N-m with all cylinders firing but 123 N-m when one
cylinder was out. The engine consumed 12.2 kg of fuel per hour with ;J
 Formulas and Principles - DIESEL POWER PLANT F - 39
F - 38 Formulas and Principles - DIESEL POWER PLANT

3. A single-acting, four cylinder, 4-stroke cycle diesel engine with a bore to

heating value of 54,120 kJ/kg and 252.2 kg of air at 15.6°C per hour.
stroke of 21.59 x 27.94 ern, operating at 275 rpm, consumes 8.189 kg/hr
Determine the indicated power. (Apr 97)
of fuel whose heating value is 43,961.4 kJ/kg. The indicated mean
A. 32.1 kw C. 23.3 kw effective pressure is 475.7 kPa. The load on the brake arm, which is
B. 38.4 kw D. 48.3kw 93.98 cm is 113.4 kg. What is the brake arm mean effective pressure in
kPa? (Apr 96)
Solution: A. 415.20 C.319.95
B. 124.17 D.645.53
= 2n(0.1535)( w)1 =
2000
Brake Power = 2nTN 32.15 kw
Solution:

Friction Power Per Cylinder = 32.1{~-j - 2n(0.123{2~~Oj V o = piston volume displacement = (~) 02LNC
= 1.031kw
Friction Power (Total) = 1.031(6) = 6.19 kw
= ( ~)
4
(0.2159)2(0.2794)( 275 ) (4) =
2x60
0.09376 m
3/sec

Indicated Power = Brake Power + Friction Power

T = Torque = 113.4(0.00981 )(0.9394) = 1.045 KN-m
= 32.15 + 6.19 = 38.34 kw
2. In a test laboratory, it was found out that of the 80 Bhp developed by an Brake Power = 2nTN = 2n(1.045) ( -27 5)
60
= 30 kw
-
engine on test, 45 Hp are absorbed by the cooling water that is pumped
through the water jacket and the radiator. The water enters the top of the
• radiator at 200°F. At that temperature, enthalpy of the water is 168.07 BrakePower 30

Btu/lbm. Water leaves the bottom of the radiator at 190°F and with an
P mb = = 0.09376 = 319.97 kPa

Yo
enthalpy of 158.03 Btu/Ibm. What is the water flow rate for a steady-state
condition? (Apr 97) ~. A 2000 kw diesel engine unit uses 1 bbl oil per 525 kw-hr produced. Oil is
A. 25 Gal/min C. 23 Gal/min
25°API. Efficiency of generator is 93%, mechanical efficiency of engine is
B. 20 Gal/min
D. 24 Gal/min 80%. What is the thermal efficiency of the engine based on indicated
power (%)? (Oct 95)
Solution:
A. 31.69 C. 39.6
B. 29.47 O. 35.6
Q = m w(h 1-h2 )

Solution:
45(42.4) = m w(168.07 - 158.03)'

rn; = 190.04Ib/min
1 bbl = 42 Gallons
Solving for the density:
Vw
190.04
= (i2.4 = 3.0455 fe/min
141.5 -131.5
°API = SG .
v; = 3.0455(7.481) = 22.8 Gal/min 15 6

...........

 F:40 Formulas and Principles - DIESEL POWER PLANT Formulas and Principles - DIESEL POWER PLANT F - 41

(l. The compression ratio of an ideal Otto cycle is 6:1. Initial conditions are
25 =
141.5 _ 131.5
101.3 kPa and 20 deg C. Find the pressure and temperature at the end
SG 15 .6

of adiabatic compression. (Oct 94)

A. 1244.5 kPa, 599.96 oK C. 1244.5 kPa, gage, 60°C
SG 15 6 = 0.904
B. 1244.5 kPa, 60°C D. 1244.5 kPa, 599.96°C
Density, P = 0.904(1) = 0.904 kg/Ii
Solution:
rn, = fuel consumed = 42(3.7854)(0.904) = 143.724 kg
VI
rk = V

z
= 6 Tz
TI

(~:Jk-I
Qh = 41,130 + 139.6(OAPI)

= 41,130 + 139.6(25) = 44,620 kJ/kg Tz

(6r- 1
P 1V/ = P 2V/
20+ 273
525
Indicated Work = = 705.645 kw-hr
0.93(0.80)
Pz = (~Jk T2 = 599.96 oK
= 705.645(3600) = 2,540,323 kw-s or kJ PI v.
2,540,323
Indicated Thermal Efficiency = = 39.6% ~ = (6) 1.4 = (6)1.4
143.724(44620) 101.3

5. A supercharged six-cylinder four-stroke cycle Diesel engine of 10.48 cm P2 = 1244.5 kPa

• bore and 12.7 ern stroke has a compression ratio of 15. When it is tested
on a dynamometer with a 53.34 cm arm at 2500 rpm, the scale reads In an air standard Otto cycle, the clearance volume is 18% of the
81.65 kg, 2.86 kg of fuel of 45,822.20 kJ/kg heating value are burned displacement volume. Find the compression ratio and thermal efficiency.
during a 6 min test, and air metered to the cylinders at the rate of 0.182 (Oct 93)
kg/sec. Find the brake thermal efficiency. (Apr 95) A. 0.52 C. 0.53
A. 0.327 C. 0.307 B. 0.55 D.0.60
B. 0.367 D. 0.357
Solution:
Solution:

VI l+c 1+ 0.18
rk = - = - = = 6.556
T = 81.65(0.00981 )(0.5334) = 0.42725 kN-m
Vz c 0.18

2500 J Eff = 1 - -'-=1- 1 = 053

Brake Power = 2nTN = 2n(0.42725) ( ~ k-l
rk
(6.556)1.4-1 •

= 111.854 kw
A certain diesel engine with the following specifications, 8 cylinder, 400
2.86
mr = = 0.00794 kg/sec mm x 600 mm, four stroke cycle has a fuel consumption of 0.6 Ibs/hp-hr
6(60) based on 19,100 Btu/lb. Engine speed is 280 RPM with an indicated
mean effective pressure of 130 psi. If the jacket water carries away an

=
BrakePower = 111.854 = 0.307 estimated 25% of the heat supplied, find its capacity (GPM) required if the
nib
ITl (0.00794)( 45,822.20) allowable rise is 40°F. (Oct 92)

.......
rQh
I

--- -
F -42 Formulas and Principles - DIESEL POWER PLANT Formulas and Principles - DIESEL POWER PLANT 43

A. 241.9 C. 249.1 Solution:

B. 236.5 O. 268.7

a. the pressure change alone

Solution:

The decrease in pressure due to elevation is approximately 1 in Hg

per 1000 ft, therefore
VD = piston volume displacement = (~) 02LNC
= (~J
4
J
(0.4)2(0.6)( 280 (8)
2x60'
B = 29.92 - 1 (1981.2X3.28)
1000
= 23.42 in Hg

Power developed at an altitude:

= 1.407433509 m
3/sec

Indicated Power = Pm; V D

P = PS(29~92J~5~0
= 130(101.325)(1.407433509) = 2.5 (23.42) (1)
14.7 29.92

= 1,261.16 kw = 1,690.56 hp = 1.957 MW

rn, = fuel consumption = 0.6(1,690.56) = 1,014.336 Ibs/hr

b. pressure and temperature change
.. HeatSupplied = mfQ h = 1,014.336(19,100) The decrease in temperature with elevation is approximately
3.6 0 F per 1000 ft, therefore:
= 19,373,819.6 Btu/hr

Heat carried by jacket water = 0.25(19,373,817.6) T = 520 - 3.6(1981.2X3.28) = 496.6 0 R

1000
::. 4,843,454.4 Btu/hr = 80,724.24 Btu/min
Power developed at an altitude:
Q = mCp(~T)

80,724.24 = m(1.0)(40) P = 2.5(23.42)~496.6 = 1.912 MW

\. 29.92 520
m = 2,018.106 Ib/min

v = (2,018.106/62.4.) x 7.482

= 241.9 Gal/min

9. Find the power which a 2.5 MW natural gas engine can develop at an

altitude of 1981.2 meters taking into consideration:

a. the pressure change alone

b. pressure and temperature change

(Bd. Problem Apr 92)

~
 ~

F -44 Formulas and Principles - STEAM POWER PLANT Formulas and Principles - STEAM POWER PLANT F - 45

STEAM POWER PLANT Heat Added in Boiler = h 1 - h4 kJ/kg

= m(h 1-h4) kw

STEAM CYCLES

m(h l -h 4 )
Heat added in Boiler =
1. RANKINE CYCLE - ideal steam power cycle. nb

m kg/s Rankine Cycle Efficiency or Thermal Cycle Efficiency:

Net Turbine Work

=
Heat Added
Boiler (hi - h z ) - (h 4 - h 3 )
=
hi -h 4
4
CARNOT CYCLE applied to steam power.
Pump
Carnot cycle - the most efficient thermodynamic cycle.
The T -5 Diagram
Q A = heat added in boiler = T 1(S1-S4)
T
. Q R = heat rejected in condenser = T2(SZ-S3) = T 2(S1- S4)

W = work = Q A - Q R = T1(S1-S4) - T 2(S1- S4 )

4
nT = carnot cycle efficiency
3
, 8 W Q A -QR T1 -Tz
nT = TI(SI -S4)-Tz(SI -S4) T H -TL
QA QA Tj(SI - S4) T1 TH
Turbine Work = h1 - h2 kJ/kg
where: T1 TH = =
highest absolute temperature
= m(h 1-h2) kw
T 2 = T L = lowest absolute temperature
Turbine Work = m(h 1-h2) x n, kw
The T-5 Diagram:
where: n, = turbine efficiency
T
Heat Rejected in condenser

Pump Work = h4 - h3 kJ/kg

= m(h h3) kw

4 -
=
h2 - h 3 kJ/kg
= m(hz-h3) kw
T] =T 4

T 2 =T 3
40
3
1

2
= V3(P 4-P 3) kJ/kg
I 8
mV3(P4 -P3)
83 =8 4 8 1 == 8 2
Pump Work = kw where: n, = pump efficiency

n
p

..........

 F -46 Formulas and Principles - STEAM POWER PLANT Formulas and Principles - STEAM POWER PLANT F - 47

3.. REHEAT CYCLE - to increase turbine power, low cycle efficiency. Heat Balance in regenerative heater:

3 m,h 2 + (m - m,)h 5 = m h6

5. REHEAT· REGENERATIVE CYCLE

Generator
m-ml Generator
Boiler Power
II '"

m ---. 1
Generator
6
Pump
Boiler
Turbine Work = (h, - h2 ) + (h, - h4) kJ/kg

m\
Heat Added = (h. - h6 ) + (h3 - h2 ) kJ/kg

Heat Rejected in condenser = h4- hs

Air

Pump Work = he - hs = vs(P6 - P5)

Pump
2
4. REGENERATIVE CYCLE - to improve the cycle efficiency, decrease
• turbine power, decrease heat addition.
The four major components of a steam power plant:
1
1. Steam Generators (Boilers)
m
2. Steam Turbines
Generator
3. Steam Condensers
Boiler 4. Feedwater Pumps

STEAM GENERATORS (BOILERS)

W""IL..r\W. Primary classification of boilers (based on relative position of heated

Pump 2 Heater Pump 1 water and hot gases):

Turbine work = m(h, - h2 ) + (m - m, )(h2 - h3 )

1. Water Tube (Tubulous) Boiler - type of boiler in which the water is
inside the tubes while the hot gases surround the tubes.
Heat Rejected in condenser = (m - m, )(h h4)
3-
2. Fire Tube (Tubular) Boiler - type of boiler in which the hot gases
Pump Work 1 = (m-m,)(h 5-h4) = (m-m,)v4(P S-P4)
pass inside the tubes while the water is outside the tubes.

Pump work 2 = m(hr - h6 ) = mVe(Pr - P6 )

Heat Added in boiler = m(h, - hr)

.-.
 F - 48 Formulas and Principles - STEAM POWER PLANT
Formutes:
--- ----
---
and Princtptes . :>. Lf\.M hJIt'L; ( I'i ,,., j'l

Boiler Auxiliaries and Accessories:

.\lowdown valve - valve throuqh wh«;n the imp~~(itles Uldl ::..(;Ill" " d.
i nud drum are remove Sometimes called blow off valve
Stoker - combustion equipment for firing solid fuels (used in water tube
boilers)
Breeching - the duct that connects (he boiler and the chimney
Burner - combustion equipment for firing liquid and gaseous fuels (used
in fire-tube boilers) i~ir Preheater - heat exchanger wtuch utilizes the heat of the flue gases
[() preheat the air needed for combustion
Feedwater pump - delivers water into the boiler 'Iitions:

Feedwater heater - pre-heating device which utilizes steam mixed with

E Boiler Construction Code shall mea.: UD f3c;:icr Ccnstn iction
the feed water.
,ode of the PSfv!E with amendments and Interpr(;!;;dlons thereto made
ind approved by the Councn of the Society.
Economizer - feedwater pre-heating device which utilizes the heat of the
flue gases
Boiler or Unfired Pressure Vessel lnstallatrons InciLde all boilers
Pressure Gauge - indicates the pressure of the steam in the boiler ,nd unfired pressure vessels constructeo inc,tollt:;,; ;.':d;'ed Ir, operation or
instructed for

Safety Valve - a safety device which automatically releases the steam in

dng lnstallations '. any 1)1)!I,:!r ',J( uih,E';'J ,'i(;:~,s;m~ :U:, "C': cc.rst.uctoo,
case of over-pressure.
',stailed, placed in operation but subject to annual mspection
Temperature Gauge - indicates the temperature of the steam in the
boiler. ,J or Steam Generator - a closed vessel mrendec for use in healinn
ate, or for application of heat to generate steam or other vapor to be
• Fusible Plug - a metal plug with a definite melting point through which
.seo externally to itself.
the steam is released in case of excessive temperature which is usually
»d Pressure Vessel - a vessel In which press ire in obtained from an
caused by low water level.
'((ernal source, or from all indirect application of heat
Water Walls - water tubes installed in the furnace to protect the furnace
against high temperature and also serve as extension of heat transfer .r Boiler - a closed vessel in which stearn or other vapor (to be used
.;,':ternally to itself) is generated at a pressure of more than 1055 kg/cln 2
area for the feedwater.
Jage by the direct application of heat.
Gage Glass (Water Column) - indicates the water level existing in the
,,:-native Boiler - a boiler mounted all a self-propelied track locomotive
boiler.
rnd usee! to furnish motivating power for travelling on rails
Baffles - direct the flow of the hot gases to effect efficient heat transfei
,.iDle Boiler an internaily fired boiler . .vhich is self-contained and
between the hot gases and the heated water. !
'irncirily intended for temporary location and li .e construction ann usage
:, ooviouory portable.
Furnace - encloses the combustion equipment so that the heat generated
will be utilized effectively.
,..dire Boiler- as used in this Code herein shall mean any boiler which

Soot Blower - device which uses steam or compressed air to remove the' loes .iot exceed any of the toliowing limits: 405 mm inside diameter,

! 065 rn"'l overall length of outside to outside of heads at center, 1.85 n/

soot that has accumulated in the boiler tubes and drums.

,f watei fieatlng surface, 1.03 kq/cm" maximum ailowable working

l Jrf;S::jL.;f e.
Draft fans (forced draft and induced draft fans) - supply air needed for
combustion and create the draft required for the flow of gases in the
\ Pr es sur o Heating Boiler - a boiler operated at pressure not exceeding
boiler.
i (I',:! hI,: III.' <J<i(jf' SI(:;]lll, or w:iler temperatura not 8n;e'ildIfHl 1:'1"C
 F - 50 Formulas and Principles - STEAM POWER PLANT
Hot Water Supply Boiler a boiler furnishing hot water to be used
externally to itself.
Reinstalled Boiler or Unfired Pressure Vessel - a boiler or unfired
pressure vessel removed from its original setting and re-erected at the
same location or erected at a location without change of ownership.
Second Hand Boiler or Unfired Pressure Vessel - as used herein shall
mean a boiler or unfired pressure vessel of which both the location and
ownership have been changed after primary use.
Condemned Boiler or Unfired Pressure Vessel - a boiler or unfired
pressure vessel that has been inspected and declared unsafe to operate
or disqualified stamped and marked indicating its rejection by qualified
inspecting authority.
Internal Inspection - an inspection made when a boiler or unfired pressure
vessel is shut down and handholes, manholes, or other inspection
openings are opened or removed for inspection of the interior.
Formulas and Principles - STEAM POWER PLANT F - 51
- a steel catwalk or platform at least 455 mm wide and provided Willi
standard handrails and toe board on either side should be installed across
the tops of adjacent boilers.
- the lowest factor of safety permissible on existing installation shall be
4.5 excepting for horizontal return tubular boilers having continuous lap
seems more than 3650 mm in length where the factor of safety shall
be 9. Reinstalled or secondhand boilers shall have a minimum factor
of safety of 6 when the lonqltudinal seams are of lap riveted construction,
and a minimum factor of safety of 5 when the longitudinal seams are of
butt and double strap construction.
- the age limit of a horizontal return tubular, flue or cylinder boiler havinq
a longitUdinal lap joint and operating at a pressure in excess of 0.345
MPa 'or 3.45 Bar gage shall be thirty years (30 years). A reasonable
time for replacement shall be given at the discretion of the Inspection not
to exceed one {1} year.
- the maximum allowable working pressure on a water tube boiler shall
not exceed 1.10 MPa or 11.0 Bars. The maximum allowable working
pressure for any cast iron boiler except hot water boilers, shall be 1.0 Bar
gage.

External Inspection - an inspection made on the external parts

accessories and/or component even when a boiler or unfired pressure

.. vessel is in operation .

Steam Generators
PERFORMANCE OF BOILERS:

- situated not less than 3 m distance from bUildings not forming part of Boiler
....

~
factory. .
- no part of the steam generator should be closer than one from any wall.
- steam generators should be mounted over a suitable foundation or
concrete pad of not less than 305 mm thick and with sufficient area at
base to be supported by the bearing capacity of the soil with a factor of Fuel I
-= l ...... r----lUlI Feedwater, h(
safety of not less than four {4}. m, kg/hr mL-, A'
Furnace
- when boilers are replaced or new boilers are installed in either existing o, kJ/kg
or new buildings, a minimum height of at least 2130 mm shall be
provided between the top of the boiler proper and the ceiling except in
single installation of self-contained boilers where a minimum height of at
least 915 mm shall be provided between the highest point of any valve
steam or fitti~g and the ceiling.
- no smokestack should be closer than 305 mm from any exposed 1. rn, = rate of evaporation of steam or mass flow rate of steam

woodwork or framing. = kg/hr

- smokestack should be sufficient to withstand a wind load 160 kph and

rise at least 5000 mm above the eaves of any building within a radius of 2. HS = heating surface, m 2
50 meters. = total surface area through which the heated water and hot
- when feeding hot water, feed pump should at least be 1220 mm below gases exchange heat.
hot well to prevent vapor lock.
- two check valves should be provided between any feed pump and 3. Os = heat supplied or heat generated by fuel

boiler. = mfOh

r-­

Formulas and Principles - STEAM POWER PLANT F - 53

F -52
Formulas and Principles - STEAM POWER PLANT
STEAM TURBINES

4. Rated Boiler Horsepower = _HS (for water tube)

0.91 PERFORMANCE OF STEAM TURBINES:
= HS (for fire tube) Steam i
Generator
1.1 ms Output
hi
= IDs(hs-h f ) Generator
5. Developed Boiler Horsepower 35,322
+
reo",
h2 L...-. Turbine Output
(1 boiler hp = 35,322 kJ/hr) (3)com(Brake Power)

_ Developed Boiler HP
6. Percent Rating
Rated Boiler HP
hl'2
7. ASME Evaporation Units (rate at which heat is transformed)

= ms(hs - hi) kJ/hr

1. Ideal Turbine work = m S(h 1-h2) kw

hs - h f where: h 1 = enthalpy of steam entering

8. Factor of Evaporation (FE) = 2257 h2 = enthalpy after ideal (isentropic) expansion
IDs(hs - h f ) 2. Actual Turbine work = m S(h 1-h2a) = mS(h 1-h2) nst

... 9. Boiler Thermal Efficiency =

IDrQh
where: h 2a
nst
= enthalpy after actual expansion
= stage efficiency
ms(h s - hi) - energy consumed by accessories
•
•
Net Boiler Eff. =
mtOh 3. Turbine Power Output = m S(h 1-h2) nT = mS(h1-h2)(nst)nm

where: nT = turbine efficiency = nst x nm

kgsteaID
IDS n m = mechanical efficiency
10. Actual Specific Evaporation kgfuel
IDf'
(Boiler Economy) 4. n, = electrical or generator efficiency = Generator Output
Turbine Output
11. Equivalent Evaporation = rn, x FE kg/hr from and at 100 o C

kgsteaID frdm
Generator Output = Turbine Output x n,
12. Equivalent Specific Evaporation
= IDS x FE
kgfuel .
= m S(h 1-h2) nT ne
IDf
and at 100°C 5. Thermal Efficiency

_ Turbine Output
a. nIb = brake thermal efficiency
IDs(hj - hf2)

.......

 F - 54 Formulas and Principles - STEAM POWER PLANT

----- - - and Principles -
Formulas STEAM POWER PLANT F - 55

b. nte = combined or overall thermal efficiency Classifications of Steam Condensers:

Generator Output
=
1. SUrface Condenser - type of condenser in which the steam and
ll1s(hj -hf2)
cooling water do not mix; commonly used design is the shell-and­
tube
h] - h 2
C. nR = Ideal Rankine thermal efficiency =
h] - hf2

6. Engine Efficiency of Turbine

Cooling Water In
tl, ffiw
a. neb = brake engine efficiency = Brake Power
ll1s(h] -h 2)
_ ~)
..

b. nee = combined or overall engine efficiency ~

-_.-­ p .......
. Water Out

Cooling
tz
_ Generator Output
ffiS(h] - h 2 )

7. Willan's Line:

... Willan's line is a straight line which shows the relation between the
steam consumption (m s • kg/hr) and the load (L, kw) of a steam turbine
generator unit.
Heat Balance in Condenser:

mwCp(trt 1 ) = ms(hs-hf)E

••
IDS
kg/hr Cp = 4.187 ~
kg _0 C ..
E = heat extraction factor
b
I L,KW
No load Full Load Vacuum Efficiency, Nv

Patm Pcond

Nv = Patm
-
- Psat

STEAM CONDENSERS
Palm - atmospheric pressure

Functions of Steam Condensers: Peond - absolute condenser pressure

a. To create vacuum at turbine exhaust and to increase the turbin Psat - saturation pressure

power.
b. To convert steam to liquid so that it can be pumped back to the
boiler.
 F - 56 Formulas and Principles - STEAM POWER PLANT Formulas and Principles - STEAM POWER PLANT ..
),

2. Contact (Jet) condensers - type of condenser in which the steam STEAM ENGINES
and cooling water are mixed.
Steam Engines are double-acting and the process is isentropic.
Steam

{;t,,:} Cooling Water In

Condensate

II
Brake Power

FEEDWATER PUMP

2
- - -__
lahz 1. Ideal P-V Oiagram

.. m kg/s 1 _
.. •..-­
p

, hI
PI
-

•
Pump Work = m(h 2-h1) kw

= mV1(P2-P1)
= mgh watt
kw
....-- V D ==:r-- V

2. VD = piston volume displacement

where: m = mass flow rate, kg/sec
3/kg
V1 = specific volume, m
P1 = entrance pressure, kpa = 2 (~J 02LN, m
3/s
(piston rod neglected)
P2 = exit pressure, kPa
h = head, meters

Pump Input Power (Brake Power of the pump)

= (~) 02 LN + (: J (02-d2)LN, m 3/s
(piston rod considered)
Pump Work

Pump Efficiency
 F - 58 Formulas and Principles - STEAM POWER PLANT Formulas and Principles - STEAM POWER PLANT ','J

3. Indicated Power 8. Engine Efficiency

Measuring instruments used: Engine Indicator traces the actual P-V

diagram; Planimeter measures area of P-V diagram; Tachometer a. nei = indicated engine efficiency = Indicated Power
measures speed. ms(h[ - h 2 )

Indicated Power = Pm; V o, kw b. neb = brake engine efficiency = Brake Power

ms(h l -h 2 )
Pm; = indicated mean effective pressure, kPa
9. Efficiency of Equivalent Rankine cycle:

= Area Of Diagram X spring scale

Length Of Diagram = WT =
hi -h 2

QA hi - hf2

.. 4. Brake Power

Measuring instruments used: Dynamometer measures the torque; SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

Tachometer measures the speed.
I. A steam boiler on a test generates 885,000 Ib of steam in a 4-hour period.
Brake Power = 21lTN, kw The average steam pressure is 400 psla, the average steam temperature
is 700°F, and the average temperature of the feedwater supplied to the
where: T =
torque, kN-m
boiler is 280°F. If the boiler efficiency for the period is 82.5%, and if the
N = speed, rev/s
coal has a heating value of 13,850 Btu per Ib as fired, find the average
• Calculation of brake power using brake mean effective pressure:
amount of coal burned in short tons per hour. (Apr 97)
A. 9.84 short tons per hour C. 12.05 short tons per hour

••
B. 10.75 short tons per hour D. 11.45 short tons per hour

Brake Power = P mb V o , kw
Solution:

P rnb = brake mean effective pressure, kPa

The following enthalpies should have been given in the problem.

5. Friction Power = Indicated Power - Brake Power From steam table:

Brake Power At 400 psia and 700°F, hz =: 1362.7 Btu/lb

6. nm = mechanical efficiency =Indicated

.' P
ower
At 280°F, h, =: 249.1 Btu/lb

Brake Power = Indicated Power x nm

m, = 885,000/4 = 221,250 Ib/hr

7. Thermal Efficiency

Indicated Power
Boiler Efficiency = ms(h z - hI)

a. nIl = indicated thermal efficiency = mrQ h

ms(h l -hf2 )
0.825 = 221,250(1,362.7-249.1)

Brake Power m r (13,850)

b. nIb =: brake thermal efficiency =

mS(h] - hf2 )
rn, = 21,563 Ib/hr
 F - 60 Formulas and Principles - STEAM POWER PLANT
FormUlas and Principles - STEAM POWER PI AN r
'.,
_ 21,563

- -- Solution:
2000

S1 = S2

= 10.78 short tons per hr S1 = (Sf + Sfgh

30 kg/s

6.7690 == 1.9312 + x(4.8288)

2. Steam is admitted to the cylinder of an engine in such a manner that the x = 1.00 (saturated vapor)

average pressure is 120 psi. The diameter of the piston is 10 in and the
length of the stroke is 12 in, What is the hp of the engine when it is h2 = (h, + hfgh

making 300 rpm? (Apr 97) h2 = 670.56 + 1.00(2086.3)

A. 171.5 C. 173.2 = 2756.9

B. 175 D. 174.4 h, = h, == 670.56

3
Solution: Q == m 1 (hr h 3 )

It VD = piston volume displacement = (~) D 2LN x 2 30

= -4 (2756.9 - 670,56) = 15,647.5 kw

= ~
4 12(-10)12(1
-2)(300)(2)
12 = 327.25 fe/min
4. 23.5 kg of steam per second at 5 MPa and 400°C is produced by a steam
generator. The feedwater enters the economizer at 145°C and leaves at
Indicated Power = Pmi VD

..
205°C. The steam leaves the boiler drum with a quality of 98%. The unit
,I consumes 2.75 kg of coal per second as received having a heating value
= (120)(144)327.25 = 171.4 HP of 25,102 kJ/kg. What would be the overall efficiency of the unit in
percent? (Apr 96)
33,000

••
Steam Properties:
3. In a cogeneration plant, steam enters the turbine at 4 MPa and 400°C.
At 5 MPa and 400°C; h == 3195.7 kJ/kg

One fourth of the steam is extracted from the turbine at 600 kPa pressure
At 5 MPa: h, = 1154.23 hfg == 1640.1

for process heating. The remaining steam continues to expand to 10 kPa.

At 205°C: h, = 875.04

The extracted steam is then condensed and mixed with feedwater at

At 145°C: hf = 610.63
constant pressure and the mixture is pumped to the boiler pressure of 4
MPa. The mass flow rate of steam through the boiler is 30 kg/so
Disregarding any pressure drops and heat losses in the piping, and A. 65 C, 88
assuming the turbine and pump to be isentropic, how much process heat B. 95 23.5 ke/.s
D. 78 ------.. Steam
is required in kw? (Apr 96) I
I .., S Mpa, 400°C
Steam Properties: Solution:
Boiler
At 4 MPa and 400°C:

At 600 kPa: hf = 670.56

h fg = 2086.3
h = 3213.6 kJ/kg, s = 6.7690 kJ/kg-OK

Sf = 1.9312
Sfg =
4.8288
Overall Efficiency

=
== Heat Absorbed
Heat Supplied
ffis(h s -h r)
Fuel V"-
2.75 kg/s
1_ F1
Feedwater

20S oC
ffirQ h Qh = 25,102 kJ/kg
A, 15,646.8 C, 3,578.5 145°C
B,2,4GB'2 D. 1,026.9
Overall Efficiency _ 23.5(3195.7-610.63)
2.75(25,102) ,
=
88 %
 F·62 Formulas and Principles - STEAM POWER PLANT
Formulas and Principles - STEAM POWER PLANT F • 63

= (3187.1 - 2670.6)(0.70) = 361.55 kJ/kg

5. A steam plant operates with initial pressure of 1.7 MPa and 370°C
temperature and exhaust to a heating system at 0.17 MPa. The OR = 0.90(hz-h 3 )

condensate from the heating system is returned to the boiler at 65.5°C = 0.90(2670.6 - 274.14) = 2156.81 kJ/kg

and the heating system utilizes from its intended purpose 90% of the
energy transferred from the steam it receives. The nt is 70%. If the boiler OA = hI -h 4
efficiency is 80%. what is the cogeneration efficiency of the system in lib
percent. Neglect pump work. (Oct 95)
3187.1- 27~
- = :;: 3641.2 kJ/kg
Steam Properties: 0.80

At 1.70 MPa and 370°C: h =3187.1 kJ/kg S:;: 7.1081 kJ/kg-OK Cogeneration Efficiency:

At 0.170 MPa: h f = 483.20 Sf = 1.4752 WT + Q R

htg =2216.0 Stg =
5.7062
=
ill
QA
At 65.5°C: hf = 274.14 361.55 + 2156.81
A. 78 C. 91.24
= :;: 69.16 %
3641.2
B. 102.10 0.69
6. A superheat steam Rankine Cycle has turbine inlet conditions of 17.5

..
Solution: MPa and 530°C expand in a turbine to 0.007 MPa. The turbine and pump
, ·f
polytropic efficiencies are 0.9 and 0.7, respectively, pressure losses
between the pump and the turbine inlet are 1.5 MPa. What should be the
pump work in kJ/kg? (Oct 95)
A. 17.3

••
C. 37.3
B. 27.3 0.47.3
QA
Solution:
~\ ~ QR

V3 (P4 -P3 )
~ Wp =
h1 = 3187.1 kJ/kg TIp

where:

Solving for h2: V3= 1/1000

:;: 0.001 m 3/kg

S1 S2= =
(Sf + XSfg)z
P4 =17.5 + 1.5

7.1081 =
1.4752 + x2(5.7062)
=19 MPa

X2 = 0.9871
= 19,000 kPa

P3 = 0.007 MPa

h2 = (h f + xhfg)
= 7 kPa

:;: 483.20 + 0.9871(2216.0)

np = 0.70

=
2670.6

0.001(19,000 - 7)
h a = h 4 :;: 274.14 Wp =
0.70
W T = (h 1-h 2 )n,
= 27.1 kJ/kg
 Formulas and Principles - STEAM POWER PLANT Formulas and Principles - GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT F - 65
F - 64

7. Determine the vacuum efficiency of a surface condenser which operates GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT
at a vacuum of 635 mm Hg and exhaust steam enters the condenser at
45.81 cC. The barometric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Definitions:
A. 80.4% C.92.7%
B. 85.2% D. 98.3% 1. Magma - molten metal within the earth which is basically nickel-iron in
composition whose stored energy heats the surrounding water thereby
Solution: producing steam or hot water.

From steam table at 45.81 cC: P sat = 0.010 MPa 2. Well-bore product - the effluent coming out from the geothermal well as
produced after drilling. This can be purely steam or hot water, or a
(760-635)0.1013 = 0.01666 MPa mixture of both.
Pcond = 760
P bar - Pcond 3. Steam-dominated geothermal field - refers to a geothermal plant with
Vacuum Efficiency = its well producing all steam as the well-bore product.
.. P bar ­ Psat

4. Liquid-dominated geothermal field - the well-bore product for this type

_ 0.1013-0.01666 = 92.7% of field is practically all hot water, pressurized.
0.1013-0.010
5. Sources of geothermal energy:
a. hot spring b. Steam vent c. geyser

'. 6. Fumarole - a crack in the earth through which the geothermal substances
passes.

Types of Geothermal Plants:

1. Dry or superheated Geothermal Power Plant

- kw

.:t=: Dry

,: ~ : Superheated

:: Steam

To Reinjection Wells
 Formulas and Principles - GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT F - 67
F -66 Formulas and Principles - GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT

PERFORMANCE OF FLASHED-STEAM GEOTHERMAL PLANT

2. Separated Steam or Single flash Geothermal Plant
rnS
Generator I Generator Output
rn g
1 -2
.,.L.:.::::::::::-- ~ Turbine Output
Mixture
J.
To Reinjection Wells f"i
To Reinjection Wells ffiw

The T-S Diagram:

3. Separated Steam/Hot-Water-Flash or Double Flash

. Geothermal Plant T

Mixture
. ·t I To s
I : Reinjection
mg = mass flow rate of ground water

4. Single Flash Plant with Pumped Well Wells rn, = mass flow rate of steam entering turbine

.. Throttling process (1-2)

• Flasher h 1 = h 2 = (hf + x hfgh

where: x :::: quality after throttling

Mass flow rate of steam entering the turbine:

rn, = x (mg )

Turbine Output = m s(h 3-h 4)nT

5. Binary Geothermal Plant where: nT = turbine efficiency

Generator Output = m s(h 3-h 4)nT x n,

where: n, = generator efficiency

\ Heat Rejected in Condenser = m s(h 4-h s )

~o:te~llI\ Overall Plant Efficiency

_ Turb ineOutput
rngh J
To Reinjection Wells
 F - 68 Formulas and Principles - GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT Formulas and Principles - GEOTHERMAL POWER PLAN I I f.'1

SAMPLE PROBLEMS: h3 = hg at 1.04 MPa = 2779.6 kJ/kg

1. A liquid dominated geothermal plant with a single flash separator receives Solving for h4:
water at 204°C. The separator pressure is 1.04 MPa. A direct-contact
condenser operates at 0.034 MPa. The turbine has a polytropic efficiency S3 = S4 = (SI + X Slg)4
of 0.75. For a cycle output of 50 MW, what is the mass flow rate of the 6.5729 = 0.9793 + x4(6.7463)

well-water in kg/s? (Oct 95) X4 = 0.829

Steam Properties: h4 = (hi + xh lg)4

At 204°C: hi = 870.51 kJ/kg = 301.4 + 0.829(2328.8)

= 2232.3
At 1.04 MPa: hi = 770.38 hlg = 2009.2 hg = 2779.6
Sg = 6.5729 Solving for the mass flow rate to the turbine. m s :
W T = m s (h3 - h4)nT

At 0.034 MPa: hi = 301.40 hlg = 2328.8

50,000 = m s(2779.6 - 2232.3)0.75

. SI = 0.9793 Sig = 6.7463

m, = 121.8kg/s

Solving for the quality X2 (after throttling):

A. 2871 C. 186
B. 2100 D. 2444 h 1 = h 2 = (hi + x high
870.51 = 770.38 + X2 (2009.2)

Solution: X2 = 0.049836

.'•'"

·It Solving for the mass flow rate of the well water:
3
rn, = X2 (m g )
1.04 ~
MPa . . .

IDs
I T_._L'_~ --I+-. 50 MW
121.8 = 0.049836 (m g)

mg = 2,444 kg Is

fig

.-L 1 2

.
204°C row

T-S Diagram:

, S
 F -70 Formulas and Principles - GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
Formulas and Principles - GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT F - 71

GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT Turbine Expansion (Isentropic) Process 3-4:

83 :: 8 4 PN/ :: P 4V4 k

Air Standard, Ideal (Brayton) Cycle:

JT
k-\

T!
T =(P3
T4
3
P4

2~1:
/ P
T3
T4
=( V4 J k l
V3

I
1/.... / I==P4
WT :: turbine work = mCp(T 3-T4 )

..
Air

Open Cycle Gas Turbine

Exhaust I

Ideal T -8 Diagram
S
W N = net turbine work = WT - We

Cycle Efficiency :: WN ::
WT-Wc

QA QA
1 Compression (Isentropic) Process (1-2):

"'.'.
81 =8 2 PN/ = PzV2k Closed Cycle Gas Turbine:

k-I

2~
T

-
T2 _(P2 Ik
It T;-I\I\j

T2=(~)k--I I

• TI V2 I S

We = compressor work = mCp(Tz- T 1)

PERFORMANCE OF ACTUAL CYCLE:
where: Cp :: 1.0 ~ for air
kg_ O C Fuel, mf == r.m,
Qh kJ/kg
_ P
2
Generator Output
Pressure Ratio :: P3 'Combustor
P4 - PI

Heat Added in Combustor (Process 2-3):

QA = mCp(T \ T.,)
~Yhl'm:t
. Air rna + mr == ma(l + rr)
rr == fuel-air ratio
 F·72 Formulas and Principles - GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT Formulas and Principles - GAS TURBINE POWER PLAN I
" \

The T-5 Diagram: Overall Thermal Efficiency = Generator Output

/1
~
T Qf
)4' Combustor Efficiency = Heat Absorbed By Air
..'
'

~
Heat Supplied By Fuel
2.. .' .,/ '/4

2 i

....
: ..':

1 .... Ideal Gas Turbine Cycle with Regenerator:

I S
Regenerator
We :: ideal compressor work :: m aCpa(T 2-T1) y~...
, :
4 i

. We' = actual compressor work

:: IdealCompressorWork
CompressorEfficiency
We
l1e
LNV'[-.,
. X i
I

~
= m aCPa(T 2'-T1
) = ID a C pa (T2 -Tj )
l1e

where: Cpa = specific heat of air = 1.0 ~O

kg_ C
·It T
3
.. W T = ideal turbine work = (m a + mt)Cpg(T3-T4)

4
= m a(1 + rt)Cpg(T
•

III W T' = actual turbine work =

3-T4 )

ideal turbine work x turbine efficiency

2,c.·

1
c/

= m a(1 + rf)Cpg(T3-T4' ) = m a(1 + rt)Cpg(T3-T4) x nT . S

• where: rf = fuel-air ratio
CPg =
nT = turbine efficiency
specific heat of gas

Of = heat generated by fuel = (rn, rf)Qh = rn. Q h QA = heat added in combustor = mCp(T3-Tx)

Heat Balance in Regenerator:

where: Q h = heating value of fuel kJ/kg

Actual Net Work, WN' = W T' - Wc' - W aux

mCp(Tx-T 2 ) = mCp(T4-T y )

Tx-T2 = T4-T y
WT ' - We' - Wau x
Thermal Efficiency =
Actual amount of heat transferred
Qr
f ffectiveness of Regenerator =
(Gas Turbine) Amount of heat that could be transferred
reversibly
 F -74 Formulas and Principles - GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
Formulas and Principles - GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT F- - 75

SAMPLE PROBLEMS: Solution:

1. In a gas turbine unit, air enters the combustion chamber at 550 kPa,
22rC and 43 m/s. The products of combustion leave the combustor at T

~
3
511 kPa, 1004°C and 140 m/s. Liquid fuel enters with a heating value of
/
43,000 kJ/kg. For fuel-air ratio of 0.0229, what is the combustor efficiency w.,.'
of the unit in percent? (Apr 96)
A. 64 C. 78 100 kPa

2/ / '
B. 92 D. 102 300 0K
1;
5 m 3/s I S
Solution:
Solving for the mass flow rate:

.. Fuel t
rf = 0.0229 PV ::: mRT

(100)(5) ::: m(0.287)(300)

I 2 m ::: 5.81 kg/s

1 Combustion

Chamber
511 kPa
550 kPa Solving for T 2:

1
'11
227°C
43 mls
1004°C
140 m1s

i =(~:)T
k-I

.... Heat Supplied by fuel

::: mf Q h ::: 0.0229(43,000) ::: 984.7 kJ/kg air
T2 1.4-1

:: Heat Absorbed
::: Cp(T 2-T 1) + 1;2 (V/ - V/)
300 = (loH

lI
::: 1.0(1004 _227) + 1;2 (140)2 - (43)2] T 2 = 579 oK

.. 1000
Solving for T 4 :
k-l
::: 785.9 kJ/kg air
T3 =( P3JT
" 785.9
T4 lP
4

Com b us tor Eff IClency ::: - - ::: 79.8 % 1.4-]

984.7
1400 = ( 950 J~

T4 1000

2. Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine at 100 kPa and 300 0K with a
3/s.
volume flow rate of 5 m The compressor pressure ratio is 10 and its
isentropic efficiency is 85%. At the inlet to the turbine, the pressure is 950 T4 = 736 oK
kPa and the temperature is 1400oK. The turbine has an isentropic
efficiency of 88% and the exit pressure is 100 kPa. On the basis of an air We ::: mCp(TrTd
standard analysis, what is the thermal efficiency of the cycle in percent? ::: 5.81 (1.0)(579-300) ::: 1621 kw
A. 42.06 C. 31.89
W' W 1621
8. 60.20 D. 25.15 c -- - c_ - - ::: 1907 kw
11c 0.85
 F -76 Formulas and Principles - GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT Formulas and Principles - HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER P~~t>lJ F--'" 77

W T = mCp(T 3-T4 )
HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
= 5.81 (1.0)(1400 - 736) = 3858 kw

W T' = 3858(0.88) = 3395 kw

Basic Parts of High-Head Hydro-Electric Plant:
WN' = W/ - We'
= 3395 - 1907 = 1488 kw

QA = mCp(T 3-T 2)

= 5.81(1.0)(1400-579) = 4770kw

1488
Cycle Efficiency
_ WN '
- -- = 31.19%
- QA 4770

.
\
·11
....
.• Reservoir - stores the water coming from the upper river or water falls .

Headwater - the water in the reservoir.

Spillway - a weir in the reservoir which discharges excess water so that the

• head of the plant will be maintained.

Dam - the concrete structure that encloses the reservoir.

Silt Sluice - a chamber which collects the mud and through which the mud is

discharged.

Trash Rack - a screen which prevents the leaves, branches and other water

contaminants to enter into the penstock.

Valve - opens or closes the entrance of the water into the penstock.

Surge chamber - a standpipe connected to the atmosphere and attached to

the penstock so that the water will be at atmospheric pressure.

, Penstock - the channel that leads the water from the reservoir to the turbine

 F -78 Formulas and Principles - HYDRO·ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Formulas and Principles - HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT F - 79

Turbine - converts the energy of the water into mechanical energy,

Classification of Hydraulic Turbines:
Generator - converts the mechanical energy of the turbine into electrical
energy output. 1. Impulse (Pelton) Turbine - high head and low flow.

Draft Tube - connects the turbine outlet to the tailwater so that the turbine ][ ....-:::;;
can be set above the tailwater level.
,;;;;;;:=;";;.;.,~-:::,,.n~ Nozzle
r ~ RUl'kpt

Tailrace - a channel which leads the water from the turbine to the tailwater.
Runner
..-Casing
Tailwater - the water that is discharged from the turbine.

Run-of-the-River (Low Head) Hydro-electric Power Plant:

... Pondage
.:~:~~~~~:::~~:'~:::::::~::~::::~::::~~~~:::~::~:~-:
2. Reaction Turbine

a. Francis Turbine - low head and high efficiency.

I'.
..... Pondage - the water behind the dam of a run-of-the-river hydro-electric
plant.

~~
\ \"
T
caS ing
~ Wicket Gate
Runner

b. Propeller (Kaplan) Turbine - very low head and efficiency is

.. Pumped Storage Hydro-Electric Plant or Hydraulic

Accumulator:
Pumped storage plant - is a hydro-electric plant which involves the use of
lower than Francis.

• off-peak energy to store water and to use the stored water to generate extra
energy to cope with the peak load.

n Storage
Selection of Turbine Type based on head:
Net Head Type of Turbine

Up to 70 ft Propeller Type
70 ft to 110ft Propeller Type or Francis
110ft to 800 ft Francis Type
800 ft to 1300 ft Francis or Impulse

~i, 'i lj
1300 ft and above Impulse

l
 F·-SO Formulas and Principles - HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
Formulas and Principles - HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT F ~81
PERFORMANCE OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC PLANT: 120f
9. Generator Speed, N = __
p
1. hg = gross head = difference between headwater and tailwater where: N ::: speed, rpm

elevation
f ::: frequency (usually 60 hz)

2 p ::: number of poles (even number)

fLY
2. hi = friction head loss = - - (Darcyeq.), meters
2gD 10. hw ::: utilized head ::: h (nh)
2
2fLy
= - - (Morse eq.), meters where: nh = hydraulic efficiency
gD
11. Head of Pelton (trnpulse) Turbine:
I
I
where: f = coefficient of friction
II L = total length of pipe, in meters
2

... V
g
D
= velocity, m/sec

= 9.81 m/sec"

= inside diameter, meters

h ::: P
8"+ ­
2g
V

I....
where: V = velocity of jet

(Friction head loss is usually expressed as a percentage of the gross P = inlet gage pressure

head). g = 9.81 rn/sec"

'
3. h = net head or effective head = hg - hi 12. Head of Reaction (Francis and Kaplan) Turbine

4. Penstock efficiency = ~
P
h=-+Z+
2
VA -VB
2

..
.­ 5. General Flow equation:
h g

Q = AV
s 2g

= 3/sec

•
where: Q volume flow rate, m
2
A = cross-sectional area, m
V =
velocity, m/sec

6. Water Power = Q8h kw

where: 8 = specific weight of water or density

3 13. Peripheral coefficient, 8 = PeripheralVelocity _ 7tDN
= 9.81 kN/m VelocityOfJet - J2gh
= 1000 kg/m 3
(Relative Speed)

7. Turbine Output = Q 8 h (nt)

where: D = diameter of runner, meters

N = speed of runner, rev/sec

where: n, = turbine efficiency g ::: 9.81 m/sec"

h = net head, meters

8. Generator Output = Q 8 h nt n,

where: n, = electrical or generator efficiency

....

Formulas and Principles - HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT F - 83

'Formulas and Principles - HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
F·82
Volume = Area x Height
14. Specific speed of hydraulic turbine:
66,055,050 = (50 x 10
6
) h

N = NM rpm
where: N = speed, rpm )leight, h = 1.32 m
s h5 4/
h = head, feet
2. 45 kw of the shaft power is developed by a tl"~in" working under an
available head of 40 meters, The energy transferred from the water to the
In Metric Units: runner is 350 J, Assuming a mechanical efficiency of 95%, what is the
discharge through the turbine in cu. m/s? (Apr 96)
O.2623N~ rpm where: N =speed, rpm A. 0,0345 C, 1.511
Ns = h
5/4
B. 0.135 0.1,234
h = head, meters
Solution:
II
15. et = eh em e y
~
Since the given power of 45 kw is a shaft power, a hydraulic
where: et = total efficiency of turbine efficiency of, say, 87% will be assumed.
eh = hydraulic efficiency

\..... = Q is h n m nh
em = mechanical efficiecny Shaft Power
e y = volumetric efficiency
45 = Q(9,81 )(40)(0.95)(0.87)
SAMPLE PROBLEMS: Q = 0.139 m 3/sec

1. A hydro-electric plant having 50 sq. km reservoir area and 100 m head is

3, A vertical draft tube is installed on a Francis turbine and the total head to
used to generate power. The energy utilized by the consumers whose
the center of the spiral casing at the inlet is 38 meters and velocity of
load is connected to the power plant during a five-hour period is 13.5 x 10'
water at the inlet is 5 m/s. The discharge is 2.1 cu. m/s. The hydraulic
If to the 6th power kw-hr. The overall generation efficiency is 75%. Find the efficiency is 0.87 and overall efficiency is 0.84. The velocities at the inlet
fall in the height of water in the reservoir after 5-hour period. (Apr 97) I and exit of the draft tube are 5 mls and 1.5 m/s, respectively. The top of
A. 2.13 m C. 3.21 m " the draft is 1 m below the center line of the spiral casing while the

• B. 1.32 m

Solution:
D. 0.53 m tailrace(water) level is 3 meters from the top of the draft tube. There is no
velocity of whirl at either top or bottom of the draft tube and leakage
losses are negligible. What is the power output of the turbine in kw? (Apr
96)
3/sec
o = volume flow rate in m A. 748.8 C. 901.3
B. 632.9 D. 832.6
Energy Output = 0 is h nt x Time
38 m
Solution:
13.5 x 106 = 0(9.81)(100)(0.75)(5)
h = total head
o = 3669.725 m
3/sec
2.1 m
3/s
' ---=:{ ~m
p y2 + y2 i \
Z A. B
= + +
In 5 hours, the volume of water consumed: 8 2g 3m
3
V = 3669.725(5 x 3600) = 66,055,050 m (5)2 _ (1.5)2

,,1 38 + (1 + 3) +
2(<).~ 1)
li'illili"l"nr','ib. H H _____

Formulas and Principles - NUCLEAR POWER PLANT F - 85

Formulas and Principles - HYDRO-ELECTRIC Ji'OWER PLANT
F·84
Volume = Area x Height
= 43.16 m

134,914 = (2.5 x 106 ) H

Turbine Output = Q 8 h nt

H = 0.0539 m

= 2.1(9.81)(43.16)(0.84)

= 5.39 em

= 746.9 kw

4. A Pelton Wheel is to be designed to run at 300 rpm under an effective

head of 150 m. The ratio of the nozzzle ,diameter to the diameter of the

pitch circle is 1/12. Assuming e~iciency of 84%, what is the size of the
NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
wheel in meters? Assume speed ratio of 0.45. (oct 95)

A. 1.05 C. 1.55
Typical Nuclear Power Plant:
;;1 B. 2.00 D. 2.86

~
Reactor Drum Containment

Solution: r~1

,
Control Rods Biological
Shield
7tDN
e = Control

....'.
Cubicle
.figh (300 \

7tD 60)
Thermal
0.45 = fi(9.8 1)(1 50) Shield

..
o = 1.55 m
5. A hydroelectric generating station is supplied from a reservoir of capacity)
6,000,000 m3 at the head of 170 m. Assume hydraulic efficiency of 80%

and electrical efficiency of 90%. The fall in the reservoir level after a load

Reflector
'\ I I k?1l
Feedwater

Pump
I

• of 15 MW has been supplied for 3 hours, if the area of the reservoir is 2.5
sq. km is closest to:
A. 5.39 em C. 5.98 em
'
Steam

Generator

235 238
B. 4.32 cm D. 4.83 cm Fuel Core - radioactive material, U with U , which is the source of
energy.
Solution:
Moderator - slows down the neutrons to thermal energy, made of carbon and
power Output =
Q 8 h nh n, beryllium.

15,000 =
Q(9.81 )(170)(0.80)(0.90)

3/s
Q = 12.492 m Controls Rods - Boron coated steel rods used to control the reactor.

In 3 hours, volume of water consumed: Reflector - made of lead or carbon which surrounds the core to bounce back
= 12.492(3)(3600) any leakage of neutrons.
3
= 134,914 m
Thermal Shield - prevents escape of radiation from reactor vessel.

1.,

 F -_
_ 86_ _ _ _F,_o"--~_'__m..:..:u_'_"_as~an_'__d'_'_'_Princie~~- NUCLEAR POWER PLANT
Formulas and Principles - NON-CONVENTIONAL POWER F - 87

Reactor Drum - encloses the fuel core and components.

4. Gas-cooled Power Reactor (GCPR)
Biological Shield - concrete or lead which absorbs any leakage of radiation
and protects operators from exposure to radioactivity. The gas coolant used in this type of reactor is carbon dioxide.

Control cubicle - contains the meters that show the operating quantities in
the reactor. NON - CONVENTIONAL POWER SOURCES
Containment Vessel - prevents spread of radiation in case of a major SOLAR POWER
explosion; made of concrete.
Types,f Solar collectors:
Coolant - absorbs the heat from the fuel core and then release the heat to
1. Flat Plate
,~ the water in the steam generator.
2. Concentrating

~
Coolant Pump - circulates the coolant. 3. Focusing

Turbine-Generator - generates the electric power. Photovoltaic Cell - a device which converts solar energy to electrical

I....•
energy.
Condenser - converts steam coming from the turbine into liquid.
Solar Energy received at earth's surface = Qs (1-i)A kcallhr
Feedwater Pump - delivers the feedwater to the steam generator.
where: Qs = solar energy without atmospheric interference
= 1200 kcal/hr-m 2

Commercial Types of Nuclear Power Reactors: i = atmospheric interference, usually expressed in

percent
= surface area of solar collector, m 2
: 1. Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR)

This type of reactor uses high pressure light or heavy water as both ,
A

II· moderator and coolant. This is the type which is constructed in Morong, ,i
WIND POWER
Bataan with capacity of 620 MW and intended to supply power to the
Luzon area. In 1986 the Philippine government decided to stop the Typical uses of wind power:
completion of the plant because of the controversy regarding its safety and 1. to drive water pumps
economic features. 2. to drive rice and corn mills
3. to charge batteries
2. Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) 4. to generate power
This is the simplest form of nuclear reactor. The feedwater from the Types of windmills:
rower turbine goes directly into the reactor and picks up the heat from the 1. Turbine type
fuel core. Thus the feedwater also serves as the coolant. The first
2. Rotor type
(~x:p(~r unental reactor installed in diliman, Quezon City is of this type. It
II"~," r.;1I1;lClty of 1MW.
3. Propeller type
4. Dutch sail type
\ Heavy Water Roar:tor (HWR) 5. Panemone type

rIll', tYI'" of lI·oIr.tC 1I 11';( ~'i heavy water or Deuterium, 0 20 as coolant.

 F·88 Formulas and Principles - ~ON·CONVENTIONAL POWER
Formulas and Principles - NON-CONVENTIONAL POWER --'=-:-lrg
TIDAL POWER

Tidal Power is basically hydro-electric power utilizing the difference in

INSTRUMENTATION
elevation between high and low tide to produce energy. A basin is required to
catch the sea water during high tide while the water drives a turbine. PHYSICAL QUANTITY MEASURED
INSTRUrtiENTS USED
Pressure
Bourdon pressure gauge
LOW THERMAL HEAD PLANT Compound gauge
Vacuum gauge
Manometer

low thermal head plant, otherwise known as Ocean Thermal Energy

Draft gauge

Conversion, makes use of the temperature difference between the ocean

Barometer

,I surface water and the water at the sea bottom. Surface water which is at
:'.' Temperature

~
relatively high temperature is pumped to an evaporator where the water
Mercurial thermometer
evaporates into saturated steam. This steam drives a single stage turbine
Bi-metallic thermometer
thereby producing electricity, and exhaust to a jet condenser maintained at
Thermocouple
the saturation pressure of the subsurface water temperature pumped from the

I.....
Radiation pyrometer
sea bottom.
Optical pyrometer
Weight
Platform balance

MAGNETO HYDRO DYNAMIC PLANT Spring balance

Analytical balance

In a magneto hydrodynamic generator, combustion gases produced in a Beam balance

combustion chamber at high pressure and temperature and seeded with Pendulum scale

metal vapor to increase its electrical conductivity, is passed through an

::
Density; Specific Gravity
expansion tube lined with a strong magnetic field. This induces an electric Hydrometer, pycnometer,
voltage in the gas conductor and effects the flow of electrons through the Westphal balance
electrodes along the magnetic field, thereby generating electricity.
Heating value of fuel

... THERMOIONIC CONVERTER Viscosity

Bomb calorimeter
Gas calorimeter

Viscosimeter
Thermoionic converter is a device which converts heat energy directly to Area of irregular plane figures
electrical energy. Planimeter
Rotational speed
Tachometer

FUEL CELL centrifugal, vibration,

electric

Fuel cell is a device which converts chemical energy to electrical energy. Stroboscope

Vibration intensity and frequency.

Vibrometer
linear speed
Speedometer
Distance travelled by a vehicle
Odometer
~
Velocity of flow
Velometer
..
_-----------------------=~.....-.--- -
Formulas and Principles - NON·CONVENTIONAL POWER F - 91
F·90 Formulas and Principles - NON-CONVENTIONAL POWER

DEFIN ITIONS:
Rotameter, anemometer,
Flow (rate)
Flowmeter Accessible - a term applied to a device of function that can be used or be
seen by an operator for the purpose of performing control actions, set point
Engine Indicator
Indicated Power changes, auto-manual transfer, or on-off actions.
Dynamometer
Brake Power Alarm - a device of function that signals the existence of an abnormal
a. absorption condition by means of an audible or visible discrete change, or both, intended
dynamometer(prony to attract attention.
brake, water brake)
b. transmission Assignable - a term applied to a feature permitting the channelling (or
dynamometer(electric direction) of a signal from one device to another without the need for
dynamometer, electric switching, patching, or changes in wiring.
cradle dynamometer)
I~
Ilil Auto-Manual station - synonym for control station.
Orsat apparatus
~

Analysis of flue gas

(Gas analyzer) Balloon - synonym for bubble.

Steam calorimeter Behind the panel - a term applied to a location that is within an area that
Quality of steam
throttling, separating, contains (1) the instrument panel, (2) its associated rack-mounted hardware,
condensing barrel, electric or (3) is enclosed with the panel.

\.
i
.. Dry bulb and Wet bulb temperature
of air
Psychrometer
sling, aspiration
Binary - a term applied to a signal or device that has only two discrete
positions or states.

.'"

Moisture Content (humidity) of air Hygrometer Board - synonym for panel.

Relative humidity of air Humeter
Brinell Hardness tester
Hardness of steel
Rockwell hardness tester
Bubble - the circular symbol used to denote and identify the purpose of an
instrument or function. It may contain a tag number.
Computing device - a device or function that performs one or more

•
Surface roughness
Vickers hardness tester

Profilometer
calculations or logic operations, or both, and transmits one or more resultant
output signals. (or called computing relay).

Configurable - a term applied to a device or system whose functional

Angle
Linear distance (thickness, depth, etc.)
Inaccuracy in alignments, eccentricities
Spacu cloarance, gap
Protractor" characteristics can be selected or rearranged through programming or other
methods.
Rule, depth gauge, vernier
caliper, micrometer caliper Controller - a device having an output that varies to regulate a controlled
variable in a specified manner.
Dial indicator
Control station - a manual loading station that also provides switching
Feeler gauge between manual and automatic control modes of a control loop. (or called
auto-manual station).
r-----­

F - 92 Formulas and Principles - NON-CONVENTIONAL POWER Formulas and Principles - NON-CONVENTIONAL POWER F - 93­

Control valve - a device, other than a common, hand actuated ON-OFF Monitor light - synonym for pilot light.
valve or self-actuated check valve, that directly manipulates the flow of one or
Panel - a structure that has a group of instruments mounted on it, houses

more fluid process streams.

the operator-process interface, and is chosen to have a unique designation. (

Converter - a device that receives information in one form of an instrument or called board).

signal and transmits an output signal in another form. Panel-mounted - a term applied to an instrument that is mounted on a panel

or console and is accessible for an operators normal use.

Digital a term applied to a signal or device that uses binary digits to

represent continuous values or discrete states. Pilot light - a light that indicates which of a number of normal conditions of a
system or device exists. (or called monitor light).
Distributed Control System - a system which, while being functionally
integrated, consist of subsystems which may be physically separate and Primary element - synonym for sensor.

l~
remotely located from one another.
Process - any operation or sequence of operations involving a change of

J Final control Element - the device that directly controls the value of teh
manipulated variable of a control loop.

Function - the purpose of, or an action performed by, a device.

energy ,state, composition, dimension, or other properties that may be
defined with respect to a datum.

Process variable - any variable property of a process.

I....• Identification - the sequence of letters of digits, or both, used to designate

an individual instrument or loop.

Instrument - a device used directly or indirectly to measure and/or control a

variable .
Program - a repeated sequence of actions that defines the status of outputs
as a fixed relationships to a set of inputs.

Programmable Logic Controller - a controller, usually with multiple inputs

and outputs, that contains an alterable program.

Instrumentation - a collection of instruments or their application for the Relay - a device whose function is to pass an information in an unchanged
purpose of observation, measurement, control, or any combination of these. torm or in some modified form.

•" Local _ the location of an instrument that is neither in nor on a panel or

console, nor is it mounted in a control room .
Scan - to sample, in a predetermined manner, each of a number of
variables intermittently.

• Local Panel - a panel that is not a central or main panel. Sensor - that part of the loop or instrument that first senses the value of a
process variable, and that assumes a corresponding, predetermined, and
Loop - a combination of two or more instruments or control functions ,! itell igible state or output.

arranged so that signals pass from one to another for the purpose of
measurement and/or control of a process variable. " Set Point - an input variable that sets the desired value of the controlled
. .sriable.
Manual Loading System - a device or function having a manually
adjustable output that is used to actuate one or more remote devices. Shared Controller • a controller, containing preprogrammed algorithms that
e usually accessible, configurable, and assignable.
. II

Measurement _ the determination of the existence or the magnitude of a

Shared display - the operator interface device (usually a video screen) used
variable.
") display process control information from a number of sources at the
Monitor - a general term for an instrument or an instrument system used to .unmano of the operator.
measure or sense the status or magnitude of one or more variables for the
'>witch - a device that connects, disconnects, selects, or transfers one or
purpose of deriving useful information.
1111 P Circuits, and is not designed as a controller, a relay, or a control valve.
 F -94 Formulas and Principles - NON-CONVENTIONAL POWER:-: _
1=nr...... ''''r- "'nd Principles- VARIABLE LOAD

Test Point - a process connection to which no instrument is permanently

connected, but which is intended for the temporary or intermittent connection

VARIABLE LOAD
of an instrument.

Transducer - a general term for a device that receives information in the Reserve over peak :: plant capacity
- peak load
form of one or more physical quantities, modifies the information and/or its
kw-brs energy
form, if required, and produces a resultant output signal. Average Load :: h

no. of ours

Transmitter - a device that senses a process variable through the medium of

a sensor and has an output whose steady-state value varies only as a

1. Load factor :: Average Load

predetermined function of the process variable.

Peak Load

J 2. Capacity factor ::

Actual energy produced

Maximum possible energy

that might have

produced during the same
been

I•
period

Annual kw-hrs
Annual capacity factor :: kw plant capacity x 8760

..... 3. Use factor :: annual kw-hrs

_
kw plant capacity x no. ofhrs operation

; 4. Demand factor::
Actual maximum demand
Connected Load

... 5. Diversity factor :: Sum of individual maximum demands

Maximum simultaneous demand

6. Plant factor :: A verage Load

Rating of equipment supplying the load

7. Utilization factor :: Maximum demandof system

Rated capacity of system

Duration of actual service

8. Operation factor ::
Total duration of the period of
time considered

 F -96 Formulas and Principles - CHIMNEY

Formulas and Principles - CHIMNEY F - 97

CHIMNEY dg == density of flue gases :::: P

Functions of Chimney: RgTg

1. To dispose the exhaust gases at suitable height so that no pollution
T T
will occur in the vicinity.
2. To produce the necessary draft required for thr flow of the gases.
T g :::: ~
2 ::: average temperature of flue gases

Stack - name given to steel chimney.

DIAMETER

Calculation of Chimney Diameter and Height using basic Og ::: Area x Vel :::: .!!.- 0 2 Vel

j gas laws:

I
D T2
Og ::::
4

volume flow of flue gases:::: mRT

g g g
p
m3/s

II • ---+---. I t
Furnace
tT
H
Vel ::: actual velocity of the flue gases mls

V :::: theoretical velocity of flue gas in chimney

!

... Fuel
m, kg/s

Air
IDa kg/s
t
T1
1 : : J2 g hd w

; Flue Gases
Actual velocity of flue gases in chimney is only 30% to 50% of
theoretical velocity, thus to get the actual

.
Il1g = mr+ rna
velocity, multiply the theoretical velocity by a velocity
coefficient of 0.30 to 0.50 .

D ::: internal diameter of chimney, meters Vel (actual) :::: (theo vel) x C v
(for a tapering chimney, D is the internal diameter at thetop)
H ::: height of chimney, meters
C v :::: velocity coefficient :::: 0.40 (usual assumption)
T a ::: temperature of air, oK
T g ::: average temperature of flue gases, oK
R a ::: gas constant of air SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
R g ::: gas constant of flue gases
P ::: barometric pressure, kPa
101.325 kPa J.lf the actuaJ draft required for a furnace is 6.239 cm of water and the
frictional losses in the stack are 15% of theoretical draft, calculate the
HEIGHT required stack height in meters. Assume that the flue gas have a!>
average temperature of 149°C and molecular weight of 30, Assume air
temperature of 21°C. (Oct 95)
h',', !l1;lft pressure ::: H(da-dg) kPa
A. 215 C.220
P B. 230 D. 210
d, (Ifnl'.lly of dll = -­
Ra'I;,
r Formulas and Principles - CHIMNEY F - 99
Formulas and Principles - CHIMNEY
F -98

Solution: d 9 = density of flue gases = ~

RgTg

hw ::= total draft

hw ::= 6.239 + 0.15 hw :::
101.3 3

hw ::=
7.34 ern water 0.277(260 + 273) = 0.686 kg/m
hw ::= 0.0734 (9.81) ::= 0.72 kPa

Solving for the density of air: Draft = 0.02286( 1 ) = 22.746 kg/m

2
0.00100
3
d, ::= __
P_ = 101.325
RaTa 0.287(21 + 273) ::: 1.2 kg/m Solving for the velocity of the flue gases considering a velocity
coefficient of vAO:

J
. Pi
Solving for the density of the flue gas:

!
8.3143
Vel (actual)
= OAOx 2g~
I
R = 8.3143 ­ = 0.277 dg

M - 30

I,•
3 = OAOx./2(9.81) 22.746
d g :::
P :::
101.325 = 0.867 kg/m _ 0.686
RgTg 0.277(149 + 273)
- 10.2 m/s

hw = H(d a - d g) Og ::: Area x Vel

0.72::= H(1.2 - 0.867)0.00981 46.72

= ~ 0 2 ( 10 .2)
0.686 4
H ::= 220 m

C 2.52 kg of coal per second are consumed by a steam boiler plant and
2. produced 18.54 kg of dry flue gas per kg of coal fired. The air
o = 2.916 m

temperature outside is 32 0 C , the average temperature of the flue gases A steam generator with economizer and air heater has an overall draft

• entering the chimney is 343°C and the average temperature of the flue ,.
gases in the chimney is 260 0 C . The gage fluid specific volume is 1.005 x
10-3 m 3/kg and a theoretical draft of 2.286 cm of water at the chimney;
loss of 21.78 cm water. If the stack gases are at nrc and if the
atmosphere is at 101.3 kPa and 26°C, what theoretical height of stack in
meters is needed when no draft fans are used? Assume that the gas
base is needed when the barometric pressure is 101.3 kPa. Find the constant for the flue gases is the same as that for air. (Apr 95)
diameter of the chimney in meters. (Apr 95)
A. 565 C. 545
B. 535 O. 550
Solution:
Solution:
m g ::: mass flow of flue gases
101.3
::: 18.54(2.52) da = density of air = _P- = -

::: 46.72 kg/s RaTa 0.287(26 + 273)

Flow gases have higher molecular weight than air; assume

= 1.180 kg/m 3
M ::= 30, so that:

R g ::= 8.3143/30 ::: 0.277

 _.
--
Formulas and Principles - MACHINE FOUNDATION F -101
MACHINE FOUNDATION
F -100 Formulas and Principles
DESIGN PROCEDURE IN MACHINE FOUNDATION:
P 101.3
d g = density of flue gas = = 0.287(177 + 273) Manufacturer's manual supplies foundation drawings, but in the
RgTg
3 absence of such drawings, the following guide can be used.
= 0.784 kgfm Refer: PSME Code, pp 9-11; Morse, pp 108-113

Pressure = Height x Density WM

2

Draft Pressure = 0.2178(1000)

= 217.8 kg/m

Draft Pressure, hw = H(da - dg)

217.8 = H(1.180 - 0.784)

\j.'
II
I
H = 550 m
~WF

,I
I~ • L .1

1. Knowing the bedplate dimensions of the machine, determine the upper

dimensions of the foundation "a" and "L". Allow a clearance from the edge of
MACHINE FOUNDATION about one foot or about 10% of the length of the bedplate .

...• Functions of Machine Foundation:

2. Knowing the weight of the machine, W M, determine the required weight of the
foundation, WF, by any of the following methods:

a. WF = 3 to 5 times the WM (Sec. 2.4.1.2, PSME Code)

=: 1. To support the weight of the machine, and to distribute U-Ie weight of ,

the machine and its own over a safe sub-soil area.
2. To absorb the vibrations produced by the machine.
b. WF exWex IN
3. To maintain the a\\gnmer.t of the machine.
•
where: WF = weight of the foundation, kg
We =weight of the engine, kg
Monolithic Foundation _ concrete foundation which is formed by pouring the N = engine speed, rpm
entire concrete mixture continuously at one time and allowing the structure to e = an empirical coefficient,
[Table 2.4.2.3(4), PSME Code]
harden as a whole unit.
small clearance between machine and C. Volume of foundation can be computed based on HP of the engine,
Grouting - process of filling a and levelled, by using a special . [Table 2.4.2.3(4), PSME Code]
foundation, after the machine is aligned
hardening mixture. d. Weight of foundation can be computed based on the HP of the engine,
[Morse, Table 4-5, p. 108]

3. Knowing the bearing capacity of the soil, solve for the base width "b". For
machine foundation use only Y2 of the given safe soil bearing capacity. The
safe bearing capacity is computed using a factor of safety of 5.
 F - 102 Formulas and Principles MACHINE FOUNDATION
Formulas and Principles - MACHINE FOUNDATION
1() I
s.. W M +WF
- foundation mass should be from 3 to 5 times the weigh t of III,'
2 bL
machinery it is sUPPosed to SUpport. If the unbalanced inertial for Ct,s
where: Sb == safe soil bearing capacity produced by the machine shall be calculated, a mass of weight equal to 10 to
20 times the forces should be used to dampen Vibration. For stability, the
Note: If "b" will come out less than "a", then make b == a, that is, the total combined engine, driven equipment, and foundation center of gravity
foundation has a rectangular cross-section. must be kept below the foundation's top.
- the weight of the machine plus the weight of the foundation should
4. Using a density of 2406 kg/m3 for concrete, determine the volume of the be distributed over a sufficient soil area which is large enough to cause a
foundation. bearingof stress
safety five (5)within the safe bearing capacity of the soil with a factor of

WF m3
- foundation should be isolated from floor slabs or bUilding footings

J
VF = 2406
by at least 25 mm around its perimeter to eliminate transmission of vibration.
- foundations are preferably built of concrete in the proportion of
5. Compute the depth of the foundation "h": 1 : 2 : 4. The machine should not be placed on the foundation until seven (7)
days have elapsed or operated until another seven (7) days have passed.

(a; • concrete foundations should have steel bar reinforcements placed

I•
VF = b) h L both vertically and horizontally, to avoid thermal cracking. Weight of
reinforced steel should be from Y2 % to 1% of the weight of foundation.
- foundation bolts of specified size should be used and surrounded
6. Finalize the design; make adjustments in the dimensions jf necessary by a pipe sleeve With an inside diameter of at least (3) times the diameter of
provided the required volume is maintained and without reducing the required
base area. .
a.
the anchor bolt and a length 1 times the diameter of the bolt. NO foundation
bolts shall be less than 12 rnrn diameter.
Machine should be leveled by driVing wedges between the
I ......
Other data and information: machine's base and concrete foundation and with the aid of a spirit level.
Grout all spaces under the machine bed with a thin mixture of one part

=: 7. Use Class A (1 : 2: 4) mixture, that is, 1 part cement, 2 parts sand and 4 parts
stone.
cement and one part sand. The level wedges should be removed after grout
has thoroughly set and fill wedges holes with grout.

8. Determine the quantity of cement, sand and stone using the following data: SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
'II
To produce 1 cu yd of concrete using 1:2:4 mixture, the following are needed:
6 sacks cement, 0.44 cu yd sand and 0.88 cu yd stone. I. What is the required base area of the foundation to support an engine
with specified speed of 1200 rpm and weight of 9,000 kg. Assume
9. Weight of steel bar reinforcements needed should be about )1;,% to 1% of the bearing capacity of soil as 47.867 kPa. Use e == 0.11. (Oct 95)
weight of the foundation.
2
A. 5.57 m C. 7.75 m2
2
B. 8.87 m D. 10.5 m2
10. Anchor bolts should be imbedded in the concrete at least 30 times the bolt
diameter. Solution:

Machine Foundation General Requirements: WF ::: weight of foundation

::: ex W M x IN
all heavy machinery shall be supported on solid foundations of
sutfiCIC/11 mass and base area to prevent or minimize the transmission of == 0.11(9,000) ../1200
ObjectIOlld!>I!: vllJr;lllon to the building and occupied space and to maintain the == 34,295 kg
supported Pldc;)1IIW ;11 Its proper elevation and alignment. s, ::: W F + WM
Area
 Formulas and Principles - MACHINE FOUNDATION F -10~
Formulas and Principles - MACHINE FOUNDATION
F ·104
b = width, w = 0.905 m = 905 mm
_ (34,295 + 9,000)0.00981
47.867 Area Therefore, the value for W of 2030 mm earlier calculated is very safe
2
Area = 8.87 m 3
Solving for the depth 0: density of concrete is 2406 kg/m
2. If you get employed by an industrial plant which experiences brownouts
nowadays and operations had to stop during the power outages, it = 19,342 = 3
Volume of foundation 8.039 m
become necessary for management to procure a stand-by diesel 2406
generating set with a capacity of 500 kw, as recommended by the Chief
Engineer of the company. 2.03(0)(4.325) = 8.039

The diesel gens et procured has 6 cylinders running at 1500 rpm with
piston bore and stroke of 98)( 98 rnrn. The unit weighs 4540 kg and has 0= 0.916m= 916mm

a base dimensions of3725 mm L by 1430 mm W. Height of the unit is

!
1760 mm. Therefore:

'1
P a. Determine the size (L x W x D) of the foundation required if the soil
1;1
bearing capacity of the site of the genset is 12,200 kg per square L = 4325 mm W = 2030 mm D = 916 mm

meter.

,.
b. Find the volume of each foundation materials in 1:2:4 mixture and b. Volume of foundation = 8.039 m3
size and number of reinforcement bars.
3
For 1:2:4 mixture, 1 m of concrete requires 7.8 sacks (7.8 fe) of
3 3
Solution: cement, 0.44 m of sand and 0.88 m of stone, therefore:

~
a. Consider a clearance from the edges of about 1 foot, say 300 mm Quantity of cement = 7.8(8.039) = 63 sacks

L = 3725 + 2(300) = 4325 mm = 63 ft3 = 1.78 m3

"'-i W = 1430 + 2(300) = 2030 mrn
Quantity of sand = 0.44(8.039) = 3.54 m
3

The width W however, will be checked against the given soil bearing
capacity. A suitable equation for calculating the weight of the Quantity of stone = 0.88(8.039) = 7.07 m
3

foundation, W F , is that from the PSME Code, page 11:

Weight of steel bars should be about ;1;,% to 1% of the weight of the
foundation, say, %%. From Kent's Design Handbook, weight of % in steel
tai WF = exW e )( .IN bars is 0.668 Ib/ft, therefore, weight of 20 ft long bar is 0.668 x 20 = 13.36
Ibs = 6.06 kg, thus:
where: e = 0.11 [from table 2.4.2.3(4)]
t Ib 0.0075(19,342)
No. 0 f /2 In S ee ars =
1/'

6.06
WF = 0.11(4540)"1500 = 19,342 kg
= 24 pes,
Solving for the required value of the width W: for machine foundation,
the given bearing capacity of the soil is divided by 2, thus:

S" \,\,I~L~
) hI.

I 1 'ill) \ ~.\() ~ 19,342

-----
1>(.U25)
 F -106 Formulas and Principles - HEAT TRANSFER Fn,,..,,,,I,,,, .. ~_.4 Qrinciples - HEAT TRANSFER

HEAT TRANSFER Conduction through Composite Plane Wall

Heat Exchanger • any device which effects a transfer of heat from one Q = k]A(t a - t b )
substance to another. Examples: condenser, superheater, evaporator, Xl
where: k1 = thermal conductivity of first layer
economizer, etc.
k2 = thermal conductivity of second layer
k 2A(t b - te )
Modes of Heat Transfer:
x2

1. Conduction - mode of heat transfer by molecular communication through A heat transfer area which is common to
solid materials or stagnant fluids. both layers
= ACta-t e )

J
2.
"I ' Convection - mode of heat transfer in which the heat is carried from one xI x2
-+-­
I,'
point to another by actual movement of the substance. kj k2
a. Free convection - the substance moves because of the
decrease in its density which is caused by increase in
temperature.

I......'

Conduction from Fluid to Fluid

b. Forced convection - the substance moves because of the
application of mechanical power such as that of a fan.
Fluid ----. kJ kz k] ..-- Fluid
3. Radiation - mode of heat transfer in which invisible electromagnetic Q
waves are passed from one body to another through a space. hI t l
t2 h z

,/' /' t,
.....
Conduction through a Plane Wall
... :
Q = kA(ta - t b )

tb

I~

td

.'

Q = h 1A(trt a )
where: Q = heat transmitted, W

2
= h2A(teJ-t 2 )
A = heat transfer area, m
ta = surface temperature on hot side, ° C (0 K)

where: h 1 = surface film conductance on the hot side, W/m 2 _ oC

tb = surface temperature on cold side, ° C (0 K)

k = thermal conductivity, W/m-oC

h2 =
surface film conductance on the cold side, W/m 2_ oC

Q = A(t, -(2)
k
Q. I
-+-+-+-+­
hJ
xl
kl
x2
k2
x3
k3
I
h2

ti}t: I~I
.>
a

~~
t Let U =
I
--+-+-+-+­
hi
xl
k1
x2
k2
x3
k3
I
h2
Plane Wall Composite Plane Wall

 - --
Formulas and Principles - HEAT TRANSFER F -109
F -108
Formulas and Principles - HEAT TRANSFER

Conduction from Fluid to Fluid through Pipe

Q = UMT

where: U = overall conductance or overall coefficient of heat

transfer, W/mz-oC

Conduction through Pipe

2nkL(t a -tb)
Q = 2n:kL(t a - tb)
= D t.
In I2 I n ­2 tb
II DI tb

t,
where: L = length of pipe

, Conduction through Composite Pipe

Q = 2rrk lL( t a - t b )
I2
Q = h iAi (t 1-ta )
= hoAc(tc-tz)

where: hi = surface conductance on inside surface

ho = surface conductance on outside surface
1n-

.....
Il
ta
'
~ 2rrk 2L(tb - tc) (t 1 - t 2 )
Q =
I3 Q =
1n ­ In(I2/ Ij) In(I3 / I2) 1
+ ----- + +

•• I2

2nL(ta - t c)
Ajh j

Simplified Equation:
2rrk 1L 2rrk 2L Aoh o

Q ­
- In(I2/ II) + In(I3/ I2)

k1 k 2
Q = UiAitlt
= UoActlt
where: k 1 =
thermal conductivity of inner pipe where: Ui = overall conductance based on inside area
k
z
=
thermal conductivity of outer pipe Uo =
overall conductance based on outside area
L = common length of the pipe
.
F -110 Formulas and Principles - HEAT TRANSFER Formulas and Principles - HEAT TRANSFER F - 111

Mean Temperature Difference where: m = mass flow, kg/sec

Cp = specific heat, J/kg_oC

a. Parallel Flow Heat Transfer t 2-t 1 = temperature change, °C

t, T b. Surface Convection:

tl t,

tl _
I Lit
I
~
At A ~tB
Oc = hcA(t1 - t2 ) J/sec

I i~ tl ~ where: he = surface coefficient

2_oc
J/sec-m
associated with convection,
t,
Length A = heat transfer area, m 2 (A = nDol for pipe)
AtA = t x-t 1
t1 = temperature of hot surface, °C
t2 = temperature of fluid, °C
At B = ty-tz

Radiation
b. Counter Flow Heat Transfer

T a+r+t=1
t,
It,
= =
A~~'
where: a absorptance the fraction of radiant heat that is absorbed.
.-----~';L
JL.­ . t, r = reflectance = the fraction of radiant heat that is reflected.
t] - . .-tz t = transmittance = the fraction of radiant heat that is
.......
l~, \
transmitted.

.'
tl
"black body" - a body which absorbs (and emits) all the impinging
ty Length radiant heat.
... ~ "gray body" - actual body that radiates less heat than a black body.
1. Arithmetic Mean Temperature Difference
tI· Emittance (emissivity) e = =
ratio of radiation from an actual body to
Ath,. + At s the radiation from a black body.
Anth et = 2
Heat transmitted by radiation:
2. logarithmic (True) Mean Temperature Difference
OR = 20, 4 08.4 x 10-8 Fe(T4 4
1 ­ T2 ) J/m 2-hr

log ,i\.t

_ AtA-M B where: Fe = emissivity factor

In M A
T 1 = absolute temperature of surface radiating the heat, oK
At B
T2 = absolute temperature of surface receiving the heat, oK

Convection

a. Convection heat transfer of a fluid with known specific heat:

U 111C:p(\ .: tl ) J/sec
 - ---
F -112 Formulas and Pr;nc;~es - HEA! TRANSFER Formulas and Principles - HEA"i-TRANSFER F -113

SAMPLE PROBLEMS: temperature of 22°e, what is the quality of the steam which arises at its
destination if the mass flow rate is 0.125 kg steam/sec? (Oct 95)
1. At an average temperature of 100°C, hot air flows through a 2.5 m long
Properties of steam:

tube with an inside diameter of 50 mm. The temperature of the tube is

2 Pressure Temperature
Enthalpy
200C along its entire length. Convective film coefficient is 20.1 W /m _oK.
Determine the convective heat transfer from air to the tube. (Apr 97) hI hlg hg
2.5 MPa 213.67°e 914.52 1885.5 2800.0
A. 900W C.624W
B. 909 W D. 632 W k for 85% magnesia = 0.069 W/mz_oK

I!!il

'.'11 Solution: ho for still air = 9.36 W/m 2-oK

A = heat transfer area = nDL

IJ = n(0.050)(2.5) = 0.3927 m

Q c = h cA(trt 1)
2
A.93%
B. 98%

Solution:

e.84%
D.76%

I = 20.1 (0.3927)( 100-20) = 631.5 W

2
2. The sun generates 1 kw/m when used as a source for solar collectors.
A collector with an area of 1 m 2 heat water. The' flow rate is 3.0 liters/min.
What is the temperature rise in the water? The specific heat of water is
4,200 J/kg_oC. (Apr 97)
Still Air rl .> l1li
5.08 em

110.10 em
r1

rz
= - -- 505
10.10
-

= 5.50 + 5.08
2
. cm

.""-I' A. 4.8°C e. 0.50 oe 5.08 em = 10.13 cm

B. 0.48°e D. 0.84°e

Solution:
" Still Air
Q

""1 Q =
1 kw 2
- - (1 m) = 1 kw = 1000 W
0.125 kg/s
m 2
I~i;>=""'="'"''=''''''''='''.= =
. . .: .: .: ;.=. . . .=
.... . . .=
. . .=. . .=. . . .=. . .=. . . .
~')Jtr:r
2( 0 h
2

152m
m =3 -Iix -1.kg
- x min = 0.05 kg/sec
min 11 60 sec
Ao = nD 2L = 2nr2L
Q = rnopxt = 2n(0.1013)152 = 96.746 m Z

1000 = 0.05(4,200)~t Heat transferred (conduction) = Heat transferred (Enthalpy)

~t :: 4.76°C Q = heat transferred by conduction

3. Steam, initially saturated at 2.05 MPa, passes through a 10.10 cm =

t, - to
standard steel pipe for a total distance of 152 m. The steam line is In(f 2 /f,)
insulated with a 5.08 cm thickness of 85% magnesia. For an ambient --+
2nkL Aoh o
--------------~---.....- ~ ­

Formulas and Principles - HEAT r--RANSFER F - 115

F -114 Formulas and Principles - HEAT TRANSFER

Heat Transmitted by conduction = Total heat transr nitted by convection and

radiation in the o~tside surface
213.967 - 22
= In(0.101310.0505) qc = heat transmitted by convection
+
96.746(9.36) = hc(t 1 - t z)
2n(O.069)(152)
= 20(100-25) = 1500W/m z
= 16,427.4 W qR = heat transmitted by radiation 11., 111
= 16.4274 kw = 20,408.4 x 10.8 E (T 4 - T/)
8
J/hr-m~
1
= 20,408.4 x 10. (0.8)[(100 + 273)4 - (~5 + 273)4 J
Q = heat transferred due to change in enthalpy z

= 1,872,793 J/hr-m
= ms(h 1 - hz)
= 1,872,793/3600 = 520 W/m z
16.4274 = 0.125(2800-h z) Q = total heat transmitted ::: heat transmit~ed by conduction
hz = 2668.6 o = 1500 + 520 = 2020 W/m z
hz = (h. + x hIgh k(t. -t b )
2668.6 = 914.52 + x(1885.5) Q =
x

x ::: 93%

2020 = 1.2(t. -100)

1111,

II

4. The hot combustion gases of a furnace are separated from the ambient 0.15
air and its surrounding, which are at 25°C. by a brick wall 0.15 m thick.

o
The brick has a thermal conductivity of 1.2 W1m- K and a surface
ta = 352.5 DC

emissivity of O.B. Under steady state conditions and outer surface

temperature of 100°C is measured. Free convection heat transfer to the

5. Calculate the energy transfer rate across 6 _ n wall of firebrick with a
air adjoining this surface is characterized by a convection coefficient of 20 temperature difference across the wall of 50°C_ The thermal conductivity
W/m 2_0 K. What is the brick inner surface temperature in DC? (oct 95) of the firebrick is 0.65 Btu/hr-ft-rf at the temper~ture interest. (Oct 94)
.. A. 637.7 C. 461.4 A. 285W/m z C.112W/_ 11 2
2
'. B. 352.5 D. 256.3 B. 369 W/m D. 429 W/- ,,2
1II I1

Solution: Solution:
II
qR
K = 1.2 W/m-oK I
, x = 6 in = 0.50 ft
qc A m bilent air

Q 1 zs'c
ta - t b = 50(9/5) = 90 of

Hot

Q
c
= kA(t. - t b ) = 0.65(1)(90)

Gases /
)"1... Q = qc + qR x 0.50

t.inner l200°CJ outer Qc = 117 Btu/hr-fe

(3.28)2ft2
\... ~I = 117
Btu 1055 J
x -- x
hr
x
hr - ft2 Btu 3600sec m2
2
= 369W/m
2

COnSI(jl!1 per unrt ,lreCi, that is, A = 1 m

 F -114 Formulas and Principles - HEAT TRANSFER

Formulas and Principles - HEAT TRANSFER 11 ~

_ 213.967-22
Heat Transmitted by conduction = Total heat transmitted by convection ,11111

radiation in the outside surface

In(O.lO 131 0.0505) 1
-t-
2n(0.069)(l52)
~'--

96.746(9.36) qc = heat transmitted by convection

= hc(t 1 - t2 )

= 20(100 -25) = 1500 W/m 2

= 16,427.4 W
= 16.4274 kw
qR = heat transmitted by radiation
Q = heat transferred due to change in enthalpy
= 20,408.4 x 10-88 E (T 14 - T2 4) J/hr-m 2
= ms(h 1 - h 2 ) = 20,408.4 x 10- (0.8)[(100 + 273)4 - (25 + 273)4]
= 1,872,793 J/hr-m 2

IJ
= 1,872,793/3600 = 520 W/m 2

16.4274 = 0.125(2800 - h2 )
h2 = 2668.6
Q = total heat transmitted = heat transmitted by conduction
Q = 1500 + 520 = 2020 W/m 2
h2 = (h. + x hfgh

ii, 2668.6 = 914.52 + x(1885.5)

x = 93 %

4. The hot combustion gases of a furnace are separated from the ambient
air and its surrounding, which are at 25°C, by a brick wall 0.15 m thick.
Q

2020
=
=
keto -t b )

1.2( t. -100)

0.15

,.,"" The brick has a thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/m-oK and a surface
emissivity of 0.8. Under steady state conditions and outer surface
temperature of 100°C is measured. Free convection heat transfer to the :

ta = 352.5°C

."

'II,l
"
air adjoining this surface is characterized by a convection coefficient of 20
W/m 2-oK. What is the brick inner surface temperature in DC? (Oct 95)
A. 637.7
B. 352.5
C. 461.4
D. 256.3
5. Calculate the energy transfer rate across 6 in wall of firebrick with a
temperature difference across the wall of 50°C. The thermal conductivity
of the firebrick is 0.65 Btu/hr-ft-oF at the temperature interest. (Oct 94)
A. 285 W/m
B. 369 W/m
2
2
C. 112 W/m 2
D. 429 W/m 2
..... Solution:
Solution:
qR
K = 1.2 W/m-oK I ,
qc A m bilent air
, x = 6 in = 0.50 ft
1 25°C
Hot t, - tb = 50(9/5) = 90 OF
Gases /
I... Q = qc + qR Q
c
= kAna - t b ) = 0.65(1)(90)
t. x 0.50

inner 100°C - outer

Q c = 117 Btu/hr-ft"
I... ­ = 117 Btu X1055 J hr (3.28)2ft2
--x X --:;--­
hr - ft2 Btu 3600sec m2
= 369 W/m 2
Consider per unit area, that is, A = 1 m2

.l.
 F -116 Formulas and Principles - GAS COMPRESSORS
Formutn«
------ :1","1
- •• - Principtes - GAS COMPRESSORS
• • Ij

GAS ~I~ COMPRESSORS 2. Centrifugal Compressor (low pressure, high capacity)

Compressor - a machine which is used to increase the pressure of a gas by

decreasing its volume.

Uses of compressed air:

I, 1. to drive pneumatic tools such as pneumatic hammer, air hoists, etc.

2. sand blasting
3. industrial cleaning
t
P,

I! 4. spray painting
5. starting diesel engines
6. to supply air in mine tunnels
7. manufacture of plastics and other industrial products
3. Rotary Compressor (medium pressure, low capacity)

a. Vane (sliding blade) Compressor

1
'.,.
Classification of Air compressors:

1. Reciprocating Compressor (high pressure, low capacity)

Pz
•• Free Air Lrnloader b. Screw Compressor
~ Discharge Valve

PI ---lK~L
P
=';V/7/ZlF z
Automatic Pressure
Switch

Drive Motor
Service Valve Performance of Single-stage, Single-acting Reciprocating
Compressor
/ P
PI~P2
V,'
P z = P3
, 3

P, =P4 I I
.. ~" 1
I I I I V
VI'
Vc Vo
• -~----

Formulas and Principles - GAS COMPRESSORS F -119

F -118 Formulas and Principles - GAS COMPRESSORS

5. Compressor Work (Power)

1. Compression Process (1 - 2)

PNt = PzV2n
n -I
= nPIVI'r(P2J~~
n-1 PI - 11· = nmRTlr(PzJn;1
n-1 PI - 11
T z == (PZI----;;­
TI PI)
where: P 1 = suction pressure, kP'a
where: n = polytropic exponent P 2 = discharge pressure, kPa
= k for isentropic process
(k = 1.4 for air) 6. Brake Power = power required to drive the compressor
n =
1 for isothermal process

J 2. Piston Displacement, Vo

Vo = -1t4 2
D LN m
3/sec
=
Compressor Power
Compressor Efficiency

Compressor Power = Brake Power x Comp Efficiency

I.." where: D = bore, m

L = stroke, m

N = speed, rev/sec

3. Capacity of Compressor, V 1
7. Piston Speed = 2LN, m/sec

8. Adiabatic Compressor Efficiency

Isentropic Wark
I' =
Actual Fluid Work
rnRTI

V 1' = volume flow at suction =

PI
9. Ideal Indicated Power = PmNo
where: Pm; = indicated mean effective pressure
4. Volumetric Efficiency, nv

nv --
VI'
-
V Double acting, Single-stage Reciprocating Compressor
D

Conventional volumetric efficiency:

I~ P

n, c-c( ~ t
\v
= 1 + PI P2
_ Vc
where: c = clearance - V
D

v
 Formulas and Principles - GAS COMPRESSORS F -121
F -120 Formulas and Principles - GAS COMPRESSORS

2:~~I'l(:~ t~ -II
Piston Displacement

Compressor Work =
a. Piston rod neglected:

VD = 2 (~j DZLN To solve for heat rejected in intercooler:

PV'
b. Piston rod considered: Solve for mass flow: m = _1_'
RT j
n Z ~ (Dz_dz)LN
V D = - D LN +

r'
n-]
4 4

J
(:~
1'x

Solve for T x:
1']
Two-stage Reciprocating Compressor

Px P Q = heat rejected in intercooler

I,.'.
P2 P2
= mCp(TX-T1)
where: Cp for air = 1.0 kJ/kg-OK
Px I ,
( '41..

PI I '"
Three-stage Reciprocating Compressor
't I V
I.
PI t y Pv t P
C

­
Ideal (Optimum) Conditions: ..-.--. I
14 tl Pz
If
VI' P2
1. No pressure drop in intercooler
2. Perfect intercooling Py
ta·t
Pv--tl-­
3. Work in 151 stage = Work in 2 nd stage
1 2 3 PI.l...I---­

nmR1'] \I(PX 1n:1 _ J = nmR1'] ll(!2'I n:] -11

J
W1 = W 2 = W 3
I V

n-1lp]) J n- 1lpx)
For ideal conditions, pressure ratios are equal:

Px Py Pz
Px ~ or Px = ~p]PZ from which: Px = (p/P Z) 1/3
1', Px Py
1'\ Px

Compressor Work = 3:J~~' 'l(~; f -II

 F -122 Formulas and Principles - GAS COMPRESSORS Formulas and Principles - GAS COMPRESSORS F·123

Heat rejected in intercoolers = 2 m Cp (T x - T 1)

P
2
Summary of Multi-stage Reciprocating compressor

P,I ~I
No. of stages Px = interstage pressure Compressor Work
PI
after first stage (Power)

•
r ~, 1
VI

2
_
P X - (P 1P2 )
1/2
W =
n-1 l
2nP]v] 'I ( Px )
P1
n _ 1
Compressor work:

1
3 P x = (p,2P 2 ) 1/3 W= 3oP'V,'l(P' I";, - lj
W "" nP1V r( P2Jn:l
n -1
j

II PI
-1 1

n-1 \P 1)

.·f Px =(P 13P 2 ) 1/4 4oP'V,{(P' 1"" -11

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

It
4 w =
0-1 l Pl) j 1. A single stage air compressor handles 0.454 m 3/sec of atmospheric
pressure, 27°C air, and delivers it to a receiver at 652.75 kPa. Its

.....
....1.
.....

General
Formula
volumetric efficiency is 0.72, its compression efficiency on an isothermal
basis is 0.85 and its mechanical efficiency is 0.90. If it rotates at 350 rpm,
what power in kw is required to drive it? (Apr 95)

S Px =(P 1S -1P2 ) lIS W =

SuP,V,' r(P, )n:1 _ 1j A. 95 C. 120
• •11 n-1
l\P 1 B. 112 - D. 100

Solution:
Performance of Centrifugal and Rotary Compressors
Wi = isothermal power = P N1 In P2
PI PI
~ VI m
3/s
= 101.3 (0.454) In 652.75
101.3
= 85.685 kw

t
\'\

r
\'\ 111'/\

'
Drive Power = 85.685
0.85(0.90)
= 112 kw

An air compressor is to compress 8.5 m 3/min from 98.56 kPa to 985.6

kPa. Assuming conditions ideal, and with n = 1.3, what will be the saving
In work due to two staging? (Apr 95)
,.
Formulas and Principles - GAS COMPRESSORS Formulas and Principles - PUMPS F -125
F -124

A. zero C. 5.6 kw PUMPS

B. 4.6 kw

Solution:
_ nP1V
D. 3.5 kw

j
'
l
(p 2
n-I

-n

J
Pump - a machine which is used to add energy to a liquid in order to transfer
the liquid from one point to another point of higher energy level.

Definitions:
Work of Single Stage - \. PI
'I
l
n -1
Hydraulics - or hydrodynamics, is the mechanics of water or other liquid
..J
whether at rest, or in motion.
8.5
(1.30)(98.56) ( 60
J (985.6)~ 1.30-1 l
_
- 1.30 -1 98.56 'j =

42.43 kw Hydrostatics - is the science of water at rest.

Hydrokinetics - is a science of water in motion.

Hydrodynamics - is a general term, and is generally associated with the

For Two-Stage: science of the force exerted by water in motion, such as driving a turbine
connected to an generator.
= JPl = ~(98.56)(985.6) = 311.67 kPa

1..
Px 2

Work of Two-Stage =
2nPIVI,rl(~In~1 _
n-1 l PI)
JJ Atmospheric Pressure
earth.
- is due to the weight of the atmosphere on the

Vacuum - a perfect vacuum is a space entirely devoid of gas, liquids, or

.'fj solids.
~
~ II 1 Gauge Pressure - is just the term implies the pressure on a gauge on open

...,.
2(1.3)(98.56l air, the gauge being connected to a closed pipe.
~60)
1.3-1
... ,tl = (311.67) U _ 1
1.30 -1 98.56
Absolute Pressure - is the sum of the atmospheric pressure and the gauge
~t ..

.,. Saving
= 36.83 kw

= 42.43 - 36.83 = 5.6 kw

pressure.

Bourdon Gauge - consists essentially of a curved tube, fixed at the open

end, with the other (closed) end free and attached to a lever which is geared
to the indicator needle.

Manometer - is a gauge in a form of a glass U-tube one leg of which of

open to the atmosphere, or a straight tube one end of which is open to the
atmosphere.

Pitot Tube - is used to measure the pressure of water discharging from a

nozzle or flowing in a pipe by having its open end in the water and the other
end connected to a gauge or manometer.

Piezometer - is a device set in a pipe to enable a Bourdon Gauge or a

manometer attached to the piezometer to show the net or normal pressure.

~
 F ·126 Formulas and Principles - PUMPS Formulas and Principles - PUMPS F -127

Capacity - is the rate of flow of liquid measure per unit of time. usually Submersible Pump - a vertical turbine pump with the pump and motor closed
gallons per minute (gpm) or liters per minute (Ipm). coupled and designed to be installed underground, as in the case of a deepwell pump.

Suction lift - exist when the total suction is below atmospheric pressure.
Suction head - exists when the total suction head is above atmospheric
pressure.
Velocity head - is figured from the average velocity obtained by dividing the
discharge in cubic feet per second or cubic meter per second by the actual
area of the pipe cross section in square feet or square meter.
Aquifer - an underground formation that contains sufficient saturated permeable
materialto yield significant quantities of water.
AqUifer Performance Analysis - a test designed to determine the amount of
underground water available in a given field and proper well spacing to avoid
interference in that field.
Wet Pit - a timber, concrete, or masonry enclosure having a screened inlet to keep
partiallyfilled with water by an open body of water such as pond, lake or streams.
Ground Water - that water which is available from a well, driven into water-bearing

1
subsurface strata (aquifer).
Total discharge head - is the reading of a pressure gage at the discharge
of the pump, converted to feet of liquid and referred to datum, plus velocity
head at the point of gage attachment. Static Water level - the level with respect to the pump of the body of water from
which it takes suction when the pump is not in operanon.
Total head - is the measure of the energy increase per pound imparted to

l•.
Pumping Water level • the level, with respect to the pump of the body of water from
the liquid by the pump and is therefore the algebraic difference between the which it takes suction when the pup is in operation.
total discharge head and the total suction lift exists.
DraW-down - the vertical difference between the pumping water level and the static
water level.
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH) - is the total suction head in feet or in .
~ meter of liquid absolute determined at the suction flange and referred to
datum, less the vapor pressure of the liquid in feet or meter absolte.
... Typical Pumping Installations:

i.'....­
' ...... ~
Centrifugal Pump - a pump in which the pressure is developed" principally
by the action of centrifugal force.

End Suction Pump - a single suction pump having its suction nozzle on the'
.

opposite side of the casing from the stuffing box and having the face of the Discharge Pipe
.. - ..,~ Upper
Reservoir
suction nozzle perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the shaft .
• '41
In Line Pump - a centrifugal pump whose drive unit is supported by the:
pump having its suction and discharge flanges on approximately the same Pressure
center. Gauge

Horizontal Pump - a pump with the shaft normally in a horizontal position. Pump. , 1/ I Check Valve

Vertical Shaft Turbine Pump - a centrifugal pump with one or more

impellers discharging into one or more bowls and a vertical eductor or column
pipe used to connect the bowls to the discharge head on which the pump
driver is mounted.
Foot Valve/Strainer
Horizontal Split-Case Pump - a centrifugal pump characterized by a
nousinq which is split parallel to the shaft. Lower Reservoir

Booster Pump IS a pump that takes suction from a public service main or private
use water ~;y"t"l11 1m tho purpose of increasing the effectivewater pressure.
 Formulas and Principles - PUMPS Formulas and Principles - PUMPS F -129
F -128

5. Jet Pump (Injector)

Basic Classification of Pumps:
1. Reciprocating Pump
priming)
(for pumping boiler feedwater; used as accessory of centrifugal
pump)
(low discharge, high head, low speed, self­

Jet ... ,.

Piston Rod

f 2. Centrifugal Pump
Cylinder

(high discharge, low head, high speed, not self- ,

BASIC PARTS OF CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS:
Impeller - imparts velocity to the liquid, resulting from centrifugal force as

t.
priming) the impeller is rotated.

• Casing - gives direction to the flow from the impeller and converts this
velocity energy into pressure energy which is usually which is usually
•••• measured in feet of head .

i...
••
I• Vane or Blade
Shaft - transmit power from the driver to the impeller.

Stuffing box - this is a means of throttling the leakage which would

.,.
otherwise occur at the point of entry of the shaft into the casing .
"
~I- 3. Rotary Pump (low discharge, low head, used for pumping viscous 1. Packing - this is the most common means of throttling the
leakage between the inside and outside of the casing.
liquids like oil) 2. Gland - to position and adjust the packing pressure.
a. Gear Pump 3. Seal Gage (also called water-seal of lantern ring) - provides
b. Screw Pump passage to distribute the sealing medium uniformly around the
c. Vane Pump portion of the shaft that passes through the stuffing box.
4. Mechanical Seal - provides a mechanical sealing arrangement
4. Turbine Pump (for pumping water with high suction lift; for pumping that takes the place of the packing.
condensate)
Shaft Sleeve - protects the shaft where it passes through the stuffing box.

Wearing Rings - keeps internal recirculation down to a minimum.

Wearing Plates - with open type impellers or end clearance wearing fits, this
perform the same purpose as wearing rings do with radial clearances.

Bearings - accurately locate shaft and carry radial and trust loads.
 -~

Formulas and Principles - PUMPS F - 133

F -132 Formulas and Principles - PUMPS

Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps:

2fLY
z
(Morse Equation) 1. Specific Speed - the speed at which a geometrically similar impeller
hI = gD of a pump would run to discharge 1 gpm at 1 foot head.

=
N.JQ
where: hI = friction head loss, m Ns
H 3/ 4
f = coefficient of friction (should be taken from Morse
table if Morse equation is used)
L = total length, m (including equivalent lengths of the where: N s = specific speed, rpm
fittings) N = speed, rpm
v = velocity, m/sec Q = discharge, gpm
g = 9.81 m/sec z H = head, ft
D = inside diameter, m
2. Similar Pumps:

Characteristics of Reciprocating Pumps:

a.
N]JQ; _ NzJQ;
Hl/ 4

I.
H]3/4 -
1. Piston Displacement

a. If piston rod neglected: b. ~ Qz

N]O] 3 N 20 2

.• ·f'
= 2 (~)

.,......
'11

.......

V 0

b. If piston rod considered:

11:
V o :: - D LN +
2
DZLN

11:
-
2 Z
(D - d )LN
3. Same Pump:
where: D = impeller diameter

a. Constant impeller diameter (D 1 =D2 ) , variable speed

4 4
.1" where: d = diameter of piston rod
Q]
Q2
Nl
N2
-!!L
H2
= (~J2
N
.!l
P2
= (~J3
N
2 2

2. Q = actual discharge = Av b. Constant Speed (N 1 = N z), variable impeller diameter

3. Slip = Vo-Q
Q] 0]
.!!.L = (ELJ2 .!l = (ELJ3
% Slip =
Yo-Q
YD
x 100 Q2
°2 Hz O2 P2 02

4. Centrifugal Pumps in Parallel or Series Operations

For Pumps in parallel, performance is obtained by adding the
Q capacities at the same head.
4. Volumetric Efficiency = For Pumps in series, performance is obtained by adding the heads at
YD
the same capacity.
 F ·134 Formulas and Principles - PUMPS
Formulas and Principles - PUMPS F ·135
Special Classification of Pumps Based on Suction Lift: Solution:

1. Shallow Well Pump ( ordinary centrifugal pump, for suction lift up to 25

feet)
2. Deepwell Pump (centrifugal pump with injector, for suction lift up to 5m
~If-
~ "'-15 em
.. 15 IiIs

120 ft)
3. Turbine Pump (multi-stage pump, for suction lift up to 300 ft)
4. Submersible Pump (multi-stage pump, driven by submersible motor)

Cavitation; NPSH 60m

"11~10 em
Cavitation - the formation of cavities of water vapor in the suction side

1.
of a pump due to low suction pressure.

Causes of cavitation:
1. low suction pressure
2. low atmospheric pressure
Q = 15li/s = 0.015 m%

,1. .,~.
3. high liquid temperaturee
4. high velocity
5. rough surfaces and edges

6. sharp bends

Vs ::: ~=
As
0.015
~(0.1 0)2
4
::: 1.91 m/s

...... , Bad Effects of Cavitation:

Vd ::: ~=
Ad
0.015
~(0.15)2
::: 0.85 mls

.'.'
1. drop in capacity and efficiency 4

.,'1
.... •..1
2. noise and vibration
3. corrosion and pitting H ::: (Zd - Zs) +
y2_ y 2
d s

2g

NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) - difference between actual suctio

tll~ pressure and saturation vapor pressure of the liquid.
::: [5 - (-60)] + (0.85)2 - (1.91)2

2(9.81)

SAMPLE PROBLEMS: ::: 64.85 m

I. Water in the rural areas is often extracted from underground water sourc Water Power ::: Q w H

whose free surface is 60 m below ground level. The water is to be raise," ::: 0.015(9.81 )(64.85)

5 m above the ground by a pump. The diameter of the pipe is 10 cm ::: 9.54 kw

the inlet and 15 em at the exit. Neglecting any heat interaction with th
surroundin ts and frictional heating effects, what is the necessary power
input to the pump for a steady flow of water at the rate of 15 Iitersls in kw?
(Apr 96)
A. 9.54 C. 7.82
B. 5.34 D. 11.23
(Note: 9.5.4 kw is the water power; the power input to the pump cannot be
solved because no efficiency is given.)
2. The rate of flow of water in a pump installation is 60.6 kg/sec. The intake
static gage is located 1.22 m below the pump centerline and reads 68.95
kPa gage; the discharge static gage is 0.61 m below the pump centerline

i and reads 344.75 kPa gage. The gages are located close to the pump as
lit"
F • 134 Formulas and Principlee- PUMPS Form/lias and Principles. PUMPS

Special Classification of Pumps Based on Suction Lift: Solution:

1. Shallow Well Pump ( ordinary centrifugal pump, for suction lift up to 25

feet)
:t
~~ ~ 15li/s
2. Deepwell Pump (centrifugal pump with injector, for suction lift up to 5m d..-
1s em
120 ft)
3. Turbine Pump (multi-stage pump, for suction lift up to 300 ft)
4. Submersible Pump (multi-stage pump, driven by submersible motor)

Cavitation; NPSH 60m

.1
1.-10 em

I
~' Cavitation - the formation of cavities of water vapor in the suction side
of a pump due to low suction pressure.

,
Causes of cavitation:

I
1. low suction pressure
Q = 151i/s = 0.015 m 3/s

ii,
2. low atmospheric pressure
0.015
3. high liquid temperaturee Vs = !l= = 1.91 m/s
4. high velocity
As ~(0.10)2
4
5. rough surfaces and edges

, 6. sharp bends

.'fll

..... = ~= 0.015
I'

Vd = 0.85 m/s
' Bad Effects of Cavitation: ~(0.15)2

.
Ad

1. drop in capacity and efficiency 4

2. noise and vibration
"'"
''."1 3. corrosion and pitting H = (Zd - Zs) +
y2_ y2

d
2g

NPSH (Net Positive Suction Head) - difference between actual suction

pressure and saturation vapor pressure of the liquid.
"lIIf = [5-(-60)] +
(0.85)2 - (1.91)2
2(9.81)

SAMPLE PROBLEMS: = 64.85 m

I. Water in the rural areas is often extracted from underground water source Water Power = Q w H

whose free surface is 60 m below ground level. The water is to be raised = 0.015(9.81 )(64.85)

5 m above the ground by a pump. The diameter of the pipe is 10 em at = 9.54 kw

the inlet and 15 em at the exit. Neglecting any heat interaction with the
surroundtrrts and frictional heating effects, what is the necessary power
input to the pump for a steady flow of water at the rate of 15 liters/s in kw?
(Apr 96)
A. 9.54 C. 7.82
8. 5.34 D. 11.23
(Note: 9.5.4 kw is the water power; the power input to the pump cannot be
solved because no efficiency is given.)
2. The rate of flow of water in a pump installation is 60.6 kg/sec. The intak ..
static gage is located 1.22 m below the pump centerline and reads 6R !I',
kPa gage; the discharge static gage is 0.61 m below the pump centortu«­

~
and reads 344.75 kPa gage. The gages are located close to the pump ,I',
 -- --
F -136 Formulas and Principles - PUMPS Formulas and Principles - PUMPS F - 137

much as possible. The area of the intake and discharge pipes are 0.093 Solution:
2
m 2 and 0.069 m ,respectively. The pump efficiency is 70%. Take
3
density of water equals 1000 kg/m . What is the hydraulic power in kw?
(Apr 96)
A. 17.0 C. 31.9
2!L=(~r
H2 N2
B. 24.5 D. 15.2

Solution: -150 -
360
C750
-­
N2
r
N2 = 2711 rpm
0.61 m
1('
1.22 m I I I
\.!...)!
344.75 kPag
4. A pump delivers 500 gpm of water against a total head of 200 ft and
operating at 1770 rpm. Changes have increased the total head to 375 ft.

;JJ,I
68.95 kPag
At what rpm should the pump be operated to achieve the new head at the
same efficiency? (Apr 97)

!t

A. 2800 rpm C. 3434 rpm

3/s B. 3600 rpm D. 2424 rpm
Q = 60.6/1000 = 0.0606 m
Solution:
Q - 0.0606 = 0.652 m/s
Vs = As -
...
I
, .,PI 0.093

"
Vd = ~ -
Q - 0.0606
0.069
= 0.878 m/s
HI
H2 (~~r
",'1

MI"1 - P - P, Z Vd - Vs
2 2 -
200 _- (1770J2

--
""1 H - -d - + +-----"--...;;. 375 N 2

.,.
=
W 2g
2
344.75 - 68.95 + (-0.61 + 1.22) + (0.878) - (0.652)
9.81 2(9.81)
2
N 2 = 2424 rpm

= 28.742 m

Hydraulic Power (Water Power)

=
QwH

=
0.0606(9.81 )(28.742)

= 17.1 kw

3. A pump operating at 1750 rpm delivering 500 gal/min against a total head
of 150 ft. Changes in the piping system have increased the total head to
360 ft. At what rpm should the pump be operated to achieve this new
head at the same efficiency? (Apr 97)
A. 2730 rpm C. 2711 rpm
B. 2740 rpm D. 2600 rpm

.l
 F~ Formulas and Principles - FANS AND BLOWERS
Formulas and Principles - FANS AND BLOWERS F -139

FANS AND BLOWERS Head and Power Calculations:

Fan - a machine which is used to apply power to a gas in order to cause

movement of the gas.

Blower - a fan which is used to force air under pressure, that is, the

resistance to gas flow is imposed primarily upon the discharge.

'. . .
l...! _I' II • Q m3/s
Exhauster - a fan which is used to withdraw air under suction, that is, the

resistance to gas flow is imposed primarily upon the inlet.

l:
Common Uses of Fans:

Ventilation, air conditioning, forced and induced draft service for

Basic Assumptions:

boilers, dust collection, drying and cooling of materials, cooling towers,

1. constant temperature

heating, mine and tunnel ventilation, pneumatic conveying and other industrial
2. negligible inlet velocity (Vs = 0)
process work.
Capacity of Fan, Q = volume flow rate measured at outlet (m 3/s)
=
I..
Area x velocity
Types of Fans

Static Pressure Head:

, ...,
.'hl hs = hwd w
da

.'••••.,
~I",
where: hs = static pressure head, meters of air
hw = manometer reading, meters of water
Propeller Tubeaxial dw = density of water
Vaneaxial 3
Fan Fan = 9.81 kN/m or 1000 kg/m 3
ta'tat Fan
da = density of air, kN/m 3
= 3
1.2 kg/m at 101.325 kPa and 21.1°C

Centrifugal Fan:

Velocity Head:

Housing ~

Motor • hv = Vo
2

2g
•
Rotor Where: hv = velocity head, meters of air
Vo = outlet velocity, m/s
9 = 9.81 rn/s"

l i
 F· f40 Formulas and Principles - FANS AND BLOWERS Formulas a'1d Principles - FANS AND BLOWERS F - 141

Fans Laws:
Total head:

h = hs + hv a. Variable Speed (constant fan size, constant density)

Air Power = Q d, h, kw

:~ l~~r (~~r
-2L NI p]
where: Q = fan capacity, m
3/s
Qz Nz = P2
da = density of air, kN/m
3

h :: head, m b. Variable density (constant fan size, constant speed)

Air Power
Brake (Input) Power = Q1 = O 2
~ d] Pj d]

I:

Fan Efficiency hz d2 Pz dz

where: d = density

Standard Air:
P = power

l.

Pressure: 29.92 in Hg (101.325 kPa)

Temperature: 70°F (21.110c) SAMPLE PROBLEMS:

1. What hp is supplied to air moving at 20 fpm through a 2 x 3 ft duct under

......, Bernoullis Equation Applied to Fan: a pressure of 3 in water gage? (Apr 97)

, .• , Basic Assumptions:

1. considering inlet and discharge static pressure

A. 0.786 hp
B. 0.741 hp
C. 0.642 hp

D. 0.0566 hp

2. considering inlet and discharge velocities Solution:

• .411.
"I.'
~I",
3. constant temporature
Total head :: static pressure head + velocity head
o = fan capacity = A x v
= (2 x 3)(20/60) =
2 fe/s

ta.... h :: head = hwd w _ _.4_)

= --'-8{....o.1=2X_62
h = Pz - Pj + V/ - VIZ da da
w 2g
h = 15.6
da
ft of air where: d, = density of air in Ib/ft 3
Z

h = (h W2 -hwl)w + V/ - Vj
Air Power = 0 da h
W 2g
2(da)(15~a)
a
=
P 1 and hW1 is negative if below atmospheric pressure. = 0.0567 hp
550
where: P 1 and hW 1 = inlet static pressure reading
P2 and hW 2 = discharge pressure reading
3 3 ~ 2. A fan whose static efficiency is 40% has a capacity of 60,000 fe/hr at
w = density of water (1000 kg/m or 9.81 kN/m ) 60°F and barometer of 30 in Hg and gives a static pressure of 2 in of
3
w a :: density of air (1.2 kg/m at 101.325 kPa and water column on full delivery. What size electric motor should be used to
drive this fan? (Apr 97)
21.11°C)
V1 = inlet velocity, m/s A. 1/2 HP C. 2 HP
V 2 = discharge velocity, m/s B. 1 HP D. 1 1/2 HP
~

 ~
F ·14~ Formulas and Principles - FANS AND BLOWERS
Formulas and Principles - FANS AND BLOWERS , 1.1 i

Solution: h :::
total head ::: static pressure head + velocity head

_ hwd w
hs = static pressure head - d ::: P2 -PI V/ - v j 2

a
--+
w 2g

C 2
2 } 62.4)
10.4 ft of air
:: -[0.0762 -{-0.025j1 000 + (11.25)2 _ (6.3)2
::: d 1.20 2(9.81)
a da
::: 88.761 meters of air
3
where: d a ::: density of air in Ib!ft Air Power ::: Q d, h

::: 9.45(1.20 x 0.00981 )(88.761)

::: 9.874 kw
Static Air Power ::: Q da h

1:
60,OOO(d )(10~'~)
3600 a da
Fan Efficiency ::: Air Power
Input Power
9:~74

l.
550 :::

= 0.315hp 13.75
::: 71.81%
Static Air Power 3/s
Brake (Input) Power ::: 4. A fan delivers 4.7 m at a static pressure of 5.08 cm of water when
Static Fan Efficiency
.'fi' 0.315
operating 3/s
at a speed of 400 rpm. The power input required is 2.963 kw.
If 7.05 m are desired in the same fan and installation, find the pressure
'., :::
0.40
in cm of water. (Apr 95)
::: 0.79 hp A. 7.62 cm C. 11.43 em
I~' •• B. 17.14 cm D. 5.08 cm
'..
..... Use 1-hp motor.
Solution:
3. Air enters a fan through a duct at a velocity of 6.3 mls and an inlet static
tt,-. pressure of 2.5 em of water less than atmospheric pressure. The air
-2L=~
leaves the fan through a duct at a velocity of 11.25 mls and a discharge
static pressure of 7.62 cm of water above the atmospheric pressure. If
3 3/s,
Q2 N2
-.!:!L
H2 = (~~r
the specific weight of the air is 1.20 kg/m and the fan delivers 9.45 m 4.7 400
what is the fan efficiency when the power input to the fan is 13.75 kw at -=- 5.08 =(400)2
7.05 N2
the coupling? (Oct 94) H2 600
A. 71.80% C. 75.6%
N2 ::: 600 rpm
B. 86.3% D. 95.3% H2 ::: 11.43 cm of water

5. A fan described in a manufacturer's table is rated to deliver 500 m 3/min at

Solution:
- -f+7.62 em water a static pressure gage of 254 em of water when running at 250 rpm and
requiring 3.6 kw. If the fan speed is changed to 305 rpm and the air
handled were at 65°C instead of standard 21"C, find the power in kw.
(Apr 95)
A. 3.82 kw e. 4.66 kw
B. 5.08 kw D. 5.68 kw

~
 ............---­
Formulas and Principles - REFRIGERATION 'j:: -145
Formulas and Principles - FANS AND BLOWERS
F -144
REFRIGERATION
Solution:
Solving for the power required at 305 rpm and 21°C: Refrigeration - maintaining a space cooler than the surrounding .

.!l (~J3 =' Methods of Refrigeration:

P2 N2) 1. Ice Refrigeration

~
3
2. Mechanical Refrigeration
=' (
250
1 3. Absorption Refrigeration
P2 \ 305)
4. Steam Jet Refrigeration
P z = 6.5 kw 5. Air Cycle Refrigeration

!I. Solving for the power required at 305 rpm and 65°C:

d = density = -RT
p
Ice Refrigeration

U--ISOlid ttu;t-IUqUldI
4J

l~·T]

l.

p] d] T 2

P
2
=' d;- =' ~T2 =' T;
t, DC
tr °c t 2 DC
6.5 65 + 273
- ='
.'Wlt P2' 21 + 273 Amount of cooling provided by the ice

= m[C1(trt 1) + L + cz(tz-tf ) ] , kJ

•••• P z' = 5.68 kw

.•
Q: ' ..tl
where: m = mass of ice, kg

C1 :::l: specific heat of ice

= 2.093 kJ/kg-OC = 0.5 Btu/lb-OF

.....".
Cz = specific heat of water
= 4.187 kJ/kg-OC = 1.0 Btu/lb-OF
L = =
latent heat of fusion 335 kJ/Kg = 144 Btu/lb
tf = =
melting temperature O°C

Mechanical Refrigeration

Basic Components:

1. Compressor - compresses refrigerant vapor and causes it tp flow

in the system.

2. Condenser - the refrigerant condenses while rejecting heat to the

cooling medium which is either air or water.

!
 Formulas and Principles - REFRIGERATION F -147
j'I'I'
F -146 Formulas and Principles - REFRIGERATION
I:
Compressor Work (Power), We I,
3. Expansion Valve - reduces the pressure of the refrigerant so that = hz - h, kJ/kg
low temperature will be attained; regulates the flow of the refrigerant
I'
= m(h z - h1) kw 11,1
illl
to the evaporator. 1
', , '
I!~~
Heat Rejected in Condenser, Q R
4. Evaporator - the liquid portion of the refrigerant evaporates = hz - h3 kJ/kg Il!1
while absorbing heat from the surrounding. = m(h z - h3 ) kw
:1 i,
To find the cooling water requirement of condenser, mw:
I,
1"1

@] Liquid mwCp6 T = m(h z - h3 )

Iii II!,
I :z::::::::;: Superheated
"',,1,
E;.pansion
Valve
~vapor where: Cp = specific heat of water = 4.187 kJ/kg-OC I

Vapor 6T = temperature rise of the cooling water \',II

( ~ I
1II1
I
(i) Expansion Valve (Process)
h3 = h4
h3 = (h, + X hlg )4
Evaporator II""'I
Motor
I
,II

l......
Coils
where: x = quality or weight of flash gas per unit weight
of refrigerant 1,,1,'i,

Refrigerated
Space Refrigerating Effect, Q A
1
I
!
I!

Compressor
, = h1 - h4 kJ/kg
= m(h 1 - h4 ) kw
........1

.... The Compression Cycle = m(hl - h 4 ) Tons of Refrigeration

3.516
.... ,

~..... m kg/s P (1 ton of refrigeration = 3.516 kw = 200 Btu/min)

.. ....
'
~
2
P
2
:= p 3 -l -1 : 7 2
Coefficient of Performance (COP)
'1111

III
1IIIII
Re frigerating Effect QA hI -h 4
P 4=P,1 / =
III:
Compressor Work We h z -hI
"1'
:1:
I I I I h
1[1
QA We n, = h 4 h, h2 Power Per Ton 1'1
I,
:1
Compressor Power Ii'
T
= kw/ton
Tons of Refrigeration '
//
Superheat horn Volume Flow at Suction, V 1 '
,
, = m V1 m 3/s

S
S~ = S2
~ J
Net Work
 F ·150 Formulas and Principles - REFRIGERATION ----~-"~~
Fnrrn,d""", "",.,..J Principles - REFRIGERATION

3. Rotary Compressor 3. V1' = volume flow at suction = m V1

a. Vane type
b. Screw type where: V1 = specific volume at suction, m 3/kg
"
Classification of refrigeration compressors, based on enclosure:
4. ny = volumetric efficiency = l

V'

o
1. Open-type compressor - compressor whose crankshaft
extends through the compressor housing so that a motor can be
Conventional (clearance) volumetric efficiency:
externally coupled to the shaft.

2. Hermetically sealed Compressor type in which the

,:~ Jlln = 1 + c - c( ~~ J
{

ny = 1 + c - c (
compressor and the motor are enclosed in the same housing.

where: V
c = clearance = _c
3. Semi-Hermetic Compressor - hermetically sealed compressor

in which the cylinder head can be removed for servicing of the

VD

,l.

valves and pistons.

V1 = specific volume at suction, m 3/kg

Performance of Reciprocating Compressor V2 = specific volume at discharge, m 3/kg

P
I, .... (!Jill 3
0 P2 I Refrigerant Condensers

I~"'f 0

Types of condensers used in refrigeration:

1. Air-cooler
'c'I....·",..
I..... PI I I
,
~1
a. Bare tube
b. Finned tube
V
l~vl
2. Water-cooled
a. Shell-and-tube
Vc VD
b. Shell-and-coil
1. Compressor work (Power)
Shell·and·tube (Vertical) Condenser
= h 2 - h, kJ/kg

Cooling Water In
= m(h 2 - h 1 ) kw

I ' ~ IillW kg~S

2. V D = piston displacement = 2:0 2LNC, m 3/sec
4
Refrigerant Vapor

where: 0 = bore, m m kg/s

L =stroke, m
N = speed, rev/s

C = number of cylinders Refrigerant Liquid

Cooling Water Out

r

Formulas and Principles - REFRIGERATION I', I

F -152 Formulas and Principles - REFRIGERATION

IV. Azeotropes
By heat balance:
An azeotropes is a mixture of two substances in whlcll ttll'
components cannot be separated by distillation. (R-502 is a mixture of
m wCp6t = m(h,-h 2)E 48.8% R-22 and 51.2% R-115).
where: 6t = temperature rise of cooling water
E = heat extraction factor Desirable Properties of a Refrigerant:

Thermodynamic Properties:
Expansion Devices l . low freezing point
2. low condensing pressure
Functions of the Expansion Device:
1. to reduce the pressure of the liquid refrigerant from the condenser 3. low evaporating pressure
in order to attain low temperature
4. low power per ton

( 2. to control the flow of the refrigerant to the evaporator

Types of Expansion Devices:

1. Capillary Tube
Inside diameter: 0.50 mm to 2 mm
5. low volume flow per ton
6. high COP
Chemical Properties:
7. non-toxic
8. non-flammable
Length: 1 m to 6 m 9. non-corrosive

l.
.'....
Capacity: up to 10 kw

2. Expansion Valves
a. Gate Valve
] O. not destructive to refrigerated products

Physical Properties:
] l. low viscosity

.... b. Constant Pressure Expansion Valve

c. Thermostatic Expansion Valve
]2. high thermal conductivity

] 3. easy leak detection

.... d. Thermostatic Expansion Valve with External Equalizer 14. miscible with oil

~I'"
,
e. Float Valve (used with flooded evaporator) ] 5. reasonable cost

lilt..
Refrigerants Leak Detection:

-'... 1. Halocarbon Refrigerants

R-12
R-22
CCI2F 2 Dichlorodifluoromethane
CHClF 2 Monochlorodifluoromethane
R-12 and other systems using halocarbon refrigerants:

Detection: loss of cooling capacity

R-40 CH 3CI Methyl Chloride
Location: a. soap sud
II. Inorganic Refrigrants b. prestolite or alcohol torch
R-717 NH3 Ammonia c. electronic leak detector
R-718 HP Water
R-729 - Air Ammonia Systems:
R-744 CO 2 Carbon Dioxide
Detection: toxic odor
III. Hydrocarbon Refrigerants
R-50 CH 4 Methane Location: a. soap sud
R-170 C2H 6 Ethane b. sulfur candle
R-290 C3H s Propane c. litmus paper
 F -154 Formulas and Principles - REFRIGERATION
---
Formulas and Principles - REFRIGERATION
Calculating the Cooling Load from Products
2. Refrigeration System with One Compressor Serving Two (or 1II'"!!)
Evaporators
1. Without Freezing:
Cooling Load =m Cp £\t, kw

where: m = mass of the product, kg/s P

3
Cp = specific heat of the product, kJ/kg-OC
2
M =
temperature change, °C
ff I 7 2
2. With Freezing: m/

r~ Cooling Load = m[c1(t 1-tl } + L + C2(trt 2}], kw

= mass of the product, kg/s

I., where: m , h
C1 = specific heat above freezing, kJ/kg-OC

L = latent heat of fusion, kJ/kg By heat balance at junction:

= specific heat below freezing,

t.'
C2 kJ/kg-OC rn.h, + (rn-rn.jh, = rnh,
t1 = initial temperature, °C
tl = freezing temperature, °C 3. Refrigeration System with Flash Tank
t2 = final temperature, °C
....., For Water: ....--m
'tI1f;
C1 =
4.187 kJ/kg-OC =
1.0 Btu/lb-oF 3 2 p
L =
335 kJ/kg = 144 Btu/lb

Cz = 2.093 kJ/kg-OC = 0.50 Btu/lb

'""1
."1 ,( J "7 2
-:""i Total Refrigeration Load = Cooling load from products +
Heat gain from external sources'

...... (1 Ton of Refrigeration = 3.516 kw = 12,000 Btu/hr)

I h
Multi-Pressure Refrigeration System

1. Refrigeration System with Two-Stage Compressor

Px P

By heat balance in Flash Tank:

Pz I "1 1 7' 2
mh, = rn.h, + (rn-rn.jh,
1
By' heat balance at junction:
Px I / I ,
rn.h, + (rn-m.jn, = rnh,
PI I / L-¥
I h

Compressor Work = (h x-h 1) + (hz-hy)

 '/ F - 157
Formulas and Principles - REFRIGERATION
Formulas and Principles - REFRIGERATION
F -156
By heat balance in the cascade condenser
Low Temperature Refrigeration

m 1(h rh 3 ) :: mz(hs-hB)
Cryogenics • the science of low temperature

Total Compressor Work (Power) = m 1 (h rh 1 ) + m Z(h 6-h s)

Cascade Refrigeration System:

PI;£t 7 6 Other Methods of Refrigeration:

R !=i
1. Absorption Refrigeration System (Ex. NHrHzO System)
I h

"I P Condenser
NH,

i f 72

( "1 4

Evaporator
I h
I [vaporator I .. I I

By heat balance in the cascade condenser:

m1(hz-h3 ) :: mz(hs-h8)

_"1 2. Steam Jet Refrigeration:

Compressor Work :: m1(hz-h1) + mz(h6-h s) Steam - -'=:-:::=1
. 1

Refrigerating Effect:: m1(h1-h4 )

Cascade Refrigeration system with Direct Contact Cascade Condenser:

Coolin/(

Load

P
.....
6
P6 1 If I 7
P2
l------21 Iv -y }2
3. Air Cycle Refrigeration
PI

I" I h
Stage
Evaporator
Expander Compressor
P :: P :: P P8 ::: pressure at the cascade condenser
z 3 s::
:II!

Pz :: ~P1P6
II
i
 ._~ - - -- --
Formulas and Principles - REFRIGERATION f" - 159
Formulas and Principles - REFRtGERATION
F -158

Refrigerating Effect = m(h 1 - h4 )

SAMPLE PROBLEMS: 5(3.516) = m(353.6 - 238.5)

1. A refrigeration system operates on an ideal vapor compression using R­ m = 0.153 kg/s

12 with an evaporator temperature of minus 30°C and a condenser exit

By heat balance in condenser:
temperature of 49.30C and requires a 74.6 kw motor to drive the
compressor: What IS the capacity of the refrigerator in tons of m(h 2 - h 3 ) = mwCpL'it

0.153(377.0 - 238.5) = mw(4.187)(7)

refrigeration? m; = 0.723 kg/s

Enthalpy at condenser entrance =

382 kJ/kg, exit c: 248.15 kJ/kg;
at evaporator entrance:: 248.15, exit = 338.14. (Apr 96) v; = 0.723(60)
= 43.38 Ii/min
A. 43.1 C. 21.3
1
ft,
B. 34.5 D. 18.2
43.38
V w = = 11.46 GPM

{
., Solution:
QR
3.7854

3. An ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle requires 2.5 kw to power

l.,
the compressor. You have found the following data for the cycle: the
enthalpy at the condenser entrance = 203 kJ/kg, exit = 55; evaporator
entrance = 55 kJ/kg, exit = 178. If the mass flow rate of the refrigerant
is 0.10 kg/s, then the coefficient of performance of this refrigeration cycle
is most nearly: (Oct 94)
.'t'ltll A. 592 C. 5.92
QA B. 59.2 D. 4.92
---"'' 1 Solution:

~.,..,
I. '" W = m(h z-h1)
74.6 = m(382 - 338.14)
Ref. Effect = m(h 1-h 4 ) = 0.10(178-55)

'-'''1 m = 1.7 kg/s

= 12.3 kw

--.. Q A = m(h 1 - h4)

= 1.7(338.14-248.15)

= 153 kw

COP = QA
W
12.3
2.5
= 4.92

= ~ = 43.5 tons of refrigeration

178-55
3.516 or COP = hI -h 4
= 4.92
h 2 -hI 203 -178
2. A Freon 12 waste water system operating at a 5°C suction temperature
and a 400C condensing temperature has an evaporator load of 5 tons. f A reverse Carnot cycle requires 3 hp and extracts energy from a lake to
If the condenser is selected for a t-c water temperature rise, how many heat a house. If the house is kept at 70°F and requires 2000 Btu per
GPM must be circulated through the condenser?
minute, what is the temperature of the lake? (Oct 93)
The following enthalpies have been found: condenser entrance = 377.0
A. 35°F C. 39°F I
,
kJ/kg, exit = 238.5; evaporator entrance = 238.5 kJ/kg, exit =353.6.
,
B. 36°F D. 40°F
(Oct 94) I
C. 12.56 GPM
A. 11.46 GPM
D. 14.36 GPM Solution:
B. 9.05 GPM

Solution:

 5' --= --. -.­

Formulas and Principles - AIR CONDITIONING F -161

Formulas and Principles - REFRIGERATION
F -160
AIR CONDITIONING
w = 3 hp = 3(42.4) = 127.2 Btu/min
0R Air Conditioning - controlling the properties of air so that the air will be
T2 = 70 + 460 = 530
suitable for its intended use. .
QR = 2000 Btu/min
Q = T2(82-83 ) = T2(81-84 )
R Functions of Air Conditioning:
2000 = 530(8 1-84)
1. control the temperature
2. control the humidity
8 = 2000
1-8 4 530 3. control the purity, that is, removal of dust and other impurities
0 4. control of air movement or circulation

·r
Q
A
= T 1(8 1-8 4 ) = T 1(200 I
530 )

ill
Psychrometry - study of the properties of air and its water vapor content.

W = QR - QA Psychrometer - the instrument used in the study of the properties of air.

.. ~
127.2 = 2000 _ T1(2000
530 )
1 Saturated Air - air whose condition is such that any decrease in temperature
will result in condensation of the water vapor into liquid.

Moist air - is a binary mixture of dry air and water vapor.

T 1 = 496°R

IN'
• 'tlm
t 1 = 496 - 460 = 36°F
Dry Air .
oxygen .

non-condensing components of a mixture mainly nitrogen and

Vapor - condensable components of the mixture.

....u

, Unsaturated Air - air containing superheated vapor.

~'......
'
Properties of Air:
-......
DBoe n -wa'c

(.;)~~:..
\
p ~'\ ..........•....... Wrl Cloth

.........~~J.}

1. Temperature, DC

Dry bulb temperature (DB) - the actual temperature of the air or the
temperature of air as registered by an ordinary thermometer.
 .Formulas and Principles - AIR CONDITIONING F -163
F -162 Formulas and Principles - AIR CONDITIONING
6. Relative Humidity, RH, %
Wet bulb temperature (WB) - temperature of air if it is saturated or
_ Actual partial pressure of water vapor
temperature of air as registered in a wetted wick thermometer.
Saturation pressure of pure water vapor at same temperature
Wet bulb deprJ!ssion - difference between wet bulb and dry bulb

thermometers.
_ Py
psychrometer - is an instrument consisting of two thermometers, Psat
one to measure the dry bOlb and the other to measure the wet bulb
temperature of the air.
Pv = RH x P sat

(Psat - saturation pressure can be found at the steam table at dry bulb
2. Pressure, kPaa
temperature)

·{Jill P = P a + Pv
or (P a = P P v
(Dalton's Law)
) 7. Dew Point - the temperature at which the water vapor in the air
condenses when the air is cooled at constant pressure.
where: P = total pressure of air-water vapor mixture Dew Point - the temperature which the air becomes saturated at
•• Pa = partial pressure of dry air constant pressure.
Pv = partial pressure of water vapor
8. Percent Saturation, %

.'..... ,.
3. Specific Volume
IONI From PV = mRT
_ Actual humidity ratio
Humidity ratio of saturated air at the dry bulb temp
.... RaT RaT m3/kg dry air
v = Va
m Pa P-Pa W

=
.. Density,p =
1 kg/m 3
dry air
W sat

~' I .
v

The Psychrometric Chart

-..... 4. Humidity Ratio, W, kg water vapor
kg dry air Humidity Ratio

W = 0.622 P
Pa
y
= 0.622 ~
P-P y
w.,
Dew point"
where: P = total pressure, kPa

= partial pressure of water vapor,

~ "."."~""""'-
P kPa

v ···W

5. Enthalpy, h, kJ/kg dry air

h = Cp t + W hg WB DB Temperature F'C

where: Cp = specific heat of dry air = 1.0 kJ/kg-OC

t = temperature (dry bulb), °C
W = humidity ratio, kg water vapor/kg dry air
h
g
= enthalpy of saturated water vapor at the air
temperature.- kJ/kg
 F -164 Formulas and Principles - AIR CONDITIONING
Formulas and Principles - AIR CONDITIONING F - 165

Processes in the Psychrometric Chart By heat balance:

rn.h, + m 2h2 = (rn, + m2)h 3

W
By moisture balance:

m1 W 1 + mzWz = (rn, + mz)W 3

7,t/ 6
1
By temperature balance (dry bulb):

rn, T 1 + mzTz = (rn, + mz)T 3

"all 1-4-0--'2
/1~ Applications of Psychrometry:
5 ' 8
4
..., T I
1. Air Conditioner
2. Cooling Tower

t.
3. Dryer

0-1 Cooling

1. Air Conditioner
0-2 Heating (Dryer)

0-3 Humidifying (Isothermal Dryer)

.'tI'lll
0-4 Dehumidifying

......
0-5 Cooling and Dehumidifying (Air Conditioner)
0-6 Heating and Humidifying (Cooling Tower)
.....

1,..
0-7 Cooling and Humidifying (Adiabatic Dryer)
Heating and Dehumidifying (Chemical
.....

11 0-8
Dehumidification)
hj

.....
Air Mixing
V m 3/s
2
hz

------;-1 w.

1
3 (m, + m2) Refrigerating Capacity = m(h 1-hz) kw
'----1~~
/
•
2
/3 = ~ (h 1-h z) kw
Vj

Rate of Moisture Removal = m(W 1-WZ) kg/s

v
= - (W 1-WZ) kg/s
vI
 ----- =­

Formulas and Principles - AIR CONDITIONING F -167

F -166 Formulas and Principles - AIR CONDITIONING

ms = m3 - m4 = m1(WrW 1)
where: m = mass flow rate of air, kg/s
\/1 = specific volume at 1
% make-up water = Amount of Make - up Water ms
Mass of water flowing m3
2. Cooling Tower
where: rn, = make-up water requirement
2 rn, = mass flow of air entering
~Al'O", W 1 = humidity ratio of air entering, kg/kg
W 2 = humidity ratio of air leaving, kg/kg
Hot Water In
In, - - . ! i
~
+"--­ i 1\ t db
rn, = mass flow of water entering
rn, = mass flow of water leaving

r~.M
JC
. 3 t,

t"b

VI
ml Energy Balance:
1
... 1 Air Inlet
rn.h, + m3h3 + mshs = m1h2 + rn.h,
Cool Water Out

l~.'...,.
Make-up Water
where: rn, = m3 - rn,
5
rn.h, + m3h3 + (m3-m4)hs = m1 h2 + m4h4
ms

Heat Balance
.....,
......
......
' /2
Heat absorbed by air = Heat rejected by water

m1(h2-h 1) = m3Cp(t a-t b )

'-'" 1 where: rn, = mass flow rate of water flowing, kg/s

...... Range = t a - t b
Cp =
specific heat of water =
4.187 kJ/kg-OC

Approach = tb - tWb 3. Dryer

Actual Range Hygroscopic materials - substances which are particularly variable in
Efficiency of Cooling Tower = the moisture content.
Theoretical Range

t a - t b
Bone-dry weight (Bdw) - final constant weight reached by a hygroscopic
= t a - twb substance after being dried out.

Make-up Water Requirement Moisture content = Weigth of moisture

Gross Weight
By mass balance:
m1 W1 + rn, = m1W2 + rn,
 F -168 Formulas and Principles - AIR CONDITIONING
Formulas and Principles - AIR CONDITIONING F ·169
Gross Weight = Bone-dry weight + weight of moisture @] Outside Air m,
rn,
Humid Air (Ventilation)
# Recirculated Air
f Replacec Air
3
.....-- m r - IDs ~
m" ..-
4
8
ms
I

0 Conditioned
Space
Drying ...... - Qs
m,
kg/s

Fresh Air
1
.. 2
Heated Air
Chamber
Wet
Fced
"4
Bdw4
~ f Conditioner I Supply Air 0 -'-
QL
1--. IDs r1l
"11
ms'*::/'5 g/s
Dried Product
Bdw,
1111
"4I
l.
4
Isothermal Dryertbest drier)
1~~
Adiabatic Dryer
".. ~ I I Non-adiabatic Dryer(actual drier)
Process (4 -1) - Cooling and dehumidifying
.'''t."
Moisture removed from materials = Moisture absorbed by air Os = Sensible Heat Load

= ma (W 3 - W z) kg/s =
msCp(tz - t-) kw

= m4 - ms kg/s
where: Cp = 1.0 kJ/kg_oC

Bone dry weight of wet feed = bone dry weight of dried product t1 , tz = dry bulb temperatures,

.....
°C

Bdw, = Bdw,
OL = Latent Heat Load
Heat supplied in heater = ma(h z - h 1) kw = ms(W z-W 1)h v kw

Heat absorbed by materials where: hv = 2442 kJ/kg (average)

Efficiency of dryer ==
Or = Total Heat Load = Os + OL
Heat Supplied
= ms(hz - h kw 1)

Air Conditioning Calculations

SHR = Sensible Heat Ratio (or Factor) = Qs

Air Conditioning Equipment:
Qs +QL

1. Cooling and dehumidifying coils of a refrigerating system If recirculated air and outside air are mixed before entering conditioner:
2. Water chiller m Oh3 + (ms-mo)h z = msh 4
3. Spray Equipment

Air Conditioner Capacity = ms(h 4

- h1 ) kw
 F ·170 Formulas and Principles - AIR CONDITIONING
Formulas and Principles - AIR CONDITIONING F·171

h = Cp t + W hg
If recirculated air and outside air separately enter the conditioner:
=
1.0(34) + 0.022(2563.6)
Air conditioner Capacity = mo(h 3-h1) + (ms-mo)(h 2-h1 ) kw
=
90.4 kJ/kg

Ventilation Load = mo(h 3 - h1) kw 3. A mechanical draft dry cooling tower cools the cooling water from 600C to
25°C at the rate of some 149.4 giga grams per hour. Atmospheric air
enters the tower at 20°C and leaves at 35°C. The fan is driven by a 7460
SAMPLE PROBLEMS: kw motor. What is the mass flow rate of the air into the cooling tower in
kg per second? (Apr 96)

1. A room being air conditioned is being held at 25°C dry bulb and 50% A. 105,628 C. 254,168
"'Ill 3/s
relative humidity. A flow rate of 5 m of supply air at 15°C dry bulb and
B. 541,752 D. 413,919
80% relative humidity is being delivered to the room to maintain that

Solution:
steady condition, What is the sensible heat absorbed from the room air in
9
kw? (Oct 96)
Mill mw = 149.4x10
1000(3600)
= 41,500 kg/s
A. 508 C.40.5

t.
B. 60.8 D. 70.9
Heat loss by water = Heat gain by air
Solution:
(mCp~t)water = (mCpM)air
PV =mRT

• •It''11 100(5) = m(0.287)(15 +273)

41,500(4.187)(60-25) = m a(1.006)(35-20)
m =
6.049 kg/s

Qs = sensible heat

rna = 403,023 kg Is

= mCp(tTt 1)

= 6.049(1.003)(25-15)
4. 3287 kg of moisture per hour is being removed from a material by a drier
and the air leaving it has a humidity ratio of 0.02343 kg moisture per kg of
= 60.8 kw

.....
dry air. The outside air is initially at 15°C dry bulb and has a relative
humidity of 50%. The air is heated to a temperature of 69.1 °C by steam
2. What is the enthalpy of the air-vapor mixture at 65% relative humidity and
coils and between the heater and the drier air inlet a drop of 9.1 °C occurs
34°C when the barometric pressure is 101.3 kPa. 'f
in the air temperature. How much steam is required in kg/s if the steam
Given: P Sot at 34°C =
5.318kPa supplied is at 135 kPa and 0.98 quality? (Oct 96)
hg at 34°C =
2563.6 kJ/kg
A. 1.55 C. 1.26
A. 90.4 kJ/kg C. 95.5 kJ/kg
B. 1.02 D. 1.66
B. 86.7 kJ/kg D. 87.3 kJ/kg

Solution:

Solution:

Steaam(135 kPa)
0.98 quality
o{) Humid Air
w, ~ 0.02343 kglkg
I I
Pv = RH X P SDt m, I hs
= 0.65 x 5.318 = 3.4567 kPa
o o
Drying
Wet
(!]:>s 1= HeatedAir
Chamber
Feed
I W = 0.622 ~ 3.4567
= 0.622 101.3-3.4567
Outside
Air I
m. '~====::==r~~
P-Py ~69.10C

l
60°C
is'c db
= 0.022 kg/kg SO%RH
hr @
Dried
Product
 Formulas and Principles - AIR CONDITIONING F -173
Formulas and Principles - AIR CONDITIONING
F -172
b. pound of final product
c. pound of bone-dry material

Solution:

a. Consider 1 Ib of original product or wet feed

----t W 3
Bone-dry weight(Bdw) :: Gross weight x (1 - Moisture Content)
1 ~2 --l--w 1 =W 2
Bdw = GW x (1 - MC) :: GW x (Solid Part)

(The values of the air and steam properties should have been given in the
Bdw, = Bdwz
(1) 0.40 = mz(0.95)

problem)
m z :: 0.421 Ib (gross weight of drie9 product)

From psychrometric Chart, at 15°C db and 50% RH: Weight of water removed = rn , - mz

~"1I1 W 1 = W z = 0.0054 kg/kg

h 1 = 28.5 kJ/kg dry air
:: 1 - 0.421 = 0.579 Ib of water removed

l~

b. Weight of water removed per Ib of final product

From steam table, at 69.1°C: hg = 2625.3 kJ/kg

where: hz = Cp t + W h g Bdw1 = Bdw z

= 1.0(69.1) + 0.0054(2625.3) m1(OAO) = (1)0.95
= 83.3 kJ/kg m, :: 2.375 Ib (gross weight of original product)
.'.""1 From steam table, at 135 kPa:
Weight of water removed :: m 1 - m2

hf = 453.83 hfg :: 2235.0 hg :: 2688.8

= 2.375 - 1 = 1.375 Ib of water removed

where: h s = h f + X h fg
= 453.83 + 0.98(2235)
c. Weight of water removed per Ib of bone-dry material
= 2644.1 kJ/kg Bdw, = Bdwz =
1 Ib
m1(OAO) = 1

..... Solving for the mass flow rate of air, rna:

Moisture removed from materials :: Moisture absorbed by air
:: ma(W 3-W Z)
3287 :: m a(0.02343 - 0.0054)
rn, = 182,307 kg/hr
rn, :: 2.5 Ib (gross weight of original product)

Bdw, = Bdw z
1 = m2(0.95)
= 50.64 kg/s mz = 1.053 Ib (gross weight of final product)

Weight of water removed :: rn, - m z

By heat balance in the heater: = 2.5 - 1.053 = 1.447 Ib of water removed

heat absorbed by air :: heat rejected by steam

ma(hz-h,) = ms(hs-hf)

50.64(83.3 - 28.5) :: ms(2644.1 - 453.83)

ms = 1.267 kg/s
5. Copra enters a dryer containing 60% water and 40% of solids and leaves
with 5% water and 95% solids. Find the weight of water removed based
on each:
a. pound of original product
,.

Formulas and Principles - FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS F - 175

F .174 Formulas and Principles - FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

Types of dryers, based on heat source:

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 1. steam heated
2. oil fired, coal fired
Flow Diagram or Flow Sheet 3. electric
_ a diagram showing the flow of the materials through the various
equipment or processes involved in the manufacture of a certain product. Classification of dryers:

a. Process flow diagram - indicates only the processes involved,
drawn in block diagrams
b. Equipment flow diagram - shows the various equipment used
in the processing
c. Equipment-process flow diagram - combines the equipment
and processes in the diagram.
Some Industries in the Philippinos:
•"1
1. Sugar Manufacturing (Raw and Refined sugar)
2. Cement Manufacture (Wet and Dry Process)
1. Rotary Dryer - most commonly used dryer which consists of a
rotating cylinder inside which the materials flow while getting in
contact with the hot gases; the cylinder is tilted at a slight angle
and fitted with lifting flights; used for copra, sand. wood chips.
2. Tower Dryer - consists of a vertical shaft in which the wet feed
is .introduced at the top and falls downward over baffles while
coming in contact with the hot air which rises and exhausts at the
top; used for palay, wheat, grains .
3. Hearth Dryer - type of dryer in which the material to be dried is

l..,
. '••'111
3. Rice and Corn Milling
4. Pulp and Paper Manufacture
5. Plywood Manufacture
6. Glass Manufacture
supported on a floor through which the hot gases pass; used for
copra, coal, enamel wares.

4. Centrifugal Dryer - consists of centrifuge revolvinq at high

speeds causing the separation, by centrifugal force, of the water
7. Beer Manufacture from the material; used for dryir'\::l fertilizer, salt, sugar.
8. Copper Milling
9. Steel Manufacture 5. Tray Dryer - consists of trays, carrying the materials to be dried,
10. Coconut oil milling placed in compartment or moving conveyor; used for ipil-ipil
11. Fertilizer Manufacture leaves, grains.
12. Flour Milling

..... INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT

6. Infrared Ray Dryer - consists of infrared lamps in which the
rays are directed to the articles to be dried; used for drying
painted articles like cars.

A. DRYERS B. Evaporators

Three methods of drying system based on heat transfer:
1. Direct or convection drying
2. Indirect drying
3. Infrared or radiant heat drying
Types of dryers, based on movement of materials:
1. Continuous dryer
2. Batch dryer
Evaporators are used either to remove the water from a liquid
substance, like sugar juice, or to produce distilled water by
condensing the steam.
Three principal types of evaporator according to construction:
1. Horizontal tube evaporator - consists of vertical horizontal
cylindrical body; two rectangular steam chests in the lower
section contain tube sheets; primarily suitable for non-viscous
liquids that do not deposit salt or scale during evaporation.
I'" -­

Formulas and Principles -INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES F - 177

F - 176 Formulas and Principles - INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES

Types of dryers, based on heat source:

INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES 1. steam heated
2. oil fired, coal fired
Flow Diagram or Flow Sheet 3. electric
_ a diagram showing the flow of the materials through the various
equipment or processes involved in the manufacture of a certain product Classification of dryers:

a. Process flow diagram - indicates only the processes involved, 1. Rotary Dryer - most commonly used dryer which consists of a
drawn in block diagrams rotating cylinder inside which the materials flow while getting in
b. Equipment flow diagram - shows the various equipment used contact with the hot gases; the cylinder is tilted at a slight angle
in the processing and fitted with lifting flights; used for copra, sand, wood chips.
c. Equipment-process flow diagram - combines the equipment
and processes in the diagram. 2. Tower Dryer - consists of a vertical shaft in which the wet feed
is introduced at the top and falls downward over baffles while
Some Industries in the Phllippines: coming in contact with the hot air which rises and exhausts at the
top; used for palay, wheat, grains,
1. Sugar Manufacturing (Raw and Refined sugar)
2. Cement Manufacture (Wet and Dry Process) 3. Hearth Dryer - type of dryer in which the material to be dried is
3. Rice and Corn Milling supported on a floor through which the hot gases pass; used for
4. Pulp and Paper Manufacture copra, coal, enamel wares,
5. Plywood Manufacture
4, Centrifugal Dryer consists of centrifuge revolving at high
6. Glass Manufacture
speeds causing the separation, by centrifugal force, of the water
7. Beer Manufacture
from the material; used for dryiny fertilizer, salt, sugar.
....1\
8. Copper Milling
9. Steel Manufacture 5, Tray Dryer - consists of trays, carrying the materials to be dried,
10. Coconut oil milling placed in compartment or moving conveyor; used for ipil-ipil
11. Fertilizer Manufacture leaves, grains,
12. Flour Milling

-..,
INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT
6. Infrared Ray Dryer - consists of infrared lamps in which the
rays are directed to the articles to be dried; used for drying
painted articles like cars.

A. DRYERS B. Evaporators

Three methods of drying system based on heat transfer:
1. Direct or convection drying
2. Indirect drying
3. Infrared or radiant heat drying
Types of dryers, based on movement of materials:
1. Continuous dryer
2. Batch dryer
Evaporators are used either to remove the water from a liquid
substance, like sugar juice, or to produce distilled water by
condensing the steam. '
Three principal types of evaporator according to construction:
1. Horizontal tube evaporator - consists of vertical horizontal
cylindrical body; two rectangular steam chests in the lower
section contain tube sheets; primarily suitable for non-viscous
liquids that do not deposit salt or scale during evaporation
 F -178 Formulas and Principles-INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
Formulas and Principles - INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES F -179
2. Standard vertical tube evaporator - consists of vertical
E. Foundry Equipment
cylindrical shell with flat, dished or conical bottom; most widely

used type; can be used for liquids that deposit salt or scale

during evaporation. Melting furnaces used in foundry:

3. Long-tube, natural-circulation vertical evaporator - consists 1. Crucible furnace - suitable for non-ferrous metals; the metal is
of long tubes so that the liquor passes through the evaporator
melted inside a crucible heated by an oil-fired burner.
but once; used with non-salting or non-scaling liquids; can be

used with high viscosities; one of the cheapest types.

2. Cupola furnace - for melting iron; the heat comes from coke
burning inside the cupola itself.
Multiple Effect Evaporator - series of evaporators so connected

1'1 1111 that the vapor from one body is used as the heating steam in the
3. Induction furnace - for ferrous and non-ferrous metals, uses
next. electric current for melting the scraps or ingots.

Types of Multiple Effect (multi-stage) Evaporator: Methods of casting used in foundry:

_lilt

1. Parallel feed
2. Backward feed 1. sand casting
3. Forward feed 2. pressure die casting
4. Mixed feed 3. metal mold casting
4. centrifugal casting
...m C. Conveyors
5. plaster mold casting
t'MII

Common types of conveyors and the materials suitable for each:

~".Il
.r:: 11
"",'1
1.
2.
3.
Flat belt conveyor - coal, copra, packages
Troughed belt conveyor - coal, copra, ores

Screw conveyor - pulverized coal, flour, grains

.11 4. Flight conveyor - packages, boxes, copra

....., 5.
6.
Bucket conveyor - copra, coal, grains
Pneumatic conveyor - grains, linen, match sticks

D. Cranes

Common types of cranes and their applications:

1. Overhead travelling bridge crane - maintenance shops, ice plant

2. Derrick crane - loading in ships, handling materials in piers
3. Jib crane - construction work, maintenance shops
4. Gantry crane - mining, piers
5. Pillar crane - maintenance shops, piers
 Formulas and Principles - FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS F - 181
F -180 Formulas and Principles - FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

are metal products such as electrical coil, electrical devices. Dry cell batteries,

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS stoves, metal cabinets, washers, dryers, including foods in non-combustible

containers.

Class II.

is defined as class I products in slatted wooden crates, solid

Scope wooden boxes, or equivalent combustible packaging materials on wood
The provision of the Fire Protection shall apply to and govern the pallets.

following: Class III.

a. . All private or public buildings, facilities, structures and their
- is defined as wood, paper, natural fiber cloth, plastic products on
premises, constructed, existing and proposed.
wood pallets. products may contain a limited amount of plastics. Examples of
b. Storage, handling or use of combustible, flammable, toxic,
class III are wood dressers with plastic drawer glides, handles, and trim.
"'1111 explosives and other hazardous materials.
c. Applications of Fire Safety construction, automatic fire
Class IV
suppressions and fire protective equipment or systems. - is defined as class I, II, III products containing an appreciable
amount of plastics in paper board cartons on wood pallets. Examples of class
'UIII General Safety Requirements IV products are small appliances, typewriters, and cameras with plastic parts.
The owner of any building, structure, facility shall install, provide"
incorporate, adopt and maintain under operable and usable conditions the
"Sprinkler System Design Curves for Solid pile, Palletized and Bin box over
automatic fire protection devices equipment, fire safety construction, and' 12 ft (3.7 m), and shelf storage 12 ft (3.7 m) to 15 ft (4.6 m) high."
warning system.

Purpose Definitions
The purpose of these standard is to provide a reasonable degree of:
protection for life and property from fire through the installation of the
Available height for storage - the maximum height at which commodities,
appropriate type of fire protection for the different buildings, structures or i
packaging or storage can be stored above the floor and still maintain
facilities. adequate clearance from structural members and the required clearance
below sprinklers.
Application and Scope
This standard applies to storage. 6.40 m or less in height, of
Ordinary combustibles- this term designates commodities, packaging or
commodities which with their packaging and storage aids would classify as
storage aids which have heats of combustion kJ per kg similar to wood, cloth
ordinary combustibles. This standard also applies to storage of commodities
which with their packaging and storage aids would classify as non­ or paper and which produce fires that may normally be extinguished by the
combustibles regardless of storage height. This standard does not cover quenching and cooling effect of water.
unpacked bulk storage such as grain, coal or similar commodities. '
Rack storage of Materials over 12 ft (3.66 m) in height in racks, and Exposure - the exterior presence of combustibles which, if ignited, could
storage up to and including 25 feet (7.62 m) in height and storage over 25 feet cause damage to the storage building or its contents.

(7.62 m) in height. Fire Wall - a wall designed to prevent the spread of fire having a fire
Water density for fire protection for these particular hazard varies' ,
from 0.24 gpm/sq. ft or (9.779 Ipm/sq. m) to 0.68 gpm/sq. ft (27.7 Ipm/sq. m). resistance rating of not less than four hours and having sufficient structural
stability under fire conditions to allow collapse of construction on either side
without collapse of wall.
Commodity Classification: Horizontal Channel - any uninterrupted space in excess of 1524 m in length
between horizontal layers of stored commodities.
Class I.
_ is defined as essential non-combustible product on wood pallets, or
in ordinary corrugated cartons with or without single thickness dividers, or in
ordinary paper wrappings, all on wood pallets. Examples of class I products
 F -182 Formulas and Principles - FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS Formulas and Principles - FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS F -183

Non-combustibles this term designates commodities, packaging or
storage aids which will not ignite, burn or liberate flammable gases when
heated to a temperature of 7490 for five minutes.
Packaging this term designates any commodity wrapping, cushioning or
container.
Sprinkler System - for fire protection purpose, is an integrated system of
one or more water supplies for fire use, underground and overhead piping
designed in accordance with fire protection engineering standards.
II
local Fire Code - Fire Code of the Philippines, which is Presidential
Decree No. 1185.

Storage Aids =this term designates commodity storage devices such as Halon 1301 - is a colorless, odorless, electrically non-conductive gas that is
sheaves, pallets, dunnage, decks. Platforms, trays, bins, separators and an effective medium for extinguishing fires. The chemical properties of the
skids. gas is bromotroflourromethane (CBrF3).
Warehouse - any building or area within a building used principally for the

r1.,111 storage of commodities.

Extra combustible - materials, which, either by themselves or in

combination with their packaging, are highly susceptible to ignition and will
contribute to the intensity and rapid spread of fire.

l.."
Moderate combustible - materials or their packaging, either of which will
contribute fuel to fire.

Non-combustible - materials and their packaging which will neither ignite .

nor support combustion.
" ,..,11
1
~t"II' Class A Fire - fire involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood, .

r::
.
" I
•
.,,1111'
III
cloth, paper, paper, rubber and plastics.

Class B Fire - fire in flammable liquids and gases.

.....
Class C Fire - fire involving energized electrical equipment.

Class 0 fire - fire involving combustible metals, such as magnesium,

sodium, potassium, titarsum and other similar metals.

Dry stand pipe - a type of stand pipe system in which the pipes are not
normally filled with water. Water is introduced into the system thru Fire
Service connections when needed.

Fire Service - an organization or a component of the Philippine National

Police Fire Department personnel in-charge with the mission of fire
prevention, fire protection.

Means of egress - a continuous and unobstructed route of exit from any

point in a building, structure or facility to a safe public way.

Occupant load - the maximum number of persons that may be allowed to

occupy a particular bUilding, structure or facility or point thereof.

~
, --
PRACTICE PROBLEMS F -185
F -184 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
7. A steam boiler on a test generates 885,000 lb of steam in a 4-hour period. The
PRACTICE PROBLEMS average steam pressure is 400 psia, the average steam temperature is 700°F, and
the average temperature of the feedwater supplied to the boiler is 280° F. If the boiler
efficiency for the period is 82.5 per cent, and if the coal has a heating value of 13,850
Btu per Ib as fired, find the average amount of coal burned in short tons per hour.
THERMODYNAMICS = =
Note: at 400 psia and 700 ° F, h 1362.7 Btu/lb and at 2800 F, hf 249.1 Btu/lb.
A. 9.84 short tons per hour C. 12.05 short tons per hour
Thirty pounds of ice at 32°F is placed in 100 Ib of water at 100 oF. (The latent heat of B. 10.75 short tons per hour D. 11.45 short tons per hour

1.
ice may be taken as 144 Btu per lb.) If no heat is lost or added to the mixture, the

temperature when equilitJrium is reached is: 8. If coal having a heat of combustion of 14,000 Btu/lb is used in a heating plant of 50%
A. 51 oF C.50oF efficiency, how many pounds of steam of 50% quality and 2120 F temperature can be
·B. 49°F D.52oF made per pound of this coal from water whose initial temperature is 70° F? Note: at
70° F,.hf = 38 Btu/lb and at 2120 F, hf = 180 Btu/lb, hfg = 970 Btu/lb.

2. A small swimming pool 25 by 75 ft is to be filled with water at a temperature of 70° F to A. 12.1 Ib steam per lb coal C. 11.2 lb steam per lb coal
a depth of 5 ft. Hot water at 160 oF and cold water at 40 oF are available. How many B. 10.21b steam per lb coal D. 14.51b steam per lb coal

cubic feet of each (neglecting the:hermal capacity of the tank itself) should be used in

filling the tank?
A. VH = 2,433 cu. ft and Vc = 7,103 cu. ft
B. VH = 2,344 cu. ft and Vc = 7,031 cu. ft
C. VH = 7,031 cu. ft and vc = 2,344 cu. ft
D. VH = 2,443 cu. ft and Vc = 7,013 cu. ft
9. A single cylinder, double acting, reciprocating steam engine has a 6 in bore, and 8 in
stroke, and a piston rod diameter of 1 1/4 in. The average mean effective pressure
found from the indicator cards is 62 psi for each end of the cylinder. The engine
operates at 300 rpm and with a mechanical efficiency of 83%. If the engine is directly
coupled to a generator having an efficiency of 92%, find the generator output in
kilowatts.
A. 21.1 kw C. 16.1 kw

A partly filled barrel contains 300 Ibs of water and 100 lbs of ice at 32° F. How many

3. B. 14.2kw D.11.85kw
pounds of steam at 212° F must be run into the barrel to bring its content up to 80°F?
A. 28.51bs C. 32.4 Ibs 10. Steam is admitted to the cylinder of an engine in such manner that the average
B. 29.31bs D.30.5Ibs pressure is 120 psi. The diameter of the piston is 10 in and the length of stroke is 12
~
in. How much work can be done during one revolution, assuming that the steam is
Air is compressed in a diesel engine from an initial pressure of 13 psia and a ,I admitted to each side of the piston in succession?
4. temperature of 120oF to one-twelfth of its initial volume. Calculate the final A. 18,085 ft-lb C. 18,805 ft-lb

temperature and pressure assuming the compression to be adiabatic.

. CO
B. 18,580 ft-lb D. 18,850 ft-lb
A. P2=124psia;T2 =1010°F
B. P2=241psia;T2=1101oF 11. From problem No. 10, what is the horsepower of the engine when it is making 300
C. P2 = 421 psia; T2 = 1110°F rpm?

D. P2 = 412 psia; T2 = 1011of

A. 171.5 hp C. 117.5 hp
B. 151.7 hp D. 115.7 hp

An automobile tire is inflated to 32 psig pressure at 50°F. After being driven, the

5. temperature rises to 75° F. Assuming that the volume remains constant, the final 12. A volume' of 400 cc of air is measured at a pressure of 740 mm Hg abs and a
gage pressure is: temperature of 18°C. The volume at 760 mm Hg abs and O°C is:
A. 44.3 psig C. 43.4 psig A. 358 cc C. 362 cc
B. 34.4 psig D. 37.4 psig B. 366 cc D. 369 cc

6. If 100 cu. ft of atmospheric air (pressure 14.7 psi) at zero Fahrenheit temperature are 13. What is the temperature of 2 liters of water at 30°C after after 500 cal of heat have
compressed to a volume of 1 cu. ft temperature 200°F, what will be the pressure of been added to it?

the compressed air in pounds per square inch?

A. 25.3°C C.30.25°C
A. P2 = 2110 psia C. P2 = 2011 psia B. 35.2°C D.23.50°C
B. P2 = 2101 psia D. P2 =2210 psia
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS F -187
F -186 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
A. 2013 hp C. 2310 hp
A heat engine has its intake and exhaust temperature 157°C and 100°C, respectively.
14. B. 2130hp D. 2301 hp
Its efficiency is:

A. 12.35%
C.14.55%

22. A centrifugal pump draws water from a pit through a vertical 12 in pipe which extends
B. 15.25% D.13.25%
below the water surface. It discharges into a 6 in horizontal pipe 15 ft above the water
surface. While pumping 2 cu. ft per sec, a pressure gage on the discharge pipe reads
A 300 watt water heater is attached to a water faucet. If the water runs at a rate that 24 psi, and a gage on the suction pipe registers 5 psi below atmosphere. Both gages
15. permits it to be heated from 60 to 120° F, how long will it take to obtain a gallon? are close to the pump and are separated by the vertical distance of 5 ft. What is the
Assume that 75% of the electrical energy will be utilized in heating the water. horsepower output of the pump?
A. 0.65 hr per gal C. 0.56 hr per gal A. 17.6 hp C. 16.7 hp
B. 0.75 hr per gal D. 0.45 hr per gal B. 15.6 hp D. 17.9 hp

In problem No. 15, what will be the cost at 5 cents a kilowatt-hour? 23. A test of an oil fired boiler indicated 12.77 Ib of water evaporated per Ib of oil. The
16. boiler pressure was 200 psia, superheat was 87°F, feedwater temperature 93°F, and
A. 3 cents C. 1 cent the boiler and furnace efficiency 82.8%. What was the calorific value of the oil? Note:
B. 2 cents D. 5 cents = =
at 200 psia and 87°F, hs 1251.5 Btu/lb; at 93°F, hf 61 Btu/lb.
A. 18,400 Btu/lb C. 14,800 Btu/lb
By means of insulation, the loss in heat through a roof per square foot is reduced from
17. 0.40 to 0.18 Btu per hr for each degree difference between inside and outside
B. 16,700 Btu/lb D. 17,600 Btu/lb
temperatures. The area of the roof is 10,000 sq. ft and the average difference
between inside and outside temperatures is 35 0 during the heating season of 5000 hr. 24. Calculate the horsepower of a boiler generating 4000 Ib of dry steam per hr, with a
If the heating value of coal is 13,000 Btu per Ib and the efficiency of the heating plant factor of evaporation of 1.06. The latent heat of steam at 212° F is 970 Btu per lb.
is 60%, find the value of the coal saved per season at P15.00 per ton. A. 132 boiler hp C. 123 boiler hp
A. P317.00 C. P377.00 B. 128 boiler hp D. 135 boiler hp
B. P371.00 D. P367.00
25. A fan whose static efficiency is 40% has a capacity of 60,000 cu. ft per hr at 60 0F and
The quality of steam that gives up 475 Btu per Ib while condensing to water at a a barometer of 30 in Hg, and gives static pressure of 2 in of water column on full
18. delivery. What size electric motor should be used to drive this fan?
constant pressure of 20 psig is: (Note: at 34.7 psia, hfg = 939.5 Btu/lb)
A. 50.7 % C. 57.1 % A. 2 hp C. 2.5 hp
B. 51.7 % D. 52.7 % B. 1.75 hp D.1 hp

19. A single cylinder, double acting, reciprocating steam engine has a 12 in diameter 26. What horsepower is supplied to air moving at 20 ft per min through a 2 by 3 ft duct
piston with an 18 in stroke. The piston rod diameter is 2 in. Indicator cards show a under a pressure of 3 in water gage?
mean effective pressure of 70 psi for both the head end and the crank end. The A. 0.0566 hp C. 0.0665 hp
engine operates at 350 rpm with an efficiency of 92 %. Determine the horsepower
B. 0.5660 hp D. 0.0675 hp
output.
A. 228.5 hp C. 225.8 hp
27. A refrigeration plant is rated at 20 ton capacity. How many pounds of air will it cool 90
B. 282.5 hp D. 252.8 hp to 70 0 F at constant pressure?
A. 50,000 Ib per hr C. 60,000 Ib per hr
20. A 300 hp engine is given a brake test. The brakes are water cooled. At what rate
must water at 80 0 F flow through the brakes if the water must not rise above 180° F?
B. 70,000 Ib per hr D. 40,000 Ib per hr

A. 13.5 gal per min C. 12.3 gal per min

28. A refrigeration plant is rated at 20 ton capacity. What is the approximate engine
B. 14.2 gal per min D. 15.3 gal per min horsepower required to operate the plant? Assume COP;: 4.
A. 23.4 hp C. 24.3 hp
21 .. Water from a reservoir is pumped through a hill through a pipe 3 ft in diameter, and a
pressure of 30 psi is maintained at the summit, where the pipe is 300 ft above the
B. 25.3 hp D. 22.3 hp
reservoir. The quantity pumped is 49.5 cu. ft per sec, and by reason of friction in the
pump and pipe there is 10 ft of head lost between the reservoir and summit. What 29. A boiler installed where the atmospheric pressure is 752 mm Hg has a pressure of 12
amount of energy must be furnished the water each second by the pump? kg per sq. cm. What is the absolute pressure in MPa?
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS F -189
F ·188 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

38. A throttling calorimeter receives a sample of steam from a steam main in which the
C. 1.277 MPa
A. 1.772 MPa pressure is 1 MPa. After throttling, the steam is at 100 kPa and 120°C. What is the
B. 1.727 MPa 0.1.327 MPa quality of steam in the steam main? Note: at 100 kPa and 120°C, h = 2716.6 kJ/kg;
at 1 MPa, hf = 762.81 kJ/kg, hfg = 2015.3 kJ/kg.

30.
An oil storage tank contains oil with specific gravity of 0.88 and depth of 20 meters. A. 96.95% C. 95.96%
What is the hydrostatic pressure at the bottom of the tank in kg per ern"? B. 97.45% 0.94.85%
A. 1.67 C.1.56
B. 1.ro D.1.~ 39. Steam at 2.5 MPa and 320°C expands through a nozzle to 1.5 MPa at the rate of
10,000 kg/hr. If the process occurs isentropically and the initial velocity is low,
31. A pressure tank for a water pump system contains 2/3 water by volume when the
calculate the velocity leaving the nozzle.
pressure is 10 kg/cm2 gage. What is the absolute pressure at the bottom of the tank if
A. 499 m/sec C. 550 rn/sec
the water is 2 meters deep? B. 459 m/sec . 0.469 m/sec
C. 1210 kpa
A. 1012kpa

0.1102 kpa
40. Water at a pressure of 10 MPa and temperature of 230°C is throttled to a pressure of
B. 1201 kpa
1 MPa in an adiabatic process. What is the quality after throttling? Note: at 10 MPa
and 230°C, h" 991.7 kJ/kg; at 1 MPa, hf =762.81 kJ/kg, hfg =2015.3 kJ/kg.
32. Convert 36°F temperature differen)e to ·C.

C.20°C
A. 11.36% C.13.16%
A. 3°C

D.25°C
B. 12.63% D. 14.56%
B. 32°C
33. At what temperature are the two temperature scales o C and o F equal? 41. Steam at 5 MPa and 350°C enters a turbine and expands isentropically to 0.01 MPa.
If the steam flow rate is 100,000 kg/hr, determine the turbine power? Note: at 5 MPa
A. -400 C. -30° =
and 350°C, h 3068.4 kJ/kg; at 0.01 MPa, hf " 191.83 kJ/kg, hfg = 2392.8 kJ/kg.
B. -250 D. -35° A. 28.511 kw C. 25.61 kw
34. The temperature inside a furnace is 320°C and the temperature of the outside is ­ B. 29.81 kw 0.27.51 kw
100C. What is the temperature difference in of?
A. 5490F C.495oF 42. An air compressor delivers air to an air receiver having a volume of 2 m 3 . At the start,
B. 5940F D.625°F the air in the receiver is at atmospheric condition of 25°C and 100 kPa. After 5
minutes, the pressure of the air in the tank is 1500 kPa and the temperature is 60°C.
3 What is the capacity of the compressor in m3/min of free air?
35. Convert 60 Ib/tt3 to kN/m :
C.9.246 A. 4.97 C.4.79
A. 9.426
0.9.946 B. 4.28 0.4.37
B. 9.642
A boiler feed pump delivers 200,000 kg of water per hour at 10 MPa and 230°C. 43. At the suction of an air compressor, in which the conditions are 97.9 kPa and 27°C,
36. W hat is the volume rate of flow in m3/sec? Note: at 10 MPa and 230 o C, v = 1.1988 X the air flow rate is 10.3 m 3/min. What is the volume flow rate at free air conditions of
II
100 kPa and 20°C?
10,3 m3 /kg.
3/min
C.0.0666
A. 9.848 m C. 8.984 m 3/min

A. 0.0566
3/min
0.0.0988
B. 9.484 m 0.7.854 m3/min

B. 0.0766

37. The radiator of a heating system was filled with dry and saturated steam at 0.15 MPa 44. An iron block weighs 5 Newtons and has a volume of 200 cubic centimeters. What is
after which the valves on the radiator were closed. As a result of heat transfer to the the density of the block?
3
room, the pressure drops to 0.10 MPa. What percentage of steam has condensed? A. 800 kg/m 3 C. 1255 kg/m
= =
Note: at 0.15 MPa, hg 2693.6 kJ/kg; at 0.10 MPa, hf 417.46 kJ/kg, hfg" 2258.0 B. 988 kg/m 3
0.2550 kg/m
3

kJ/kg, hg " 2675.5 kJ/kg.

C.35.63%

A. 33.61%

0.31.63%

B. 32.56%
 F -190 PRACTICE PROBLEMS PRACTICE PROBLEMS F - 191

45. If the density of a gas is 0.003 slugs per cubic foot, what is the specific weight of the 54. Which of the following is the definition of a joule?
gas?
3 A. a unit of power C. a kg-m/s2
A. 9.04 N/m 3 C. 76.3 N/m
B. 15.2 N/m
3
D. 98.2 N/m 3 B. a newton-meter D. a rate of change of energy
55. A copper bar is 90 centimeters long at 86° F. What is the increase in its length when
the bar is heated to 95 ° F? The linear expansion coefficient for copper, 0:, is 1.7 X 10.5
46. The specific gravity Of mercury relative to water is 13.55. What is the specific weight 1/°C.
of mercury? (The specific weight of water is 62.4 Ib per cubic foot.)
3 A. 2.12 X 10'5 m C. 525 x 10. 5 m
A. 82.2 kN/m C. 132.9 kN/m 3
B. 3.22 x 10'5 m D. 765 x 10-5 m
B. 102.3 kN/m 3 D. 150.9 kN/m 3
56. Calculate the energy transfer rate across a 6 in wall of firebrick with a temperature
47. If the specific weight of a liquid is 58.5 Ibf per cubic foot, what is the specific volume of
the liquid? difference across the wall of 50 cC. The thermal conductivity of firebrick is 65 Btu/hr­
ft- of at the temperature of interest.
3/g 3/g
A. 0.5321 cm C. 0.9504 cm A. 112 W/m 2
3/g C. 369 W/m 2
B. 0.6748 cm3;g D. 1.0675 cm B. 285 W/m 2
D. 429 W/m 2
48. Which of the following are not units of pressure? 57.
2 A house has brick walls 15 millimeters thick. On a cold winter day. the temperatures
A. Pa C. kg/m-s of the inner and outer surfaces of the walls are measured and found to be 200C and _
2 2
B. N/m 2 D. kg/m 12'C, respectively. If there is 120 m of exterior wall space, and the thermal
conductivity of brick is 0.711 J/m-s-oC, how much heat is lost through the walls per
hour?
49. A cylinder weighs 150 Ibf. Its cross-sectional area is 40 square inches. When the
cylinder stands vertically on one end, what pressure does the cylinder exert on the A. 182 J
C. 655 kJ
floor? B. 125 kJ D. 655 MJ
A, 14.1 kPa C. 63.2 kPa
B. 25.8 kPa D. 89.7 kPa 58. Air has a specific heat of 1 kJ/kg-K
If 2 Btu of energy is added to 100 g of air, what is
the change in air temperature?
50. What pressure is a column of water 100 centimeters high equivalent to? A. 10.0 oC
C.44.1°C
A. 9810 dyne/crn'' C. 0.1 bar B. 2110C
D. 88.2 °C
B. 9810N/m 2 D.0.1atm
59. In a constant temperature, closed system process, 100 Btu of heat is transferred to
51. Water is flowing in a pipe with a radius of 10 in at a velocity of 5 rn/s, At the end the working fluid at 100°F. What is the change in entropy of the working fluid?
temperature in the pipe, the density and viscosity of the water are as follows: A. 0.18 kJ/K C. 0.34 kJ/K
,11
=
p 997.9 kg/m
3
B. 0.25 kJ/K D. 0.57 kJ/K
fl = 1.131 Pa-s
What is the Reynold's number for this situation? 60. If a 1/3 horsepower pump runs for 20 minutes, what is the energy used?
A. 44.1 C.1140
A. 0.06 ergs C. 0.30 MJ
B. 88.2 D.2241
B. 0.25 kW D. 0 11 kW-h
52. What is the flow rate through a pipe.4 inches in diameter carrying water at a velocity of
11 ft/sec? 61. A machine is capable of accelerating a 1 kg mass at 1 m/s" for 1 meter distance. The
3/s machine runs at 60 rpm. What is the power output of the machine?
A. 590 cm3/s C. 993 cm
3/s A. 1 erg C. 1 J
B. 726 cm3/s D. 27,200 cm
B. 1 cal D. 1 W
53. Which of the following is not a unit of work?
2/s2
A. N-m C. kg_m
62. A power of 6 kW is supplied to the motor of the crane. The motor has an efficiency of
B. erg D. dyne 90%. With what constant speed does the crane lift an 800 Ibf weight?
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS PRACTICE PROBLEMS F -193
F -192

A. 0.09 m/s C. 0.98 m/s 71. Which of the following relations defi nes defines enthalpy?

B. 0.32 m/s D. 1.52 rn/s A. h =u + p/T C. h = u + pN

B. h = u + pV D. h = pV + T
63. A heat exchanger with an inlet enthalpy of 100 Btu/lb and outlet enthalpy of 200 Btu/lb.
The mass flowing the system is 5 Ib/sec, what is the energy requirement for the 72. Steam at 1000 Ibf/ft 2 pressure and 300° R has a specific volume of 6.5 ft3/1bm and a
heating coil? specific enthalpy of 9800 Ibf-ftllbm. Find the internal energy per pound mass of
C. 561 kW steam.
A. 500 kW
B. 528 kW D. 601 kW A. 2500 Ibf-ftil bm C. 5400 Ibf-ftllbm
B. 3300 Ibf-ftil bm D. 6900 Ibf-ftllbm
64. An engine has an efficiency of 26%. It uses 2 gallons of gasoline per hour. Gasoline
has a heating value of 20,500 Btu/lbm and a specific gravity of 0.8. What is the power 73. Which of the following is true for water at a referenre temperature where enthalpy is
output of the engine? zero?
11 111111 A. 0.33 kW C 26.0 kW A. Internal energy is negative. C. Specific volume is zero.
B. 20.8 kW D.41.7kW B. Entropy is non-zero D. Vapor pressure is zero.

65. Two liters of an ideal gas, at a temperature of T: = 25°C and a pressure of P1 = U.101 74. 3.0 Ibm of air are contained at 25 psia and 100°F. Given that Rair = 53.35 ft-Ibf/lbm­
[ MPa, are in a 10 cm diameter cylinder with a piston at one end. The piston is
1111111 of, what is the volume of the container?
depressed, so that the cylinder is shortened by 10 centimeters. The temperature
A. 10.7ft3 C.15ft
3
increase by 2°C. What is the change in pressure?

L.

B. 14.7 ft3 D. 24.9 ft3

A. 0.156 MPa C. 0251 MPa
B. 0.167 MPA D. 0.327 MPa 75. On what plane is the Mollier diagram plotted? •
A. p-V C. h-s
66. An 8 cylinder engine has the following specifications at optimum speed: p = 283 kPa,

L = 14 ern, D = 12 em, N = 1500 strokes per minute. What is the average power B. p-T D. s-u
. . . . . .1. .
output of this enigne?
3 76. How is the quality, x, of a liquid-vapor mixture defined?
A. 89.5 N/s C. 89.5 x 10 J-m/s
......1.11
D. 89.5 kJ A. the fraction of the total volume that is saturated vapor
B. 895 kW
B. the fraction of the total volume that is saturated liquid
......11.
67. If the average energy in a nuclear reaction is 200 MeV/fission, what is power output of C. the fraction of the total mass that is saturated vapor
~",I" 19
a reactor if there are 2.34 x 10 fissions per second?
......... A. 550 W C. 30 MW

D. the fraction of the total mass that is saturated liquid

..... B. 120 kW

68. Which of the following properties

A. temperature
D. 750 MW

are intensive properties?

C. temperature and pressure
77. What is the expression for the heat of vaporization?
hg = enthalpy of the saturated vapor
hf = enthalpy of the saturated liquid
A. hg C. hg - hf
2
B. mass D. temperature, pressure and B. hf D. hg - hr
composition
78. The first law of thermodynamics is based on which of the following principles?
69. Which of the following thermodynamic relations is incorrect? A. conservation of mass C. action-reaction
A. TdS = dU + pdV C. U = Q - W B. the enthalpy-entropy relationship D. conservation of energy
B. TdS=dH-Vdp D.H=U-PV
79. What is the value of the work done for a closed, reversible, isometric system?
0R,
If air is at a pressure, p, of 3200 Ibf/ft2 , and at a temperature, T, of 800 what is the A. zero C. negative
70.
specific volume, v? (R = 53.3 ft-lbf/lbm-oR, and air can be modeled as an ideal gas) B. positive D. positive or negative
A. 9.8 fe/lbm C. 13.3 ft3/1bm
B. 11.2 fe/lbm D. 14.2 ft3/1bm

..
PRACTICE PROBLEMS F - 195
F -194 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
89. Gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a weighted piston as the top boundary. The gas I~,
3
Find the change in internal energy of 5 Ibm of oxygen gas when the temperature heated and expands from a volume of 0.04 m to 010 m The pressure varies such
80. that pV = constant, and the initial pressure is 200 kPa. Calculate the work done by
changes from 100 oF to 120°F. Cv = 0.157 Btu/Ibm-oR.
the system.
A. 14.7 Btu C. 16.8 Btu
B. 15.7 Btu D. 147 Btu
A. 6.80 kJ C. 9.59 kJ
B. 7.33 kJ D. 12.0 kJ
What is
81. Water (specific heat, Cv = 4.2 kJ/kg_oK) is being heated by a 1500 W heater.

the rate of change in temperature of 1 kg of the water?

90. How does an adiabatic process compare to an isentropic process?
A. 0.043 Kls C. 0.357 Kls A. adiabatic: heat transfer is zero; isentropic: heat transfer is not zero
B. 0.179 Kls D. 1.50 Kls B. adiabatic: heat transfer is not zero; isentropic: heat transfer is zero
C. adiabatic: reversible; isentropic: not reversible
What is the
82. One =
kilogram .of water (Cv 4.2 kJ/kg-K) is heated by 300 Btu of energy.
D. both: heat transfer is zero; isentropic: reversible
change in temperature, in K?

A. 17.9.K C. 73.8 K 91. What is true about the polytropic exponent, n, for a perfect gas undergoing an isobaric
B. 71.4K D. 75.4 K process?
A. n>0 C. n ---) ,yo

83. Determine the change in enthalpy per Ibm of nitrogen gas as its temperature changes B. n<0 D. n » 0
=
from 500°F to 200 oF. (Cp 0.2483 Btu/lbrn-vft)
3
A. -74.49 Btu/Ibm C. -68.47 Btu/Ibm 92. In an isentropic compression, p, " 100 psia, P2 = 200 psia, and V 1 = 10 in , and y =
B. -72.68 Btu/Ibm D. 63.78 Btu/Ibm 1.4. Find V 2.
3 3
A. 3.509 in C. 5.00 in
What is the resulting pressure 3 3
84. , when one pound of air at 15 psia and 200° F is heated ' B. 4.500 in D. 6.095 in
at constant volume to 800° F?
A. 15 psia C. 36.4 psla 93. In an adiabatic, isentropic process, P1 = 200 psi, P2 = 300 psi, and T , = 700°R. Find
B. 28.6 psia D. 52.1 psia =
T 2, using y 1.4.
A. 576 0R G.6800k
85. What horsepower is required to isothermally compress 800 fe of air per minute from B. 590 0R
D.786°R
14.7 psia to 120 psia?
A. 28 hp C. 256 hp 94. Air undergoes an isentropic compression from 14.7 psia to 180.6 psia. If the initial
B. 108hp D. 13,900 hp temperature is 68 ° F and the final temperature is 621.5° F, calculate the work done by
the gas.
oF>
86. Helium (R = 0.4968 Btu/Ibm-oR) is compressed isothermally from 14.7 psia and 68 A. -138.2 Btu/Ibm C. 0 Btu/Ibm
The compression ratio is 4. Calculate the work done by the gas. . B. -94.8 Btu/Ibm D. 94.8 Btu/Ibm
A. -1454 Btullbm C. -187 Btu/Ibm
B. -364 Btullbm D. 46.7 Btu/Ibm 95. Nitrogen is expanded isentropically. Its temperature changes from 620°F to 60°F.
Find the pressure ratio (pl/P2).

87. Gas is enclosed in a cylinder with a weighted piston as the3 top boundary. The gas is
3
A. 0.08 C.26.2
heated and expands from a volume of 0.04 m to 0.10 m at a constant pressure of B. 12.9 D.3547
200 kPa. Calculate the work done by the system.
A. 8 kJ C. 12 kJ
96. Nitrogen is expanded isentropically. Its temperature changes from 620°F to 60°F.
B.10kJ D.14kJ
The volumetric ratio is V 2N 1 = 6.22, and the value of R for nitrogen is 0.0787 Btu/lbm­
oR. What is the work done by the gas?
A piston-c~linder system contains a gas which expands under a constant pressure of A. -1112.7 Btu/Ibm C. 0 Btu/Ibm
88. 1200 Ibf/ft. If the piston is displaced 12 in during the process, and the piston
B. -99.22 Btu/Ibm D. 99.22 Btu/Ibm
diameter is 24 in, what is the work done by the gas on the piston?
A. 1768 ft-Ibf C. 2387 ft-Ibf
B. 1890 ft-Ibf D. 3768 ft-Ibf
 F -196 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
PRACTICE PROBLEMS F - 1!.l r

97. During an adiabatic, internally reversible process, what is true about the change in
entropy?
F U E L SAND COM BUS T ION
A. It is always zero. C. It is always greater than zero.
B. It is always less than zero. D. It is temperature dependent.
1. A diesel power plant utilizes diesel fuel with 28 ° API. The plant consumes 650 liters
of diesel fuel at 26.6°C in 24 hours, while the power quarantee for the same period
amounts to 1,980 kw-hrs. Determine the fuel rate in kg/kw-hr.
98. For an irreversible process, what is true about the total change in entropy of the
A. 0.289 C 0.298
system and surroundings?
A. dS = dOfT C. dS > 0
B. 0.357 D.0.586

B. dS = 0 D. dS < 0
2. A steam generator burns fuel oil with 20 percent excess air. The fuel oil may be
represented by C 14H 30. Calculate the actual air-fuel ratio.
99. For which type of process does the equation dO =TdS hold? A. 14.97 kg air/kg fuel C 17 97 kg air/kg fuel
A. irreversible C. reversible
B. 19.72 kg/ air/kg fuel D. 2097 kg air/kg fuel
B. isothermal D. isobaric
3. A certain coal has the following ullin li:llC 'lnCllySls
100. Which of the following is true for any process? C ::: 67%, H2 ::: 3%, 02 :::4%, N~ - 6%, S = 7%.
A. liSsurToundings + liSsyslem ~ 0 c. t.SsurToundings + liSsys,em os; 0 Ash::: 5%. and Moisture e 8%.
1111111 Find the air-fuel ratio if this coal is burned with 50% excess air
B. liSsurroundings + ,A,Ssystem < 0 D. ,A,SSurTOUndings + liSsystem > 0
A. 13.3 kg air/kg coal C 33.1 kg air/kg coal
B. 14.6 kg air/kg coal D 16.7 kg air/kg coal
Answer Key for Thermodynamics
4. A fuel consisting of 80% C 12H36 and 20% C 14H30 is burned with 30% excess air. The
1. A 21. B 41, A 61. D 81. C flue gases is at atmospheric pressure. Find the minimum exhaust temperature to
2. B 22. C 42. A 62. D 82. D avoid condensation.
3. 0 23. A 43. A 63. B 83. A
A. 55.5°C C.60.5 0C

4. C 24. C 44. D 64. B 84. B

5. B 25. 0 45. B 65. B 85. B B. 505°C O.45.2 0C

6. A 26. A 46. C 66. B 86. B 5. A diesel power plant utilizes diesel fuel with 28 a API. The plant consumes 650 liters
, 7. B 27. A 47. D 67. D 87. C of diesel fuel at 26.6°C in 24 hours, while the power guarantee for the same period
8. C 28. A 48. D 68 D 88. D amounts to 1,980 kw-hrs. Determine the overall thermal efficiency of the plant.
9. 0 29. C 49. B 69. D 89. B
10. 0 30. B 50. B 70. C 90. D
A. 25.76% C. 27.65%
11. A 31. D 51. 0 71. B 91. D B. 36.72% 0.39.27%
12. B 32. C 52. 0 72. B 92. D
13. C 33. A 53. 0 73. A 93. D 6. When one mol of carbon combines with 1 mol oxygen
I' I 14.
15.
0
A
34.
35.
B
A
54.
55.
B
0
74.
75.
D
C
94. B
95. B
A. 2 mots carbon dioxide C. 1 mol carbon and 1 mol carbon dioxide
16. C 36. C 56. C 76. C 96. D B. 1 mol carbon dioxide D. 1 mol carbon monoxide
17. B 37. 0 57. D 77. C 97. A
18. A 38. A 58. B 78. 0 98. C 7. A diesel electric plant supplies energy for VECO. In one day operation, the plant
19. A 39. A 59. C 79. A 99. C consumed 175 gallons of fuel at 30°C and produced 135.83 kw of electricity. Fuel
20. D 40. A 60. C 80. B 100. A
I used is 28 deg API and was purchased at 6.25 per liter at 15.6°C. What is the cost of
fuel to be produced in one kw-hr?
A. P1.25 C. P1.03
B. P2.35 O. P3.33

8. A fuel gas has the following volumetric analysis:

=
CH2 65% C2H4 35% =
Assume complete combustion with 25% excess air at 101.325 kPa, What is the
partial pressure of the water vapor in kPa?
,

PRACTICE PROBLEMS PRACTICE PROBLEMS F -199

F -198

A. 10.05 kPa C. 11.35 kPa 5. A 3000 kw diesel generating set which is using a 25°API fuel has the following data:
fuel rate, 290 liters for 900 kw-hr; generator efficiency is 92%; and mechanical
B. 9.85 kPa 0.12.97 kPa
efficiency is 82%. Calculate the engine-generator fuel rate in kg/kw-hr.
A. 0.2916 C.0.3567
9. There are 22 kg of flue gases formed per kg of fuel oil burned in the combustion of
fuel oil C'2H30. What is the excess air in percent? B. 0.4587 D. 0.9857
A. 28.67% C. 35.90%
6. In Problem No.5, Calculate the brake thermal efficiency.
B. 32.36% D. 32.50%
A. 30.14% C.35.11%
10. A steam generator burns fuel oil that has the following chemical analysis by mass in B. 28.12% 0.38.91%
percent:
C = 85.3 H2 = 14.1 S = 0.5 N2 = 0.1 7. A 16-cylinder diesel engine is directly coupled to a 2400 volts, 3300 kw alternator.
Combustion takes place in 125 percent in theoritical air. The flue gases leave the air The engine consumes 1.252 drums of 25 c API diesel fuel with energy output of 990
preheater at 0.17 MPa. What is the partial pressure of the stack gases to avoid kw-hrs. The mechanical efficiency of the engine is 83% and the alternator efficiency is
condensation in kPa? Take molecular weight of the flue gases as 28.80. 92%. Assume a drum of fuel contains 200 liters. Find the engine fuel rate in kg/bhp­
A. 19.85 C.17.93 hr.
B. 11.14 0.14.20 A. 0.571 C.0157
B. 0.715 0.0.751
ANSWERS FOR FUELS AND COMBUSTION
8.
I 1.
2.
A
C
I 3.
4.
A
B
\ 5.
6.
C
B
] 7.
8.
A
A
\ 9. C
10. C
I ,
In Problem No.7, Determine the overall thermal efficiency.
A. 35.21% C.32.15%
B. 43.21% 0.26.71%

9. A 3500-Bhp turbocharged diesel engine, 16-cylinder, 400 mm x 500 mm, 360 rpm has
a fuel consumption of 0.173 kg/Bhp-hr at full load using fuel with heating value of
DIE S E L (I. C. E.) POW E R P LAN T 10,900 kcal/kg. For this engine, heat carried by exhaust gases is 30% and heat
1. A 16-cylinder. V-type diesel engine, 4-stroke cycle, 514 rpm, 400 mm bore x 460 mm carried by jacket water is 23%. A waste heat recovery boiler recovers 35% of the
stroke is directly coupled to a 550 kw AC generator, 13,800 volts, 3 phase, 60 cycles exhaust heat loss. Calculate the quantity of 136 kPa steam that can be produced in
and 93% efficiency. Calculate the BHP of the diesel engine. kg/hr if jacket water from engine at 70 C is used as boiler feed. Note: at 136 kPa, hg
0

A. 7,927.6 BHP C. 8,267.5 BHP =2689.12 kJ/kg; at 70 ° C, hf = 292.98 kJ/kg.

B. 9,347.5 BHP 0.6,756.9 BHP A. 1120.7 C.1720.1
2. In problem No.1, if the unit uses bunker oil with 17 0API
and the fuel economy is 4.0 B. 1210.7 0.1270.1
kw-hr per liter of fuel oil, calculate the combined heat rate in kcal/kw-hr.
A. 2,747.2 C. 2,475.4 10. A six cylinder four-stroke diesel engine, with 76 mm bore and 89 mm stroke was ran in
....t. B. 3,876.3 D. 4,785.2
the laboratory at 2000 rpm, when it was found that the brake torque was 15.6 kg-m
with all cylinders firing but 12.5 kg-m when one cylinder was cut. The engine
consumed 12.15 kg of fuel per hour witt a heating value of 45,130 kJ/kg and 137.4 kg
An 8-cylinder, 450 mm x 600 mm, 4 stroke cycle diesel engine has an exhaust gas
3. mass rate of 4.5 kg/kw-hr brake based on fuel having an air-fuel ratio of 20 to 1 and
of air at 15.5°C per hour. Determine the indicated power in kw.
heating value of 10,540 kcal/kg. Engine speed is 260 rpm with brake mean effective A.38.19kw C.31.89kw
pressure of 9.25 kg/cm 2. An estimated 22% energy loss is carried away by the jacket B. 36.76 kw 0.32.05 kw
cooling water. Calculate the brake horsepower.
A. 2110 BHP C. 2310 BHP 11. In Problem NO.1 0, determine the indicated mean effective pressure in kPa.
B. 2011 BHP 0.2910 BHP A. 945.89 kPa C. 954.98 kPa
B. 989.45 kPa 0.998.54 kPa
In Problem No.3, Determine the mass flow rate of cooling water assuming water 12. The compression ratio of an ideal Otto Cycle is 5:1. Initial conditions are 101.3 kPa
4.
available at 25°C and allowed to rise 15°F. and 22°C. Find the pressure and temperature at the end of adiabatic compression.
A. 28.44 kg/sec C. 32.45 kg/sec A. 964.2 kPa, 288.6°K C. 964.2 kPa, 561.6°C
B. D. 24.84 kg/sec
22.45 kg/sec B. 964.2 kPa, 288.6 °C 0.964.2 kPa, 561.6°F
 F - 200 PRACTICE PROBLEMS PRACTICE PROBLEMS F - 201

13. An ideal Gasoline Engine(4-stroke} operates with an initial cycle temperature of 48°C STEAM POWER PLANT
and exhaust temperature of 150 a C. The change in temperature during combustion is

150 0K. Find the efficiency of the cycle.

A. 32% C.26%
1. An ideal Rankine cycle has throttle conditions of 6 MPa and 450 ° C.
Exhaust
pressure is at 0.005 MPa. Determine the Rankine cycle efficiency.
B. 28% D.57% Note: at 6 MPa and 450°C, h:: 33018 kJ/kg ans s = 6.7193
at 0.005 MPa, hf:: 137.82 hfg = 2423.7
14. An air-standard diesel cycle, compression starts at 101.3 kPa and 30°C. The sf:: 0.4764 sfg = 7 9187
compression ratio is 12 to 1. The maximum cycle temperature is 1600°C. Determine A. 39.48% C. 34.89%
the thermal efficiency.
B. 45.78% D. 78.43%
A. 51.19% C.54.97%
B. 53.12% D.55.12% 2. A steam turbine receives 5,000 kg per hour of steam at 5 MPa and 4000C and
lllll~
velocity of 25 rn/sec. It leaves the turbine at 0006 MPa and 15% wetness and
15. An air-standard diesel cycle, operates with a compression ratio of 16 to 1. The ratio of velocity of 20 m/sec. Radiation loss is 10.000 kJ/hr. Find the kw power developed.
the fuel by volume is 1.5. What is the cycle efficiency? Note: at 5 MPa and 400°C, h :: 3195.7 kJ/kg and s = 66459; at 0.006 MPa, hf::
151.53 kJ/kg, hfg :: 2415.9 kJ/kg.
A. 34% C.64%
B. 58% D.62% A. 1733.35 kw C. 137335 kw
1111111 B. 1483.75 kw D 1256 78 kw
16. A single-acting, four cylinder, 4-stroke cycle diesel engine with a bore to stroke of 4 in
3.
x 7 in, operating at 1200 rpm, consumes 12.5 kg/hr of fuel. The load on the brake An open feedwater heater utilizes saturated steam at 150'C which is extracted from
arm, which is 1DO cm length is 150 kg. What is the brake mean effective pressure in the turbine. The feedwater to be heated enters the heater at 60 c C. If the mixture
kPa? leaves the heater as saturated liquid at the rate of 30,000 kg per hour, find the quantity
A. 2905 kPa C. 300 kPa of steam extracted from the turbine. Note: at 150°C, hf = 632.20 kJ/kg, hg = 2746.5
kJ/kg; at 60°C, hf:: 251.13 kJ/kg.
B. 3207 kPa D. 307 kPa
A 4,775 kg/hr
C. 4,757 kg/hr
17. A 1 MW diesel power plant uses 2 bbl fuel at 26 0API per 75,000 watts of electricity in B. 4,577 kg/hr
D. 5,477 kg/hr
24 hrs operation. Efficiency of generator is 92% and mechanical efficiency of 85%.
What is the thermal efficiency of the engine based on indicated power in percent? 4.
A boiler generates superheated steam at the rate of 50 tons per hour. Feedwater
A. 64.80% C. 59.37% enters the boiler at 5 MPa and 120 0 C and leaves at 4.5 MPa and 320 °C. If the coal
B. 56.90% D. 35.80% used has a heating value of 30,000 kJ/kg, and the coal is consumed at the rate of 5
tons per hour, calculate the ASME evaporation units in kJ/hr. Note: at 4.5 MPa and
320'C, h:: 3000.6 kJ/kg and s = 6.3815; at 5 MPa and 120°C, h = 507.09 kJ/kg.
18. A waste heat recovery boiler produces 1 MPa dry saturated steam from 100°C
feedwater. The boiler receives hot gases(C p = 1.0) at 4.2 kg per sec at a temperature A 142,765,500 kJ/hr C. 127,765,300 kJ/hr

t. of 9500 C. After passing through the waste heat boiler, the temperature of hot gases
has been reduced to 250°C. How much steam in kg is produced per hour? Note: At
5.
B. 156,875,200 kJ/hr D. 124,675,500 kJ/hr

1 MPa dry saturated, h = 2778.1 kJ/kg In Problem No.4, calculate the equivalent specific evaporation.
A 44878 kg C. 47488 kg
B. 4847.8 kg D. 4887.4 kg
A. 11.048
C.14.084
B. 13.012
D. 17.097
ANSWERS FOR DIESEL POWER PLANT
6. A Horizontal2 Return Tubular boiler has a steaming capacity of 4,546 kg/hr of steam at
1. A :';. A 9. 8 11.4 kg/cm absolute saturated. Feedwater temperature is 80 0 C. It has an overall
2. C 6 A 10 A 2
effective heating surface of 186 m . Determine the developed boiler horsepower.
3 8 7. C 11. A
4. D 8. A 12. B A. 315.06 C.351.60
B. 342.09 D. 324.56
7. In Problem No.6, Determine the factor of evaporation.
A. 1.~ ~1~
B. 1.08 D.1.65

~
 PRACTICE PROBLEMS F - 203
F·202 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
efficiency is 80%. If the boiler efficiency is 80%, what is the cogeneration efficiency of
8. A bunker-fired steam generating unit consumes 6 Metric Tons per hour of bunker the system in percent? Neglect pump work.
having a heating value of 41.000 kJ/kg with a boiler efficiency of 80%. It is desired to
convert this boiler to coal-fired using local coal having an average heating value of Steam Properties:

29.000 kJ/kg. Using coal, however, the boiler efficiency is only 75%. What will be the at 15 MPa and 600°C, h =3582.3 kJ/kg, s =6.6776

coal consumption so that the boiler will maintain its steaming capacity?
A. 9.480 Mtons/hr C. 6.098 Mtons/hr at 0.01 MPa, hf = 191.83 kJ/kg, hfg ." 2392.8 kJ/kg

sf = 0.6493, sfg = 7.5009

B. 8.067 Mtons/hr D. 9.048 Mtons/hr at 60°C,hf = 263.67 kJ/kg

9. Two boilers are operating steadily on 136,500 kg of coal contained in a bunker. One
A. 69.50% C.68.44%
boiler is producing 2,386 kg of steam per hour at 1.15 factor of evaporation and an
0 B. 67.40% D.64.80%
efficiency of 75%, and the other boiler produces 2,047 kg of steam per hour at 1.1
factor of evaporation and an efficiency of 70%. How many hours will the coal in the
bunker run the boilers if the heating value of the coal is 32,000 kJ/kg? 15. In a cogeneration plant, steam enters the turbine at 5 MPa and 500°C. One-fourth of
WIII~ A. 282 hours C. 228 hours the steam is extracted from the turbine at 250 kPa pressure for process heating. The
remaining steam continues to expand to 10 kPa. The extracted steam is then
B. 296 hours D. 248 hours
condensed and mixed with feedwater at constant pressure and the mixture is pumped

to the boiler pressure 5 MPa. The mass flow rate of steam through the boiler is 40

10. A boner generates superheated steam at the rate of 20,000 kg per hour. Feedwater 0 kg/sec. How much process heat is required in kw?

enters the boiler at 5 MPa and 200 C and steam leaves the boiler at 5 MPa 350 C.
0
Steam Properties:

1111111
The coal used has a heating value of 32,000 kJ/kg and boiler efficiency is 78%.
0
= =
at 5 MPa and 500°C, h 3433.8 kJ/kg, s 6.9759

Determine the developed boiler horsepower. Note: at 5 MPa and 350 C, h = 3068.4 at 250 kPa, hf = 535.37 kJ/kg, hfg = 2181.5 kJ/kg

kJ/kg; at 5 MPa and 200 C, h = 853.9 kJ/kg.

0
= =
sf 1.6072, sfg 5.4455
A. 1524 C.1254 A. 20,985.36 kw C. 22,756.45 kw
B. 1542 D.1386 B. 23,897.96 kw D. 21,507.40 kw

11. In Problem No. 10, determine the fuel consumption in kg/hr.
A. 1774 kg/hI' C. 1477 kg/hI'
B. 1277 kg/hI' D. 1988 kg/hI'
12. A steam power plant produces steam at a rate of 9,000 kg/hI' at 15 MPa and 600°C.
16. A steam generator produces 18.5 kg/s of steam at 6 MPa and 350° C. The feedwater
enters the economizer at 145°C and leaves at 205°C. The steam leaves the boiler
drum with a quality of 98%. The unit consumes 11,520 kg/hI' coal with a heating
value of 26,000 kJ per kg. What would be the overall efficiency of the unit in percent?
Steam Properties:

Expands to the condenser with a pressure of 10 kPa. Calculate the power output of at 6 MPa and 350°C, h = 3043.0 kJ/kg

the turbine if the turbine efficiency of 90% is developed. at 205°C, hf = 875.04 kJ/kg

Note: At 15 MPa and 600°C, h = 3582.3 kJ/kg, s = 6.6776 at 145°C, hf = 610.63 kJ/kg

= =
At 10 kPa, hf 191.83 kJ/kg, hg 2584.7 kJ/kg
= =
sf 0.6493, sg 8.1502
A. 54.10% C.68.97%
tl A. 3212.97 kw C. 3331.65 kw
B. 43.21% D.95.20%
B. 3321.52 kw D. 3423.89 kw
17. A boiler produces superheated steam at the rate of 5.56 kg/sec. Feedwater enters the
13. A Rankine cycle has turbine inlet conditions of 20 MPa and 600°C expand in a turbine boiler at 5 MPa and 200°C and steam leaves the boiler at 5 MPa and 350°C. The
to 0.01 MPa. The turbine and pump polytropic efficiencies are 90% and 65% coal used has a heating value of 32,000 kJ/kg and boiler efficiency is 78%. Determine
respectively, pressure losses between pump and turbine inlet are 1.0 MPa. What the developed boiler HP.
should be the pump work in kJ/kg?
A. 32.3 C. 34.5 Steam Properties:

B. 33.2 D. 35.6 at 5 MPa and 350°C, h = 3068.4 kJ/kg

at 5 MPa and 200°C, h = 853.9 kJ/kg

14. The steam power plant operates with initial pressure of 15 MPa and 600°C and
exhaust to a heating system at 0.01 MPa. The condensate from the heating system is A. 1254 C.1524
returned to the boiler at 60°C and the heating system utilizes from its intended B. 1425 D.1495
purpose 90% of the energy transferred from the steam it receives. The turbine !

I
r
PRACTICE PROBLEMS F - 205
F - 204 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

A. 685.97 C.395.48
18. A coal fired power plant has a turbine-generator rated at 1000 MW gross. The plant
B. 591.34 0.521.98
required about 9% of this power for its internal operations. It uses 9800 tons of coal
per day. The coal has a heating value of 6,388.9 kcal/kg and the steam generator
ANSWERS FOR GEOTHERNMAL POWER PLANT
efficiency is 86%. What is the net station efficiency of the plant in percent?
A. 33% C.36% 11. A 12.0 13. B ~
B: 34% 0.45%

ANSWERS FOR STEAM POWER PLANT

9. A 13. A 17. A GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT

1. A 5. A 18. A
6. A 10. C 14. C
2. C 15. 0 1. In a gas turbine operating on the air standard cycle, the air enters the compressor at
3. B 7. B 11. A
0 12. B 16. A 100 kPa and 30· C at the rate of 20 m 3/sec and is compressed to 500 kPa. The
4. 0 8.
maximum temperature is 780· C and the exit pressure of the turbine is 100 kPa.
1I111~
Determine the net turbine power.
A. 4853 kw C. 4583 kw
GEOTHERMAL POWER
PLANT B. 4358 kw 0.4538 kw

1111111 1. A flashed-stearn geothermal power plant is located where underground hot water is
available at 15 MPa and 300·C. To produce a steam-water mixture in the separator
where the unflashed water is removed, this water is throttled to a pressure of 1 MPa.
The flashed steam which is dry and saturated passes through the steam collector and
enters the turbine at 1 MPa and expands to 1 atm. The turbine efficiency is 80% and
the generator efficiency is 95%. For a generator output of 12 MW, calculate the
ground water flow rate in kg per hour required for continuous operation. Note: at
15MPa and 300· C, h = 1337.3 kJ/kg, s = 3.2260; at 1 MPa, hf = 762.81, hfg =
2015.3, hg = 2778.1, sg = 6.5865; at 1 atm, hf =
A. 512,870 kg/hr C. 623,870 kg/hr
R. 712,456 kg/hr 0.845,734 kg/hr
.".111 2. A liquid dominated geothermal power plant with a single flash separator receives
2. Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine at 100 kPa and 30· C at the rate of 20
3/sec
m and is compressed to 500 kPa. The maximum temperature is 780· C and the
exit pressure of the turbine is 100 kPa. What is the net turbine power and cycle
efficiency if the compressor efficiency is 80% and the turbine efficiency is 85%?
A. 2496 kw, 18.94% C. 2496 kw, 19.85%
B. 2469 kw, 14.67% 0.2469 kw, 16.98%
3. Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine at 100 kPa and 25°C with a volume flow
rate of 4 m 3/sec. The compressor pressure ratio is 8 and its isentropic efficiency is
90%. At the inlet to the turbine, the pressure is 900 kPa and 1127°C temperature.
The turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 85% and the exit pressure is 100 kPa. On
the basis of an air-standard analysis, what is the thermal efficiency of the cycle in
percent?

water at 204· C. The separator pressure is 1.04 MPa. A direct contact condenser
A. 33.26% C.38.97%
operates at 0.034 MPa. The turbine has a polytropic efficiency of 0.75. For a cycle
III output of 50 MW, what is the mass flow rate of the well-water in kg/s? Note: at
B. 36.34% 0.42.34%
204.C, hf = 870.51 kJ/kg; at 1.04 MPa, hf = 770.38, hfg = 2009.2, hg = 2779.6, sg =

= = =
6.5729; at 0.034 MPa, hf 301.40, hfg 2328.8, sf 09793, sfg 6.7463.
= 4. In a gas turbine unit, air enters the combustion chamber at 500 kPa, 240°C and 45
II m/s. The products of combustion leave- the combustor at 500 kPa, 1020°C and 150
A. 2871 C.186
m/s. Liquid fuel enters with a heating value of 43,000 kK/kg. For fuel-air ratio of
B. 2100 0.2444 0.023, what is the combustor efficiency of the unit in percent?
A. 79.9% C.80.09%
3. A liquid dominated geothermal plant with a single flash separator receives water at
2500C. The separator pressure is 1.2 MPa. The condenser operates at 0.030 MPa. B. 78.9% O. 77.21%
The turbine has a polytropic efficiency of 80%. For a cycle output of 40 MW, what is
ANSWERS FOR GAS TURBINE POWER PLANT
the mass flow rate of the well-water in kg per sec?
I 1. A I, ?- ..r:.., II -J. A I 4. A I
Steam Properties:

at 250°C, h = 1085.36 kJ/kg

at 1.2 MPa, hf = 798.65 kJikg, hfg = 1986.2 kJ/kg, hg = 2784.8

= =
sf 2.2166, sfg 4.3067

at 0.030 MPa, hf = 289.23 kJ/kg, hfg = 2336.1 kJ/kg

sf = 0.9439, sfg = 6.8247

 PRACTICE PROBLEMS F - 207

F - 206 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

7. A hydroelectric generating station is supplied from a reservoir of capacity 6,000,000

H Y 0 R O-E L E C T RIC POWER PLANT m 3 at a head of 170 m. Assume hydraulic efficiency of 80% and electrical efficiency of
1. A Mini-hydro plant is to be constructed has an average annual rainfall of 139 cm. The 90%. The fall in the reservoir level after a load of 15 MW has been supplied for 3
catchment area is 206 sq. km with an available head of 23 meters. Only 82% of the hours, if the area of the reservoir is 2.5 sq. km is closest to:
rainfall can be collected and 75% of the impounded water is available for power.
A. 5.39 m C. 5.98 m
Hydraulic friction loss is 6%, turbine efficiency is 78% and generator efficiency is 93%.
Determine the average kw power that could be generated for continuous operation. B. 4.32 m D. 4.83 m
A. 885.5 kw C. 858.5 kw
8. A pelton wheel is to be designed to run at 300 rpm under an effective head of 150 m.
B. 835.3 kw D. 895.8 kw The ratio of the nozzle diameter to the diameter of the pitch circle is 1/12. Assuming
efficiency of 84%, what is the size of the wheel in meters. Assume a speed ratio of
2. A proposed hydro-electric plant, the headwater elevation is 700 meters and the 0.45.
tailwater elevation is 580 meters. Average annual water flow is determined to be A. 1.05 C 1.55
equal to that volume flowing through a rectangular channel 4 meters wide and 0.5
meter deep and average velocity of 5.5 meters per second. Assuming that the plant B. 2.00 D.2.86
Mill. will operate 360 days per year, find the annual energy in kw-hr that the power site can
develop if the hydraulic turbine that will be used has an efficiency of 92%. Consider a 9. A francis turbine is installed with a vertical draft tube. The total head to the center of
headwork loss of 4% of the available head. the spiral casing at the inlet is 38 m and velocity of water at the inlet is 5 m/s. The
A. 79,050,704 kw-hr C. 76,500.740 kw-hr discharge is 2.1 m 3/s. The hydraulic efficiency is 087 and overall efficiency is 0.84.
The velocities at the inlet and exit of the draft tube is 1 meter(water) below the
1111111 B. 74,005,740 kw-hr D. 72,050,704 kw-hr centerline of the spiral casing while the tailrace(water) level is 3 meters from the top of
3/sec the draft tube. Neglect velocities of whirl and leakage losses. What is the total head
3. A hydro-electric plant discharging water at the rate of 0.75 m and entering the on the turbine in meters?
turbine at 0.35 m/sec with pressure of 275 kPag has a runner of 55 cm intemal
A. 34.72 C.55.20
diameter. Speed is 514 rpm at 260 brake horsepower. The casing is 2 meters above
the tailwater level. Calculate the effective head. B. 43.27 D.48.12
A. 39.045 m C. 34.059 m
10. A hydro-electric plant has a 20 MW generator with an efficiency of 96%. The
B. 30.039 m D. 33.079 m generator is directly coupled to a vertical francis type hydraulic turbine having an
efficiency of 80%. The total gross head on the turbine is 150 m while the loss of head
4. The flow of a river is 21.25 m3/sec and the head of the site is 30.47 m. It is proposed due to friction at the penstock up to the turbine inlet flange is 4% of the gross head.
to develop the maximum capacity at the site with the installation of two turbines, one Determine the Brake Horsepower rating of the turbine.
of which is twice the capacity of the other. The efficiency of both units is asssumed to
be 85%. Francis turbines will be used with specific speed of 65. Determine the kw
A. 27,927 Bhp C. 30,135 Bhp

output of each unit.

B. 29,856 Bhp D. 31,097 Bhp
A. 3600 kw, 1800 kw C. 3000 kw, 1500 kw
ANSWERS FOR HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
B.
5.
2000 kw, 1000 kw D. 4000 kw, 2000 kw

A hydro-electric pumped storage plant has a generator-motor efficiency of 95%,

[ 1.
2.
C
A
I 3.
4.
B
A
5.
6.
D
A
l 7.
8.
A
C
9.
10. A
D
turbine efficiency of 81% and pump efficiency of 76%. Average elevation between
upper and lower poools is 31 m. Assume a 2% loss of head in pipe friction. This unit
was installed to carry a daily peak load of 1500 kw-hrs. There is a daily evaporation
loss of 1000 metric tons. Calculate the over-all efficiency of conversion. CHIMNEY
A. 55.1% C.57.3%
B. 59.4% D. 51.2% 1. A boiler needs a smoke stack to produce 25 mm water draft at sea level. Other data
as follows:
6. A hydro-electric generating station is supplied from a reservoir of capacity 6,000,000 Average air temperature: 25°C
m 3 at a head of 170 m. Assume hydraulic efficiency of 80% and electrical efficiency of Barometer reading: 760 mm Hg
90%. The fall in the reservoir level after a load of 15 MW has been supplied for 3 Boiler flue gas temperature entering stack: 260 °C
hours, if the area of the reservoir is 2.5 sq. km is closest to: Flue gas flow rate: 45 kg/sec
3
A. 5.39 cm C. 5.98 cm Flue gas density: 0.72 kg/m
Determine the required height of the stack.
B. 4.32 cm D. 4.83 cm
 F ·208 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
PRACTICE PROBLEMS F - 209

A. 53.76 m C. 56.73 m
3. A heat exchanger is designed for the following specifications:

B. 51.25 m D. 59.84 m Hot gas temperature, 11450C

Cold gas temperature, 45° C

2. In Problem No.1, Determine the required diameter of the stack. Unit surface conductance on the hot side, 230 W/m2.oK

A. 1.05m C.1.50m Unit surface conductance on the cold side, 290 W/m2.0 K

Thermal conductivity of the metal wall, 115 W/m-o K

B. 1.75 m D. 2.35 m
Find the maximum wall surface temperature if the wall thickness is 25 mm.
A. 584°C C.458 0C
3. The inlet temperature to the stack of the flue gases is 220°C and exit temperature to
the atmosphere is 150°C. The molecular weight of the gases is 30. The draft B. 485°C D.548 0C
pressure required for a furnace is 8.347 cm of water. Determine the required stack
height in meters, if the air temperature is 300 0K. 4. A counterflow heat exchanqor is designed to heat fuel oil from 280C to 900C while the
A. 221 m C. 230 m heating fluid enters at 138°C and leaves at 105°C. The fuel oil has a specific gravity
.UI~I
B. 225m D.210m of 21 °API, a specific heat of 0.5 kcal/kg-oK and enters the heat exchan~er at the rate
3,000 liters per hour. Determine the required heating surface area in m if the overall
coefficient of heat transfer for this heat exchanger is 400 kcal/hr-rn ",» K.
4. The exhaust of a power plant produced 252,000 m 3/hr of flue gases. The air 2
temperature outside is 30°C and the average temperature of the flue gases in the
A. 3.486 m C. 4985 m 2

11111111 chimney is 220°C. The required draft pressure of water vapor is 4.568 em with a B. 4.268 m D. 5.892 m 2
molecular weight of 30 for the flue gases. Find the diameter of the chimney in meters.
A. 2.9 m C. 2.52 m 5. Brine enters a circulating brine cooler at the rate of 5.7 m 3/hr at -100C and leaves at­
'r B. 2.0 m D. 3.10 m 16
oC.
The specific heat of the brine is 1.072 kJ/kg_oC and the specific gravity is 1.10.
The refrigerant evaporates at -25°C. What is the required heat transfer area if the
overall coefficient of heat transfer is 0.454 kw/m2_oC?
ANSWERS FOR CHIMNEY 2
1,""1 A.1.4m C.1.8m 2
11. A 12. B-----J 3-:-A- - - - - I 4. C I B. 2.1 m
2
D. 3.2 m 2
1'11111
I

~"I'WI 6. A 12 in thick furnace wall with a dimension of 5 m by 2 m has a temperature difference

of 60°C. The wall has a thermal conductivity of 0.75 Btu/hr-tt-oF. Calculate the heat
HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS transmitted across the wall.

~III.".
.''1 1 A. 2545 W C. 2455 W
1111111 1
1. Determine the thermal conductivity of a wood that is used in a 1.5 meter square test B. 2445 W D. 2554 W
panel, 25 mm thick, if during a 4-hour test period there are conducted 190,000 Joules
through the panel with a temperature differential of 6°C between the surfaces.
Express answer in W/m-oC. 7. The heat exchanger is to be designed for the follOWing specifications:

~I.'
Hot gas temperature, 1145 ° C

A. 0.0244 W/m-oC C. 0.0422 W/m-'C Cold gas temperature, 450 C

B. 0.0322 W/m-oC D. 0.0933 W/m-'C Unit surface conductance on the hot side, 230 W/m 2•0K

Unit surface conductance on the cold side, 290 W/m 2_ 0K

2. =
The walls of a cold storage plant are composed of an insulating material (k 0.2336 Find the maximum thickness of metal wall between the hot gas and the cold gas, so
that the maximum temperature of the wall does not exceed 5450C.
kJ per hr-rn-v C) 10.16 cm thick held between two layers of concrete (k = 3.7382 kJ
per hr-rn-v C) each 10.16 cm thick. The film coefficients are 81.76 kJ/hr-m 2-,C on the A. 20 mm C 30 mm
outside and 40.88 kJ/hr-m 2- o C on the inside. Cold storage temperature is -6.67'C B. 25 mm D. 40 mm
and the ambient temperature is 32.22'C. Determine the heat transmitted in kw
through an area of 55.74 m2. ANSWERS FOR HEAT TRANSFER
A. 1.948 kw C. 1.1448 kw
B. 1.736kw D. 1.8144 kw
r ~: ~ ~ ~: ~ I~: g I 7. A I

 PRACTICE PROBLEMS F - 211

F·210 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
mechanical efficiency of the compressor is 80%. Assuming perfect intercooling with
~R(GA~COMPRESSORS optimum interstage pressures, determine the fuel consumption in kg/hr of the diesel
engine if the brake thermal efficiency is 30% and the fuel used has a heating value of
1. A single-acting air compressor operates at 450 rpm with an initial condition of air at 10,700 kcal/kg.
97.9 kPa and 270C and discharges the air at 379 kPa to a cylindrical tank. The bore A. 6.55 kg/hr C. 7.39 kg/hr
and stroke are 355 mm and 381 mm respectively with a 5% clearance. If the B. 7.24 kg/hr D. 8.95 kg/hr
surrounding air is at 100 kPa and 20°C while the compression and re-expansion
processes are py 1 3 = C, determine the power of the compressor. 7. The piston displacement of a double-acting compressor is 0.358 m 3/sec, delivers gas
A. 39.9 kw C. 45.6 kw from 101.325 kPa and 300 0K to 675 kPa at the rate of 0.166 m 3/sec at 150 rpm. Find
B. 43.2 kw D. 49.6 kw the compressor percent clearance if n = 1.33.
A. 16.96% C.15.46%
3/sec.
2. In problem No.1, determine the free air capacity in m B. 16.69% D. 14.35%
A. 0.5542 C. 0.2455
WI.I~I B. 0.4552 D. 0.8539 8. A single-acting air compressor operates at 300 rpm with an initial conditions of air at
97.9 kPa and 27°C and discharges the air at 379 kPa to a cylindrical. The bore and
3/min stroke are 355 mm and 381 mm, respectively with a percentage clearance of 5%. If
3. A single-stage, single cylinder air compressor is rated at 4.25 m of air. Suction
cond1tions are 1 atm and 27°C and discharge pressure is 1034 kPa. The the surrounding air is at 100 kPa and 20 ° C while the compression and expansion
=
compression process follows the equation py135 C. If the compressor is to run two­ processes are Py
13
=
C. Determine the compressor power.
11111111 stage at optimum intercooler pressure with perfect intercooling, what will be the A. 23.36 kw C. 29.63 kw
percentage of power saved? B. 32.85 kw D. 26.63 kw
A. 10% C.20%
'r B. 15% D.30% 9. In Problem No.8, determine the free air capacity in m
3/sec.

A. 0.01712 C.0.1885
4. A two-cylinder single-acting air compressor is directly coupled to an electric motor B. 0.1712 D.0.1637
running at 1000 rpm. Other data are as follows:

Size of each cylinder: 150 mm x 200 mm

ANSWERS FOR GAS COMPRESSORS

Clearance volume: 10% of displacement

Polytropic exponent n: 1.36

Air molecular mass: 29

Calculate the volume rate of air delivery in terms of standard air for a delivery
0K
1.
2.
A
C
[
_
3.
4.
B
D
05.
~.
A
A
1= 7. A
L--=8.'-----=-D
I.
pressure 8 times ambient pressure under ambient conditions of 300 and 1 bar.
3/min
A. 3.744 m 3/min C. 2.722 m

3/min

B. 3.275 m3/min D. 4.374 m PUMPS

5. A two-stage reciprocating single-acting air compressor has a rated capacity of 80 1. A centrifugal pump delivers 227 m 3/hr of water from a source 4 meters below the
'II' m 3/hr of free air at 2loC and 1.033 k~cm2 abs when running at 600 rpm. The pump to a pressure tank whose pressure is 2.8 kg/cm 2. Friction loss estimates are 2
absolute discharge pressure is 30 kg/cm and the air is discharged to an air receiver meters in the suction line and 1 meter In the discharge line. The diameter of the
of 1,250 liters capacity. The compressor haS two low-pressure cylinders each 127 suction pipe is 250 mm and the discharge pipe is 200 mm. Find the kw rating of the
mm diameter and one high-pressure cylinder of 69.85 mm diameter, piston stroke is driving motor if the pump efficiency is 70%.
101.6 mm. The compressor is driven by a 1750 rpm, 3-phase, 60 hertz, 460 volts
motor thru v-betts with transmission efficiency of 95%. Determine the Bhp at an
A. 31 kw C. 35 kw
efficiency of 85% if the polytropic exponent n = 1.35. B. 42 kW D. 45 kw

A. 15 Bhp C. 25 Bhp 2. A pump is to deliver 80 GPM of water at 60°C with a discharge pressure of 1000
D. 30 Bhp kPag. Suction pressure indicates 50 mm of mercury vacuum. The diameter of the
B. 20 Bhp suction and discharge pipes are 5 inches and 4 inches, respectively. If the pump has
an efficiency of 70%, determine the brake horsepower of the pump.
6. A three-stage, single-acting:i diesel engine-driven reciprocating air compressor
2 is
guaranteed to deliver 170 m /hr free air at suction conditions of 1.03 kg/cm abs and A. 13.9 hp C. 9.732 hp
2 B. 11.34 hp D. 7.58 hp
270C and discharge pressure of 35 kg/cm abs. Test results show that the polytropic
exponent for both compression and re-expansion processes is 1.34 and the
,.
PRACTICE PROBLEMS F - 213
F·212 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

9. A boiler feed pump receives 45 liters per second of water at 90°C and enthalpy of
3. 2~.4
An acceptance test was conducted on a centrifugal pump having a suction pipe3/hr 839.33 kJ/kg. It operates against a head of 952 m with an efficiency of 70%.
cm in diameter and a discharge pipe 12.7 cm in diameter. Flow was 186 m of Calculate the enthalpy leaving the pump in kJ/kg.
clear cold water. Pressure at suction was 114.3 mm Hg vac and discharge pressure
was 107 kPag at a point 91 cm above the point where the suction pressure gage was
A. 846.78 C.848.67
measured. Input to the pump was 15 hp. If the pump runs at 1750 rpm, what new hp B. 486.87 D. 884.34
brake hp would be developed and required if the pump speed were increased to 3500
rpm? Assume constant efficiency. 10. Water from a reservoir is pumped over a hill through a pipe 450 mm in diameter and a
A. 110bhp C. 130 bhp pressure of 1.0 kg/cm 2 is maintained at the summit. Water discharge is 30 m above
the reservoir. The quantity pumped is 0.5 m 3/sec. Frictional losses in the discharge
B. 120 bhp 0.140 bhp
and suction pipe of the pump is equivalent to 1.5 m head loss. The speed of the
pump is 800 rpm, what amount of energy must be furnished by the pump in kw?
4. A motor driven pump draws water from an open reservoir A and lifts to an open
reservoir B. Suction and discharge pipes are 150 mm and 100 mm in inside diameter,
A. 206 kw C. 236 kw
respectively. The loss of head in the suction line is 3 times the velocity head in the B. 260 kw D. 250 kw
1I1llU 150 mm pipe and the loss of head in the discharge line is 20 times the velocity head in 11. Determine the mechanical efficiency of a centrifugal water pumped which has an input
the 100 mm pipeline. Water level at reservoir A is at elevation 6 m and that of of 3.5 HP if the pump has an 8-in nominal size suction and 6-in nominal size
reservoir B at elevation 75 m. Pump centerline is at elevation 2 m. Overall efficiency discharge, if it handles 150 gpm of water at 150 oF. The suction line gage shows 4 in
of the system is 73%. Determine the power input of the motor. Hg vacuum and discharge gage shows 26 psi. The discharge gage is located 2 ft
A. 9.51 kw C. 11.25 kw above the center of the discharge pipe line and the pump inlet and discharge line are
1liliU at the same elevation. Take density of steam at 150° F equal to 61.2 lb/ft:',
B. 10.50 kw 0.15.50 kw
A. 72% C.70%
Of
5. In problem No.4, determine the reading of the pressure gages installed just at the B. 74% 0.77%
outlet and inlet of the pump.
ANSWERS FOR PUMPS

I I I
A. Po = 654,45 kPag, Pi = 32.67 kPag
B.
C.
Po = 732.34 kPag, PI = 38.76 kPag
Po =867.25 kPag, Pi =43.25 kPag
1 1.
2.
3.
A
C
B
4.
5.
6.
A
B
B
7.
8.
9.
A
B
C
QO' A
11. A
D. Po = 985.35 kPag, Pi = 48.95 kPag
3/hr
6. A plant has installed a single suction centrifugal pump with a discharge of 68 m
under 60 m head and running at 1200 rpm. It is proposed to install another pump 3/hr.
with
double suction but of the same type to operate at 30 m head and deliver 90 m FANS AND BLOWERS
What must be the impeller diameter of the proposed pump if the diameter of the
3/sec
existing pump is 150 mm? 1. Find the air horsepower of an industrial fan that delivers 25.98 m of air through a
lib
A. 120 mm C. 130 mm 0.915 m x 1.22 m outlet. Static pressure is 127 mm of water. Air temperature is 21°C
and the barometric pressure is 700 mm of mercury.
.1. B. 145 mm 0.165 mm
A. 53.82 HP C. 59.65 HP
7. A 4 m 3/hr pump delivers water to a pressure tank. At the start, the gage reads 138 B. 62.56 HP D. 65.75 HP
kPa until it reads 276 kPa and then the pump was shut off. The volume of the tank is
160 liters. At 276 kPa the water occupied 2/3 of the tank volume. Determine the
2. A forced draft fan is used to provide the combustion air requirements for a boiler that
volume of water that can be taken out until the gage reads 138 kPa. burns coal at the rate of 10 metric tons per hour. The air requirements are 100,000
A. 30.75 Ii C. 39.50 Ii m 3/hr, air is being provided under 150 mm water gage by a fan which has a
B. 45.20 Ii 0.37.30 Ii mechanical efficiency of 60%. Assu me fan to deliver at a total pressure of 150 mm
water gauge. Find the size of the driving motor in kw.
The power output is 30 HP to a centrifugal pump that is discharging 900 GPM and A. 61.8 kw C. 68.1 kw
8.
which operates at 1800 rpm against a head, H = 120 ft, 220 volt, 3-phase, 60 hertz. If B. 72.5 kw 0.79.3 kw
the pump is modified to operate 1200 rpm, assuming its efficiency remains constant,
determine the theoretical head.
A. 49.01 ft C. 51.34 ft
B. 53.33 ft 0.62.45 ft
 F -214 PRACTICE PROBLEMS' PRACTICE PROBLEMS F - 215

3. At 101.325·kPa and 21°C. an industrial fan develops a brake power of 100 kwand Enthalpy at condenser entrance :: 1650 kJ/kg, condenser exit
410.4 kJ/kg,
head of 120 mm water gage. What will be the power if this fan is operated at 98 kPa evaporator entrance:: 410.4 kJ/kg, evaporator exit e 1471.6 kJ/kg.
and 32°C at the same speed? A. 4.59 kg/s C. 5.94 kg/s
A. 93.17 kw C. 91.3 kw B. 3.02 kg/s D. 8.54 kg/s
B. 87.61 kw D. 85.24 kw
4. A refrigeration system operates on the reversed Carnot cycle. The minimum and
4. Air enters through a duct of a fan with a velocity of 4 rn/s and an inlet pressure of 2 cm maximum temperatures are -25°C and plus 72°C respectively. If the heat rejected to
of water less than atmospheric pressure. The air leaves the fan through a duct at a the condenser is 6000 kJ per min. Find the power input required.
velocity of 12 rn/s and a discharge static pressure of 8 cm of water above atmospheric A. 28.12 kw C. 34.0 kw
pressure. If the specific weight of air is 1.2 kg/m3 and the fan delivers 12 m3/sec, what
B. 3215kw D.37.50kw
is the fan input power to the motor if the fan has a mechanical efficiency of 70% and
motor efficiency of 80%.
5. A vapor compression cycle is designed to have a capacity of 100 tons of refrigeration.
111'1.' A. 23 kw C. 30 kw
It produces chilled water from 22°C to 2°C. Its coefficient of performance is 5.86 and
B. 26 kw D. 36 kw 35% of the power supplied to the compressor is lost Determine the size of electric
motor required to drive the compressor in kw.
5. A fan delivers 5 m3/s at a static pressure of 6 cm of water when operating at a speed A. 60,5 kw C, 100.5 kw
of 300 rpm. The power input required is 3.5 kw. If 9 m3/s are desired in the same fal' B. 92.3 kw
and installation, find the pressure in cm of water. D. 95.4 kw
A. 11.49 C.14.19 6. An ammonia compressor operates at an evaporator pressure of 316 kPa and a
'r B. 14.91 D.19.44 condenser pressure of 1514.2 kPa. The refrigerant is subcooled by 5oC and is
superheated by 8°C. For an evaporator load of 87.5 kw, determine the quantity of
ANSWERS FOR FANS AND BLOWERS cooling water in the condenser if the increase in temperature of water is 7 0 C .
Enthalpy entering the condenser:: 1715 kJ/kg, exit:: 361.2 kJ/kg, entering the
I 1. A I 2. C I 3. A I 4. A I 5. D J evaporator e 361.2 kJ/kg, exlt e 1472 kJ/kg.
A. 11,350 kg/hr C. 13,100 kg/hr
B. 12,845 kg/hr D. 13,400 kg/hr
REFRIGERATION 7. Fish weighing 11,000 kg with a temperature of 20°C is brought to a cold storage and
which shall be cooled to -10° C in 11 hours. Find the required plant refrigerating
1. A simple saturated refrigeration cycle for R-12 system operates at an evaporating capacity in tons of refrigeration if the specific heat of fish is 0.7 kcal/kg-oC above
temperature of -5°C and a condensing temperature of 40°C. For a refrigerating
freezing and 0.3 kcal/kg-oC below freezing point which is -30C. The latent heat of
capacity of 1 kw, determine the work of the compressor. At 40°C, hf:: 238.5 kJ/kg; at freezing is 55.5 kcal/kg.
-5°C, hg :: 349.3 kJ/kg; Enthalpy entrance to the condenser, h :: 372 kJ/kg.
A. 20.4 C.22.2
A.
•• B.
0.205 kw
0.350 kw
C. 0.502 kw
D. 0.906 kw
B. 20.2 D.24.4

8. It is desired to design a Freon-12 ice makinq unit to produce 5 metric tons of ire at _
2. A refrigeration system using refrigerant 22 is to have a refrigerating capacity of 60 kw. 9.5°C from raw water at 26.7 oC in 20-hour operation. The condenser temperature for
The evaporating temperature is -10°C and the condensing temperature is 42°C. the system is 35°C and the evaporator temperature is -16°C. Find the tons of
Determine the power required by the compressor. refrigeration capacity.
Enthalpy Condenser entrance:: 440 kJ/kg. Condenser exit:: 252.4 kJ/kg, Evaporator
exit « 401.6 kJ/kg, evaporator entrance > 252.4 kJ/kg.
A. 9.2 tons ref C. 10.8 tons ref
B. 11.5 tons ref D. 12.8 tons ref
A. 12.34 kw C. 15.44 kw ,

B. 17.35 kw D. 19.85 kw 9. A vapor compression refrigeration system is designed to cool 9,500 liters of milk
received each day from an initial temperature of 27°C to a final temperature of 3.33 0C
3. A refrigeration system is to be used to cool 45,000 kg of water from 29°C to 18°C in 5
in 5 hours. The density of milk is 1.03 kg/liter, and the specific heat is 0.94 kcallkg­
hours. The refrigerant is ammonia and the operating conditions are 616 kPa DC. Determine the refrigerating capacity in tons of refrigeration.
evaporating pressure and 1737 kPa liquefaction pressure. Determine the quantity of
cooling water in the condenser for an increase in temperature of 7°C. A. 14.4 TR C. 15.6 TR
B. 15.2TR D.17.8TR
 F - 216 PRACTICE PROBLEMS
--------
ANSWERS FOR REFRIGERATION

I 1.
2.
A
C
I' 3.
4.
A
A
I 5.
6.
B
C I
7.
8.
0
A
I

AIR CONDITIONING
1. In an air-conditioning unit 3.5 m 3/s of air at 27°C dry-bulb temperature, 50 percent

relative humidity, and standard atmospheric pressure enters the unit. The leaving

condition of the air is 13° C dry-bulb temperature and 90 percent relative humidity.

Using properties from the psychrometric chart, calculate the refrigerating capacity in

Elements and
kilowatts.
A. 88 kw C. 95 kw
B. 93 kw 0.34 kw

II~~ 2. In a cooling tower, 28.34 m 3/min of air at 32°C db and 24°C wb enter the tower and

'~
leave saturated at 29°C. How many kg per hour of make-up water is needed if a
spray of water enters at 38° C with a flow of 34 kg/min?
A. 15.45 kg/hr C. 19.21 kg/hr
Terms in
B. 21.19 kg/hr 0 25.36 kg/hr

3. A rotary dryer is to deliver 1.5 Mtons per hour of copra with moisture content not to

exceed 3%. The wet feed contains 40% moisture. The air enters the dryer with a

humidity ratio of 0.016 kg/kg dry air and leaves at 60°C and 100% relative humidity. If

the dryer operates at atmospheric pressure. determine the amount of wet feed in

Power and
Mtons per hour. .

A. 4.542 Mtons/hr C. 5.125 Mtons/hr

4.
B. 2.425 Mtons/hr D. 3.534 Mtons/hr

The cooling load calculations on a theater show that at design conditions the sensible

Industrial Plant
heat load is 200 kw and the latent heat load is 70 kw. The indoor design conditions

are 26°C dry bulb and 50% relative humidity. Air is to be supplied to the theater at

It 16° C while the outside air is at 30°C dry bulb and 60% relative humidity. Take

ventilating air as 25% of the supply air. Calculate the tons of refrigeration required by

the conditioner.
Engineering
A. 102.4 TR C. 124.3 TR
B. 110.5TR D.114.8TR

ANSWERS FOR AIR-CONDITIONING

I 1. A I 2. C I 3. B - J ~-- -- - ]
II'"

Elements and Terms- MODULE 1 ET -1

MODULE 1
1. Which of the following is the basis of Bernoulli's law for fluid flow?
A. The continuity equation
B. The principle of conservation of energy
C. The principle of conservation of mass
D. Fourier's law

2. A leak from a faucet comes out in separate drops. Which of the following is the main
cause of this phenomenon?
A. gravity
B. air resistance
C. viscosity of fluid
D. surface tension

111111 3. The measure of the fluid resistance when acted upon by an extel nal force is called:
A. tackiness

'~ B. density
C. flash point
D. viscosity

4. The heat transfer process in a cooling tower consists of a transfer of heat from water
to:
A. none of the above
B. vapor
C. unsaturated air
D. ice

S. The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one Ib of that substance one
degree Fahrenheit is:
I.
A. Specific heat
B. Btu
C. latent heat"
D. relative heat

h. What is the study of condition of air and moisture in the atmosphere?

A. Atmospherics
B. Psychrometries
C. Thermodynamics
D. Gas dynamics

7. What is the gage used to measure 0.001 to 1 atm pressure?

A. Bourdon
B. Water manometer
 ET - 2 Elements and Terms- MODULE 1 Elements and Terms- MODULE 1 ET - 3

C. Mercury manometer C. Freon refrigerants

D. Metallic diaphragm D. Ammonia

8. One of the two types of non-material nuclear radiation is: J 5. The boiling point of freon 22 is:
A. transmulation radiation A. -41.04°F
B. Walton radiation B. 4060°F
C. gamma radiation C. ·38.40°F
D. betatron radiation D. ·31.40°F

9. Which engine is suitable in the power plant to generate power of 100 hp to 5000 hp? 16. Medium pressure when applied to valves and fittings, implies they are suitable for a
A. Gasoline engine working pressure of from:
IIU~

B. Diesel engine A. 862 to 1200 kPa

C. Motor B. 758 to 1000 kPa

D. Steam engine C. 500 to 1000 kPa
111111 D. 658 to 1050 kPa
10. In an Internal combustion engine, the stroke that discharges gas inside the engine's

'~
cylinders: I 7. A general term for a device that receives information in the form of one or more
A. inlet physical guantities, modifies the information and/or its form, if required, and
produces a resultant output signal:
B. exhaust A. Converter
C. compression B. Transducer
C. Sensor
D. power
D. Scanner

11. The ratio between the actual power and the apparent power in any circuit is known a_ I ~. In process of pair formation, a pair cannot be formed unless the quantum has an
energy greater than:
the of that circuit.
A. Measured Power
A. 2 moC 2

B. Capacity
B. 1/2 mV 2
1111 C. Power Factor
C. 05MeV

D. KVAR
D. hv/C

'1 I (i. The temperature of hot metals can be estimated by their color. For steel iron, the
12. The product of complete combustion of gaseous hydrocarbons color scale at 2200 0f is roughly:
A. Carbon dioxide and water
A. white
B. Carbon monoxide
B. orange
C. Carbon monoxide, water and ammonia
C. dark red
D. Water, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide
D. yellow

13. The part that directs the flow of the refrigerant through the compressor:
'I J Mathematically, a thermodynamic property is which of the follOWing?
A. wrist pin
A. a point function
B. valve
B. discontinuous
C. piston
C. a path function
D. connecting rod
D. exact differential

14. The odorless refrigerant; its boilingpoint varies over a wide range of temperatures:
A. Freon 22
B. Freon 12
,. - - - -
Elements and Terms- MODULE 1 ET - 5
ET - 4 Elements and Terms- MODULE 1

21. Adevice whose function is to pass an information in an un hanged form or in some 28. A chemical method of feedwater treatment which uses calcium hydroxide and sodium
carbonate as reagents:
modified form:
A. thermal treatment
A. relay
B. lime soda treatment
B. sensor
C. demineralization process
C. transmitter
D. transducer
D. ion exchange treatment

22. A device whose primary function is to meter the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator: 29. Engines using heavy fuels require heating of the fuel so that the viscosity at the
injector is:
A. sniffer valve
A. around 200 SSU
B. equalizers
B. 100 SSU or less
II~I~
C. thermostatic expansion valve
C. 200 SSU ± 50
D. crossover valves
D. 150 SSU or slightly higher
23. The volume remaining when the piston reaches the end of the compression stroke:
30. The temperature of a fluid flowing under pressure through a pipe is usually measured
A. air cell

,
1111111 by:
B. combustion chamber A. glass thermometer
C. turbulence chamber B. electric-resistance thermometer
D. pre-combustion chamber C. thermocouple
D. all of the above
24. Specific heat capacity is an SI derived unit described as:
A. J/kg J 1. An increase in the deposition of slag and ash on the surface for heating of oil-fired
B. W/m-oK boilers in both marine and stationary service has affected boiler efficiency. The
3
following are the causes except:
C. J/m
A. Low temperature corrosion of the cold section of air heaters and duct works
D. J/kg-OK
B. Siagging of high temperature superheater surfaces

25. The fundamental difference between pipe and tubing is: C. High temperature corrosion of steel
A. The dimensional standard to which each is manufactured D. Increase of heat transfer in the boiler
II..
B. Compression Joints
\2. The type of filter where the filtering element is replaceable:
C.
•• D.
The smoothness of the surface
Bell and spigot joint
A. paper edge filter
B. metal edge filter
26. One of the most popular types of compressor is basically made of: C. pressure filter

A. Roots type blower D. filter with element

B. Pulse turbocharger
\3. Which does not belong to the group?
C. Constant pressure turbocharger
A. air injection system
D. Turbo compressor
B. mechanical injection system
27. Crankshaft of reciprocating type compressor is basically made of: C. time injection system
A. semi-steel D. gas admission system
B. aluminum alloy
q. Cooling water system consists of equipment to dissipate heat absorbed by the engine
C. cast iron jacket water, lub oil and the heat to be removed from air intercooler in measurable to
D. steel forging keep the engine outlet water temperature constant and the differential of the cooling
water at a minimum preferably not to exceed:
1\. 10 to 30°F
 Elements and Terms- MODULE 1 Elements and Terms- MODULE 1 ET -7
ET -6

~ I, What is the process whereby a fissionable species is utilized as a source of neutrons

B. 10 to 50°F
to produce more nuclei of its own kind than are used up?
C. 10 to 20°F
A. Developing
D. 10 to 40°F
B. Culturing

35. There are two broad types in the classification of lubricating oils, they are: straight C. Multiplying
and D. Breeding
A. active
B. inactive
+2. A process of heat transfer due to motion of matter caused by a change in density:
A. Absorption
C. crooked
B. Radiation
D. additives
C. Conduction
11.1~
36. Amount of air required in the low by-pass factor D. Convection
A. does not change
B. greater ~ 3. Ii. 'rat is the most efficient thermodynamic cycle?

'II~III C. lesser A. Carnot

D. indeterminate B. Diesel

C,

]
Rankine

37. What is the function of the compression joint of pipes or tubes? D. Brayton
A. it is used to connect two pipes by welding
B. it is used to connect two pipes by pressing both ends ~ ..:j.. The diagonal lines in the Psychrometric Chart represent:
C. when tightened, compress tapered sleeves so that they form a tight joint 01 A. Effective temperature
the periphery of the tubings they connect B. Dry-bulb temperature
D. it connects two pipes with the use of threaded couplings C. Wet-bulb temperature

,­
11lI"
38. The component of a rotary pump
A. gears 15.
D. Dew-point temperature

How do you treat a statement that is considered a scientific law?

B. piston A. We postulate to be true

'" C.
D.
impeller
screw
B.
C.
Accept as a summary of experimental observation
We generally observed to be true
•• 39. An instrument commonly used in most Research and Engineering Laboratorl
D. Believe to be derived from mathematical theorem

because it is small and fast among the other thermometers:

i 11. The transmission of heat from one place to another by fluid circulation between tile
A. mercury thermometer spots of different temperatures is called:
B. Iiquid-in-glass thermometer A. Convection
C. gas thermometer B. Radiation
D. thermocouple C. Conservation
D. Conduction
40. What is the term used to express the ratio of specific humidities, actual vers
saturated?

, What is referred by control volume?

;\. Relative humidity

A. An isolated system
I ~, Absolute humidity

B. Closed system
(' [ I, ''I'' 't' of saturation

C. Fixed region in space

I ), Pur cunt saturation

I). Reversible process only

 Elements and Terms- MODULE 1 ET ­

ET - 8 Elements and Terms- MODULE 1

A. a double long radius elbow to [Tl11111111/(' friction losses

48. Which of the following types of flow meters is most accurate?
B. a pipe bent to a loop to chanqe dlr(~cIIOll
A. Venturi tube
C. a pipe expander fitting
B. Pitot tube
D. a large radius bend in a pipe line to absorb longitudinal expansion in the
C. Flow nozzle pipe line due to heat
D. Foam type
56. What is the color code of steam pipe lines?
49. Pneumatic tools are powered by: A. silver gray
A. steam B. green
B. water C. red
C. natural gas D. yellow
II". D. air
'i 7, What is absorb by sulphites in boiler water treatment?
50. A graphical representation between discharge and time is known as:
A. oxygen
A. hectograph B. carbon dioxide
111111 B. monograph C. impurities settled in mud drums

C. hydrograph I)
carbon dioxide and oxygen

.~
D. topograph
'\8. What is meant by choking in pipe flow?
51. In a diesel engine, what elements in the fuel that make the work of the lubricant more
A. the specified mass flow rate cannot occur
difficult?
B. shock waves always occur
A. water and ash content
C. a valve is closed in a line
B. high octane number
D. a restriction In flow area occurs
C. high cetane number
D. sulphur and asphaltene content ;;; 9. What is a check valve?
A. a valve designed to allow a fluid to pass through in one direction only
52. What is the function of a radiation pyrometer?
B. a valve designed to release the excess pressure
A. boiler water weight
I. C. a valve which allows flow of fluid in either direction
B. boiler pressure
D. a valve used for checking the pressure of fluid
C. furnace temperature
•• D. boiler drum pressure 110. What is the prime purpose of providing <l lubricating oil pre-heater in an emergency
stand-by diesel genset?
53. The specific measurement of moisture content of air: A. to keep the !ub oil viscosity down under cold condition and enhance the
A. relative humidity starting of the cold engine
B. percent saturation B. to avoid moisture condensation in the engine
C. degree of saturation C. to avoid corrosion to engine parts
D. specific humidity D. to see to it that the lubrication system is functioning properly

54. Highest pressure drop in refrigeration cyle: I , I , Which of the following refrigerants is most highly toxic?
A. Compressor A. Ammonia
B. Condenser B. Freon 12
C. Expansion valve C. Sulfur dioxide
D. Evaporator D. Methyl chloride

55. What is an expansion loop? '1,1. Wilter turbine converts:

r
Elements and Terms- MODULE 1 ET - 11
ET -10 Elements and Terms- MODULE 1

A. mechanical energy into electrical energy

B. The heat transfer cannot exceed the work done
C. The net heat transfer equals the net work of the cycle
B. hydraulic energy into electrical energy
C. mechanical energy into hydraulic energy
D. The net heat transfer equals the energy change if no work is done

D. hydraulic energy into mechanical energy

70. The main cause of air pollution as a result of burning fuel oil is:

63. How do you differentiate surge from water hammer?

A. sulfur dioxide

A. Time for a pressure to traverse the pipe

B. silicon dioxide

B. The pressure reservoir at the end of the pipe

C. hydrogen dioxide
D. nitrogen dioxide
C. Rate of deceleration of flow
D. Relative compressibility of liquid expansion
71. What takes place in a uniflow scavenging?

64. Throttling of the refrigerant through the expans'on valve in a vapor refrigeration cycle
A. turbo blower in exhaust header to create vacuum in cylinders

is: B. air reversing direction in cylinders

A. reversible adiabatic process C. uses two blowers to purge cylinders

II~lIIi B. constant entropy process D. air travelling in one direction

C. irreversible adiabatic process
72. One .Ioule of work is done by a force of one Newton acting through a distance of:
D. isometric process
A. one meter
65. Assuming real process, the net entropy change in the universe is: B. one inch
A. must be calculated C. a foot
B. equal to zero D. one cm
C. negative
73. In a centrifugal pump, if the impeller is kept the same and the speed varied, the pump
D. positive output shall change in accordance to the equation:

66. What characterizes a reaction turbine?

A. 0,/0 2 =N 2/N ,

A. steam losses velocity as it leaves the diaphragm

B. 0, = O2
C. 0, + N, = O 2 + N2

-­ B.
C.
D.
steam strikes the blades at right angles
steam will react with a force in the diaphragm
D. O 2/0, =N 2/N,

•• steam is deflected 74. In an Imhoff Tank:

A. the effluent contains very little dissolved oxygen
67. The work done in an adiabatic process in a system:
A. is equal to the change in total energy in a closed system
B. there are no settling compartments
B. is equal to the net heat transfer plus the entropy change
C. the sludge and raw sewage are not mixed
C. is equal to the change in total energy of closed system plus entropy change
D. the sludge and fresh sewage are well mixed to give complete digestion
D. is equal to the change in total energy of closed system plus net
75. A thermodynamic system which undergoes a cyclic process during a positive amount
transfer of work os done by the system:
A. reversed rankine cycle
68. How do you increase the output of a centrifugal pump?
B. heat pump
A. speed up rotation
C. reversible-irreversible process
B. install recirculation line
D. heat engine
C. increase the suction pipe area
D. increase the discharge pipe area 7(). The transmission of heat from hot body to cold body by electromagnetic wav" .. I ..
called:
69. Based on the first law of thermodynamics, which of the following is wrong?
;\. conduction
A. The heat transfer equals the work piUS energy change
If

Elements and Terms- MODULE 1 Elements and Terms- MODULE 1 ET -13

ET -12 ---------
B. absorption
B. cooling the solution below the limit liquifies the entire mixture

C. convection
C. it freezes out most of water into ice]

D. radiation
D. its stoppage in cooling will result in water and ice mixture

77. The boiling point of Freon 12 CCI,F,:

84. Dew point is which of the following?

A. -416'C
A. adiabatic saturation temperature

B. -40'C
B. temperature of grains of moisture per lb of bone dry air
C. temperature of 50% RH
C. -29.6"C
D. wet bulb temperature
D.41 8 C

78. With regards to corrosion of metals, passivation is the process that:

S5. Air used for comfort cooling shall maintain a movement of from:
'Il~ A. 4570 to 7620 mm/min
;\. intensifies deterioration temporarily
B. changes the composition of the metal
B. 7800 to 9200 mmlmin

C. inhibits further deterioration

C. 8500 to 10,000 mmlmin

111111 D. alters the grain size of the metal

D. 8.00 to 10.0 mlmin

S6. A type of boiler which incorporates furnace water cooling in the circulatory system is
79. (u + pv) is a quantity called:
otherwise known as:
A. flow energy A.
.1
integral-grate boiler
B. shaft work B. none of the above
C. enthalpy C. integral-furnace boiler
D. internal energy D. integral-cogeneration boiler

80. An adiabatic process with no work done is:

:.; 7. One of the best known safety practices in industrial plant is:
A. isometric
A. To provide alert security
B. throttling B. To provide machines with appropriate guards
C. isobaric C. To maintain a fire brigade

•• D. polytropic
D. To train delivery personnel

81. If an initial volume of an ideal gas is compressed to one-half its original volume and
•• to twice its original temperature, the pressure
~ R. Which of the four does not belong to the group?
A. Class D Fire· fire caused by LPC:;
A. doubles
B. Class B Fire - fire caused by oil and other hydrocarbons
B. quadruples
C. remains constant
C. Class C Fire - electrical fire
D. Class A Fire - fire caused by light combustible materials like paper and wood
D. halves

S2. The increase in enthalpy of a substance when it undergoes some phase change at ,,(). All heavy machinery should be supported on solid foundations of sufficient mass and
base area to prevent or minimize transmission of:
constant pressure and temperature
A. objectionable vibration to the building and occupied space
A. heat of fusion

I ~. heat of vaporization

B. objectionable vibration or forces from nearby machine

( .. heat of transformation

C. better control of the drainage system

I). 1'1';11 of cyrstallization

D. objectionable sound coming from the exhaust

tim ;IflI,It ''''l(~ <It <I certain temperature has a concentration of a known vakue, what
l('\. If 'I(). On existing installation boiler, to lowest factor of safety permissible shall be:
will no It" boll.lv,o, ns it progressively cools? A. 7
.'\. It JlJlllOlI" ... 1 liquid until the temperature drops to a certain point B. 6
 Elements and Terms- MODULE 2 ET -15
ET -14 Elements and Terms- MODULE 1
C. air
C. 5 D. water
D. 4.5
1)8. Which is used as a moderator in certain types of nuclear reactors?
91. The age limit of a horizontal return tubular flue or cylinder boiler having a longitudinal A. vapor
lap joint and operating at a pressure in excess of 0.345 MPa or 3.45 Bar gage shall be
B. heavy water
A. 18years C. hot water
B. 35 years D. cold water
C. 30 years
D.
.
20 years 99. Yeast as raw material for beer making is added to the equipment called:
A. fermenters
92. What is the name for a vector that represents the sum of two vectors?
B. brew kettle
"l~ A. scalar C. cooler
B. tensor D. starting tubs
C. resultant
l1li11 D. tangent 100. What keeps the moisture from passing through the system?
A. dehydrator
93. Which of the process where work done is zero? B. aerator
A. isentropic C. trap

.J B. polytropic
C. isometric
D. isobaric
D. humidifier

"'II
94. A specimen is subjected to a load. When the load is removed, the strain disappears. MODULE 2
From this information, which of the following can be deduced about this material?

...." A.
B.
It is elastic.
It has a high modulus of elasticity .
What are the main components in a combined cycle power plant?
A.
B.
diesel engine and air compressor
gas engines and waste heat boiler
C. It is plastic
•• D. It is ductile. C.
D.
steam boiler and turbine
nuclear reactor and steam boiler
•• 95. A type of water turbine where a jet of water is made to fall on the blades or buckets
and due to the impulse of water, the turbine starts to move: What do you call the changing of an atom of an element into an atom of a different
A. Pelton wheel element with a different atomic mass?
B. steam turbine A. atomization
C. Francis turbine B. atomic transmulation
D. reaction turbine C. atomic pile
D. atomic energy
96. What condition exists in an adiabatic throttling process?
A. enthalpy is variable
What do you call the weight of the column of air above the earth's surface?

ll. enthalpy is constant

A. air pressure
( . . entropy is constant
B. aerostatic pressure
I ). ',P"l:lfic volume is constant
C. wind pressure

f). atmospheric pressure

In. Tho IIpoelfl<: ur'1vlty of a substance is the ratio of its density to the density of:
/\. Illl'!l urv Combined process of cooling and humidifying is also known as:

H. 1).0',
 Elements and Terms- MODULE 2 ET -17
ET -16 Elements and Terms- MODULE 2

1 1. What do you call the passing of heat energy from molecule to molecule through a
A. heating and humidifying substance?
B. cooling tower A. conduction
C. evaporative cooling process B. radiation
D. moisture removal process C. conservation
D. convection
5. What is the force required to accelerate a mass of 1 gram at a rate of 1 cm/sec/sec?

A. dyne 12. What is the lowest temperature to which water could possibly be cooled in a cooling
tower?
B. poundal
C. slug A. the effective temperature

D. kg force B the temperature of adiabatic saturation

C, the wet bulb depression

6. What type of turbine has low head and high discharge?

D. the dew point temperature of the air
;\ . Pelton wheel

H. Francis turbine
13. The indicator used to determine the anti-knock characteristics of gasoline:

C. Jonval turbine
A. Aniline point
111M
D. Kaplan turbine
B. Cetane No,
C. Octane No.
7. What is a Bull Head Tee? D. Diesellndex
A. a pipe tee with head shaped like a bull
B. a welded built-up tee
14-. Dew point is defined as:

C. a pipe tee with its run larger than its branch
D. a pipe tee the branch of which is larger than the run
8. What is the main power generating plant that produces the most electricity per un.
thermal energy in the fuel input and has the greatest surplus of electricity for motlj
cogeneration systems?
A. steam engine
A. the temperature to which the air must be cooled at constant pressure to
produce saturation
B. the point where the pressure and temperature lines meet
C. the temperature which dew is formed in the air
D. the pressure which dew is formed in the air
.
:, 5. What type of lubricating oils are produced entirely from the crudes chosen through

elimination of undesired constituents by suitable refining processes?

B. steam turbine
C. gas turbine
A. additives

D. diesel engine
B. inert
C. straight
9. What is the term as the ratio of the volume at the end of heat addition to the volume D. premium
the start of heat addition?
A. compression ratio . (1. In a liquid-dominated geothermal plant, what process occurs when the saturated

steam passes through the turbine?

B. air-fuel ratio
C. volumetric ratio A. isobaric .

D. cut-off ratio B. polytropic

C. isometric
I n. What is the ideal cycle for gas turbine work?
D. isentropic
1\ , Brayton cycle

I~ :~I;lq combined cycle

Gas being heated at constant volume is undergoing the process of:

( 11,,11')1" «vcte
A. isotropic
III
I ). I III ',' ," 'yl,­
B. adiabatic
III
II
 Elements and Terms- MODULE 2 ET -19
ET -18 Elements and Terms- MODULE 2

I,; A. anywhere
C. isometric ,~

B. above the foundation top

D. isobaric 'l C. in line with the surface of the foundation

18. A receiver in an air compression system is used to: D. below the foundation top

A. avoid cooling air before using " 25. Most commercially available petroleum lubricating oil deteriorates starting from
B. increase the air discharge pressure operating temperature of:
C. collect water and grease suspended in the air A. 150°F
D. reduce the work needed during compression B. 200°F

19. Foundations are preferably built of concrete in the proportion of what measures of
C. 300°F

portland cement: sand: crushed stones? D. 250°F

r-III~ A. 1:2:5
26. What is the suggested maximum permissible dose (MPD) of gamma ray exposure for
B. 2:4:6 general individuals not working in a nuclear setting, by choice, in rem/year?
C. 2:3:5 A.1
~.. ,.. D. 1:2:4 B. 5
20. How does the values for work per unit mass flow of air in the compressor and turbine'
C. 1/2
influenced by the addition of a regenerator? ' D. 3

L.l
".1­
A.
B.
C.
D.
slightly increased
unchanged
greatly decreased
greatly increased
27. Heat exchanger used to provide heat transfer between the exhaust gases and the air
prior to its entrance to the combustor:
A.
B.
evaporator

...... 21. The work done by a force of R newtons moving in a distance of L meters is converted'
entirely into kinetic energy is expressed by the equation:
C.
D.
combustion chamber
regenerator
heater
2
A. RL = 2MV
28. Heat normally flowing from a high temperature body to a low temperature body
B. RL = RL N-m wherein it is impossible to convert heat without other effects Is called the:
C. RL = 1/2 MV 2 A. second law of thermodynamics

.­ 22. In
D. RL = 1/2 MV

a steam generator with good combustion control, what occurs if the load
increased?
B.
C.
first law of thermodynamics
third law of thermodynamics
D. zeroth law of thermodynamics
A. air temperature leaving air heater decreases
:2 9. What are the immediate undesirable products from the petroleum-based lubricating
B. air temperature entering air heater increases oil when subjected to high pressure and temperature?
C. furnace pressure is approximately constant A. gums, resins, and acids
D. economizer gas outlet temperature decreases B. sulfur
C. soots and ashes
23. The color of lubricating oil indicates:
D. carbon residue

A. does not indicate contamination

'0. The intake pipe to a hydraulic turbine from a dam is:

B. does not indicate qualities

A. tailrace
C. qualities
B. spiral casing
D. viscosity
C. surge tank
24. For design stability, the center of gravity of the total combined engine. D. penstock
equipment and foundation should be kept:
 ET·20 Elements and Terms- MODULE 2 Elements and Terms- MODULE 2 ET·21

31. When 1 mol of carbon combines with 1 mol of oxygen: .\8. The term "exposure" in radiological effects is used as a measure of a Gamma ray or
an X-ray field in the surface of an exposed object. Since this radiation produces
A. 2 rnols carbon dioxide lonizatlon of the air surrounding the object, the exposure is obtained as:
B. 1 mol carbon dioxide A. x = number of ions produced per mass of air x coulombs per kg
C. 1 mol carbon and 1 mol carbon dioxide B. x = mass of air x surface area of an exposed object
D. 1 mol carbon monoxide C. x = mass of air over surface area of an exposed object

32. A device for measuring the velocity of wind

D. x = number of ions produced per mass of air + coulombs per kg

A. aneroid 39. The viscosity of most commercially available petroleum lubricating oil changes
B. anemometer rapidly above:
C. anemoscope A. 120°F
D. anemograph B. 180°F
"I~~ C. 150°F
33. Air standard efficiency of a diesel engine depends on D. 130°F
A. speed
11-111l1li B. compression ratio W. What is the process that has no heat transfer?
C. fuel A. reversible

~.1

D. torque B. isothermal
C. polytropic
34. Heavy water is: D. adiabatic

_I..
A.
B.
C.
8 20 (2 is written as subscript)
H 20 (2 is written as subscript)
W 20 (2 is written as subscript)
+1. The internal combustion engine never work on
A. Rankine
cycle:

~lll"
....·..

D. 0 2 0 (2 is written as subscript) B. Diesel

C. Dual combustion
35. The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands of the system to the overall
D. Otto

maximum demand of the whole system:

'"..
A. demand factor -\- 2. The dividing point between the high-pre~ure and low-pressure sides of the
B. diversity factor refrigeration cycle occurs at the:
A.
~ C.
D.
power factor
utilization factor B.
expansion valve
compressor
C. condenser
36. Percent excess air IS the difference between the air actually supplied and the
D. cooling oil
theoretical divided by:
A. the deficiency air supplied ·13. What is the force which tends to draw a body toward the center about which it is
B. the actually air supplied rotating?
C. none of these A. centrifugal force
D. the theoretically air supplied B. centrifugal in motion
C. centrifugal advance
37. Mechanism designed to lower the temperature of air passing through it: D. centripetal force
A. air cooler
B. air defense I-\-. The simultaneous generation of electricity and steam (or heat) in a single power
plant:
C. air spillover
D. air cycle
A. steam turbine-gas turbine
 ET -22 Elements and Terms- MODULE 2 I=/arnants and Terms- MODUL~ 2

B. cogeneration B. reactive factor

C. gas turbine plant C. diversity factor
D. waste heat recovery D. plant use factor

45. Percent excess air is the difference between the air actually supplied and the 52. What is the clockwork-operated device which records continously the humidity of the
theoretically required divided by: atmosphere?
A. the theoretically air supplied A. hetrograph
B. the deficiency air supplied B. hygrometer

C. the actually air supplied C. hygrodeik

D. none of these D. hygrograph

,...~ 46. What amount of air is required in a low bypass factor? 53. What is an apparatus used in the analysis of combustible gases?

A. greater A. calorimeter differential

B. lesser B. calorimeter gas

C. indeterminate C. calorimetry
"'11l1li
D. does not change D. calorimeter

.J

1Irat...
47. Work done per unit charge when charge Is moved from one point to another:
A.
B.
C.
equipotential surface
potential at a point
electrostatic unit
54. If the fluid travels parallel to the Adjacent layers and the paths of individual particles
do not cross, the flow is said to be:
A.
B.
C.
turbulent
critical
dynamic

.....
D. potential difference
D. laminar

....·..

48. A pressure of 1 millibar is equivalent to to:

55. What equation applies in the first law of thermodynamics for an ideal gas in a

A. 1000 dynes/sq. cm reversible open steady-state system?

B. 1000 cm of Hg A. Q -W = Uz - U 1

II­

..
C. 1000 psi B. Q + V dP = Hz - H1
D. 1000 kg! sq. cm. C. Q - V dP = Hz- Hj
~ 49. Heat transfer due to density differential: D. Q - P dV = Hz - H 1

A. convection ')6. Is one whose pressure Is higher than the saturation pressure corresponding to its
B. nuclear temperature:
C. conduction A. saturated liquid
D. radiation B. compressed liquid
C. saturated liquid
50. When a system deviates infinitisimally from equilibrium at every instant of its state, It
D. compressed gas
is undergoing:
A. isobaric process "7. The locus of elevations to which water will rise in the piezometer tube is termed:
B. quasi-static process A. energy gradient
C. isometric process B. friction head
D. cyclic process C. hydraulic g~adient

51. The ratio of the average load to the peak load over a designated period of time Is
D. critical path

called:
A. load factor
 Elements and Terms- MODULE 2 ET - 25
ET - 24 Elements and Terms- MODULE 2

D. compound turbine
58. The total energy in a compressible or incompressible fluid flowing across any section
in a pipeline is a function of:
65. The design of an air supply duct of an air conditioning system:
A. pressure and velocity
A. adds moisture to the air
B. pressure, density and velocity
B. lowers the temperature of the air
C. pressure, density, velocity and viscosity
C. does not affect the distribution of air
D. flow energy, kinetic energy, height above datum and internal energy
D. affects the distribution of air'
59. The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some standard substance is
called:
66. The changing of solid directly to vapor, without passing through the liquid state is
called:
A. relative density
A. evaporization
B. specific gravity
B. vaporization
C.

r
specific density
C. sublimation
D. relative gravity
D. condensation
60. At any instant, the number of particles passing every cross-section of the stream is
67.
I
II" the same, the flow Is said to be:
A. steady flow
The volume of a fluid passing a cross section of a stream In unit time is called:
A. steady flow

B. uniform flow
B. uniform flow

C. continuous flow
C. discharge

D. turbulent flow
D. continuous flow

61. The hvtiraullc formula CA..J 2gH is used to find: h8. Weight per unit volume is termed as:

A. quantity of discharge through an orifice A. specific gravity

B. velocity of flow in a closed conduit
B. density
C. length of pipe in a closed network
C. weight density
D. friction factor of a pipe
D. specific gravity

62. The sum of the energies of all molecules in a system, energies appear in sever, h9. S. I. unit offorce:

'" complex forms, is the:

A.
A.
B.
pounds

•• B.
kinetic energy
potential energy C.
Newton
kilograms
C. internal energy D. dyne
D. frictional energy
"0. When a substance in gaseous state is below the critical temperature, It is called:
63. The temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the pressure exerted on the A. vapor
liquid: B. cloud
A. absolute humidity C. moisture
B. calorimeter D. steam
C. boiling point
D. thermal energy . I . Is the condition of pressure and temperature at which a liquid and its vapor ant
indistinguishable:
64. Type of turbine that has high pressure and low pressure is called: A. critical point
A. compound engine B. dew point
B. gas turbine C. absolute humidity

C. impulse turbine I). relative humidity

 ET -26 Elements and Terms- MODULE 2 Elements and Terms- MODULE 2 ET -27

72. If the temperature ill held constant and the pressure is increased beyond the C. height above a chosen datum, density, internal energy, pressure and
saturation pressure, we have a: velocity of flow
A. saturated vapor D. pressure, height above a chosen datum, velocity of flow, density of fluid
B. compressed liquid
-: 9. A type of water tu rbine:
C. saturated liquid
D. subcooled liquid
A. Parson
B. Hero
73. Francis turbine has what flow: C. Pelton
A. inward flow reaction D. Banki
B. outward flow impulse
\(). If the pressure of the confined gas is constant, the volume is directly proportional to
C. outward flow reaction
the absolute temperature:
~I~I D. inward flow impulse
A. Boyle
B. Joule
74. The latent heat of vaporization in joules per kg is equal to:
C. Charles
Ill"!
A. 5.40 x 10
2

D. Kelvin
B. 4.13x10 3
C. 22.6 X 10 5 ,~ I. A theoretical body which when heated to incandescence would emit a continuous
D. 3.35x10 5 light-ray spectrum:
A. black body radiation
75. Form of energy associated with the kinetic energy of the random motion of large
B. black body
number of molecles:
C. blue body
A. internal energy
D. white body
B. kinetic energy
C. heat of fusion -:2. Ignition of the air fuel mixture in the intake of the exhaust manifold:
D. heat
A. backlash

76. In a poT diagram of a pure substance, the curve separating the solid phase from the

B. backfire

"I liquid phase is:

A. vaporization curve
C.
D.
exhaust pressure
back pressure
B. fusion curve
'\ .~. When a substance in gaseous state is below its critical temperature it is called:
C. boiling point
A. steam
D. sublimation point
B. cloud
77. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of the number of electrons in the ,C. moisture

orbit of an atom:
D. vapor
A. atomic volume
B. atomic number ~.+. Number of molecules in a mole of any substance is a constant called:
C. atomic weight A. Rankine cycle
D. atomic mass B. Avogadro's number
C. Otto cycle
78. The energy of a fluid flowing at any section in a pipeline is a function of: D. Thompson constant
A. velocity of flow only
B. pressure only >.; '). Is one whose temperature is below the saturation temperature corresponding to its
pressure:
;\. compression
 ET -28 Elements and Terms- MODULE 2
Elements and Terms- MODULE 2 ET -29
B. condensation C. CCIF3
C. constant volume process D. CHCI,F
D. subcooled liquid
93. Which is not a viscosity rating:
86. Pump used to increase air pressure above normal, air is then used as a motive power: A. Redwood
A. air cooled engine

B. entropy degrees API

B, air compressor
C. SSU
C. air condenser D. Centipoise

·,
D. air injection
94. The chemical formula for butane:
87. The locus of elevations: A. C,HsCI
A. critical point B. C3H 8
B. hydraulic gradient C. C,H.O,
C. energy gradient D. C.H,o
Ill"! D. friction gradient
95. When droplets of water are carried by steam in the boiler:
88. In sensible cooling process, the moisture content: A. priming
A. does not change B. foaming
B. decreases C. carryover
C. indeterminate D. embrittlement
D. Increases
96. Mechanical energy of pressure transformed into energy of heat:
89. Cp =Cv + R applies to:
,.,_I A.
B.
all pure substances
A. kinetic energy
B. enthalpy

.
enthalpy C. heat exchanger
C. two phase states
D. heat of compression
D. ideal gases
97. The chemical formula for methylene chloride:

• 90. What air pressure is needed for air starting a Diesel engine, about:
A. 350 psi
A.
B.
CHCI,F
CH 2CI2
B. 250 psi C. CCIF3
C. 450 psi D. CH3CI
D. 150 psi
98. The theory of changing heat into mechanical work:
91. In the hydro-electric plant having a medium head and using a Francis turbine, the A. horsepower
turbine speed may be regulated thru:
B. inertia
A. deflector gate
C. kinematics
B. nozzle
C. wicket gate
D. thermodynamics

D. forebay
()9. In the flow process, neglecting KE and PE changes, Jv dP represents:
92. The chemical formula for methyl chloride:
A. flow energy
B. heat transfer
A. C,HsCI
C. enthalpy change
B. CH,CI
D. shaft work
 ET - 30 Elements and Terms- MODULE 3 Elements and Terms- MODULE 3 ET - 31

100. Average pressure on a surface when a changing pressure condition exist: D. Cheap and easily available.
A. back pressure
B. partial pressure
7. Which of the following is not a dimensionless parameter?

C. pressure drop
A. pressure coefficient

D. mean effective pressure

B. Weber number
C. Darcy weisbach friction factor
D. kinetic viscosity

MODULE 3 8. The normal stress is the same in all directions at a point in fluid:
A. Is independent of the motion of one fluid layer relative to an adjacent layer
1. The velocity of a fluid particle at the centre of the pipe section is:
B. When there is no motion of one fluid layer relative to an adjacent layer.
A. Maximum
C. Only if the fluid is frictionless.
B. Minimum
I
D. Only is fluid is frictionless and incompressible.
C. Average
li D. Logarithmic average 9. The upper critical Reynold's number for pipr flow is:
A. Of no practical importance to designers
2. Which is incorrect statement Apparent shear forces?
B. Always used to design pipes for strength
A. can never be found if frictionless fluid regardless of its motion
C. The number at which turbulent flow changes over to laminar flow
B. can never be found when the fluid is at rest
D. The number at which laminar flow changes into turbulent flow
C. depend upon cohesive forces
D. may occur owing to cohesion when the fluid is at rest. 10. A 2
liquid compressed in a cylinder has volume of 1 litre at 1 MN/m and a volume of
995 cu. m at MN/m'. The bulk modulus of elasticity is:
3. Density in terms of viscosity is: A. 200 MPa
A. Kinematic viscosity/ Dynamic viscosity B. 1100 MPa
B.

..
Dynamic viscosity/Kinematic viscosity C. 15 MPa
C. Kinematic viscosity x dynamic viscosity D. 110 MPa
D. None of the above .
I 1. The length of mercury column at a place at an altitude will change with respect to that
4. The Reynolds number for pipe flow is given as follows: at ground in a
A. 2VD/v A. linear relation

B. VD>t /8 B. parabolic relation

C. VDp/1! C. will remain constant

D. VD
5/>t D. first slowly and then steeply

5. 51 unit of viscosity is: 12. The volumetric change of a fluid caused by a resitance is called:
A. 10 times poise A. volumetric strain
B. 9.81 times poise B. volumetric index
C. 1/9.81 times poise C. compressibility
D. 1/10 times poise D. adhesion

6. Alcohol finds use in manometers as: 13. Mass density of liquid (p) is given by which of the following:
A. It provides a suitable meniscus for the inclined tube A. r = MasslVolume
B. Its density being less can provide longer length for a pressure difference, thus B. p = Metric slug/m
2

more accuracy can be obtained. C. p = kg secvm"

( '. A and B above are correct
 Elements and Terms- MODULE 3 ET - 33
ET - 32 Elements and Terms- MODULE 3

Uniform flow takes place when:

D. all of the above
A. Conditions remain unchanged with time at any point

14. Property of a fluid whereby its own molecules are attracted is known as: B. Rate of change of velocity opf fluid is zero

A. adhesion C. At every point the velocity vector is identical in magnitude and direction for
any given instant
B. cohesion
D. The change in transverse direction IS zero
C. viscosity
D. compressibility '. The equation of continuity of fluids is applicable only if:
A. The flow is steady
15. Mercury does not wet glass because of the property known as:
B. The flow is one dimensional
A. adhesion
C. The velocity is uniform over the cros s-ser.trons
B. cohesion
D.
·'1 C.
D.
surface tension
viscosity
all of the above

, i. The continuity equation for an ideal fluid flow

A. States that the net rate of in-flow uito any small volume must be zero
3
Ull il 16. Under which condition is the specific weight of water is 1000 kg/m ?
B. Applies to irrotational flow only
A. at normal pressure 760 mm
C. States that the energy remains constant along stream line
B. at 4°C temperature
D. States that energy is constant everywhere in the fluid
C. At mean sea level
D. all of the above )-+. Neglecting the forces due to
inertia, gravity and frictional resistance, the design of a
channel can be made by comparing:
17. The pressure at a point in a fluid will not be same in all the directions if the fluid is: A. Weber number
A. In motion B. Reynolds number
B. viscous C. Froude's number
.... C. viscous and static D. Plandtl number

...
"'11

18. Which
D. viscous and is in motion

of the following can be used to measure the flow of water in a pipe of diameter
3000 mm?
A. venturimeter
.':;. The ratio TJ =

A.
t
du / d for turbulent flow is:

One of the physical properties of the fluid

B. rotameter
B. Dependent upon the flow and density
C. nozzle C. The viscosity divided by the density
D. pitot tube D. A function of temperature and pressure of fluid.

19. An ideal fluid is one that: 2h. For smooth turbulent flow the friction factor changes as:
A. Is very viscous
A. NR
B. Obeys Newton's law of viscosity
B. "I~
C. Is assumed in problems in conduitJlow
C. N R3/ 2
D. frictionless and incompressible
D. NR" 4
20. The equation of continuity of flow is applicable if: .27, In order to avoid vaporization in the pipeline, the pipeline over the ridge is laid in such
A. The flow is one dimensional a way that it is not more than:
B. The flow is steady A. 2.4 m above the hydraulic gradient
C. The flow 'is compressive B. 6.4 m above the hydraulic gradient

D. All of the above conditions together. C 100 m above the hydraulic gradient

 ET - 34 Elements and Terms- MODULE 3 Elements and Terms- MODULE 3 ET·35

D. 5.0 m above the hydraulic gradient B. The average between the higher velocity and average velocity.
C. Average velocity
28. The continuity equation is applicable to: D. Vector difference of two velocities.
A. viscous unviscous fluids
B. compressibility of fluids 36. Which is higher head?
C. conservation of mass A. 33 inch Hg
D. steady unsteady flow B.31.0ftwater
29. The rise or fall of head "h" in a capillary tube of diameter "d" and liquid surface C. 1.013 kg kern"

tension "a" and specific weight "w" is given by:

D. 75.0 cm of Hg
A. 4a/wd
B. 4dCJ/w 37. The ratio of the specific speed for a centrifugal pump based on unit discharge to that
= = =
~"I
on unit power is (H Head, P HP, Q discharge) given by:
C. 4wd/CJ
p
D. 4wa/d
30. McLeod gauge used for low pressure measurement operates on the principle of:
A. JHQ
~,.II A. Gas law
B.fP
B. Boyle's law
~HQ
C. Charle's law
D. Pascal's law C. ~HpQ
31. A Kaplan turbine is:
A.
B.
A high head mixed flow turbine
A impulse turbine, inward flow
D. J*
C. A reaction turbine, outward flow
D. 38. A ship whose hull length is 100 m is to travel at 10 m/sec. For dynamic similarity, at
.... Low head axial flow turbine
what velocity a 1: 25 model be towed through water?
A.
_II 32. Select one turbine that is different from the others: 10 m/sec

... B. 25 m/sec

..
A. Francis turbine
B. Kaplan turbine C. 2 m/sec
C. Propeller turbine D. 50 m/sec
D. Pelton Wheel
39. For stable equilibrium of floating body its metacentre should lie
33. Running away speed of a Pelton wheel gives A. below the centre gravity
A. Actual operating speed B. below the centre of bouyancy
B. No load speed C. above the centre of bouyancy
C. Full load speed D. above the centre of gravity
D. No load speed when the governor mechanism fails.
'+0. Centre of pressure on an inclined plane lies
34. Select the turbine that is different from others: A. At the centroid
A. Pelton Wheel B. above the centroid
B. Banki turbine C. Below the centroid
C. Jonval turbine D. At meta centre
D. Kaplan turbine
.f 1. The line of action of the bouyant force always acts through the centroid of the:
35. Which of the following is relative velocity? A. Submerged body
A. The difference between two velocities. B. Volume of the floating body
 Elements and Terms- MODULE 3 ET·37
ET - 36 Elements and Terms- MODULE 3

D. Gravity, viscous and turbulent

C. Volume of the fluid vertically above the body
D. Displaced volume of the fluid 49. Rocks having excessive internal stresses may produces spalling, are called that:
A. Stratified rocks
42. An equipotential line is one that:
B. Popping rocks
A. Has no velocity component tangent to it.
C. Crushed rocks
B. Has uniformly varying dynamic pressure
D. Swelling rocks
C. Has no velocity component normal to it
D. Exists in case of rotational flow 50. Permissible velocity of water flowing through concrete tunnal, is generally:
A. 4-5 mls
43. Hydraulic jump is used to
B. 10-12 mls
A. Increasing the flow rate
" B. Reducing the flow rate
C. 13-16 mls
D. 20 mls
C. Reducing the velocity flow
D. Reducing the energy flow 51. The maximum continuous power available from a hydro-electric plant under the most
1
adverse hydraulic conditions, is called:
1
""
44. The lowest portion to storage basin from where the water is not drawn, is: A. Base power
A. Bottom storage B. Firm power
B. sub soil storage C. Primary power
C. Spring reserve D. Secondary power
D. Dead storage
52. The ratio of maximum load to the rated plant capacity is called:
4S. The pitot tube is a device used for measurement of A. Load factor
A. Pressure B. Utilization factor
B. Flow C. Maximum load factor
lit'
"II
C. Velocity D. Capacity factor
D. Discharge

..
.... 46. Hygrometer is used to find out
A.
B.
C.
Specific gravity of liquids
Specific gravity of solids
Specific gravity of gases
'\3. Orifice refers to an opening
A.
B.
C.
D.
With closed perimeter and of regular form through which water flows
With prolonged sides having length of 2 to 3 diameters of opening in thick wall
With partially full flow
In hydraulic structure with regulation provision.
D. Relative humidity
.'::;4. Thevalue of coefficient of discharge in comparison to coefficient of velocity Is found
47. Mach number is significant in case of to be:
A. Supersonics, as with projectiles and jet propulsion A. More
B. Full immersion or completely enclosed flow, such as with pipes, aircraft wing., B. Less
nozzles, etc. C. Same
C. Simultaneous motion through two fluids where there is a surface of discontinuity. D. More/Less depending on flow
gravity forces, and wave making effects, as with ship's hulls.
D. All of the above .::; '). Weir refers to an opening:
A. Having closed perimeter and of regular from through which water flows
48. The fluid forces taken into consideration in the Navier Stokes equation are:
B. Having prolonged sides having length of 2 to 3 diameters of opening in thick wall
A. Gravity, pressure and viscous •
C. Having partially full flow

B. Gravity, pressure and turbulent

[). In hydraulic structure with regulation provision.

( '. Prp5SlIre. viscous and turbulent

 ET·38 Elements and Terms- MODULE 3 Elements and Terms- MODULE 3 ET - 39

56. The pressure force, in Newtons, on the 15 cm dia head light of an automobile A. Constant volume process
travelling at 25 mls will be:
B. Constant pressure process
A. 104
C. Constant temperature process
B. 6.8
D. Isothermal process
C. 5.6
D. 4.8 63. The thermodynamic cycle used in a thermal power plant is:
A. Ericson
57. What will be the pressure, kPa, at height of 200 m in an isothermal atmosphere?
B. Brayton
Assuming T =
20°C. Assume Patm 100 kPa. =
A. 87
C. Carnot

., B.
C.
D.
82
79
71
64.
D. Rankine
For the same heat input and same compression ratio:
A. Both Otto cycle and Diesel cycle are equally efficient
B. Otto cycle is less efficient is compared to diesel cycle
ut ll 58. What pressure differential, in pascals, exists at the bottom of a 3 m vertical wall when C. Efficiency depends mainly on working substance
the temperature inside is 20°C and outside it is ·20°C. Assume equal pressure at the" D. None of the above is correct.
~. .

A. 15
65. The change in enthalpy for small temperature change dT for an ideal gas is given by
B. 12 the relation:
C. 9 A. dH = CpdT
D. 6 B. 6H = CV6T
C. ,-'lH = Cp/!\ T
59. Select the parameters that determine the friction factor of turbulent flow in a rough '. D. ~H = Cp/Cv ~T

.. ~
..II
pipe are:
A.
B.
Froude number and relative roughness
Froude number and Mach number
66. The 5.1. unit of pressure is:
A. kg/cm 2
I.

... C. Reynolds number and relative roughness B. mm of water column

.. 60.
D. Mach number and relative roughness

Power transmitted through a pipe is maximum when the loss of head due to friction ;'
is:
A. One-third of the total head supplied
67.
C. Pascal

1). Dynes per square cm

Superheated vapour behaves

lll
A. Just as gas il '
B. one-half of the total head supplied :Iid
B. Just as steam ii,
,I
C. one-fourth of the total head supplied
C. Just as ordinary vapour
D. Equal to the total head supplied.
D. Approximately as a gas

61. Which of the following give the optimum intermediate pressure in case of two stage 'f;
68. A Sterling cycle has:
compression?
A. P4::= (P, + P3)/2 A. Two isothermal and two adiabatic processes
B. P2 P, + (P, + P2)/2 B. Two adiabatic and two isentropic processes

C. Pz JP 1P3 1 C.
D.
Two adlabattc and two constant pressure processes
Two isothermal and two constant volume processes

62.
D. P2 J
P + -VPI
2

In the polytropic process we have PV"

+ P3
2

= constant, if the value of n is infinitely large,

,f1 69. Brayton cycle has:
A. Two isentroptcs and two constant volume processes
the process is called: ... 8. Two isentropics and two constant pressure processes
,....-­
ET -40 Elements and Terms- MODULE 3 Elements and Terms- MODULE 3 ET - 41

C. One constant pressure, one constant volume, two adiabatic processes D. The temperature at which paraffin and waxes in oil start precipitating.
D. Two isothermals, constant volume and a constant pressure process
77. If the value of n is definitely large in a polytropic PV
n
= C, then the process is called
constant:
70. Otto cycle consists of:
A. Volume process
A. Two isentropics and two constant volumes processes
B. Pressure process
B. Two isentropics and two constant pressure processes
C. Temperature process
C. Two adiabatic and two isothermal
D. Enthalpy process
D. Two isothermal and two constant volume processes
78. A heat exchange process where in the product of pressure and volume remains
71. Diesel cycle consists of: constant called:
A. Isentropic, isothermal, constant volume, constant pressure process A. Heat exchange process
B. Two constant volume, one constant pressure, one isothermal process B. Isentropic process
C. Two isentropic, one constant volume, one constant pressure process C. Throttling process
D. Two constant pressure, one constant volume, one isentropic process D. Hyperbolic Process

72. Ericson cycle has: 79. Which of the following provides the basis for measuring thermodynamic property of
A. Two isothermals and two constant pressures processes temperature?
B. Two isothermals and two constant volumes processes A. Zeroth law of thermodynamics
C. Two isothermals and two isentropics processes B. First law of thermodynammics
D. Two adiabatic, constant volume and constant pressure processes C. Second law of thermodynamics

.'u D. Third law of thermodynamics

73. Brayton cycle cannot be used in reciprocating engines even for same adlabatlc
compression ratio and work output because ~O. 1 watt is:
"Ill
A. Otto cycle is highly efficient A. 1 Nm/s
Ilf" B. Brayton cycle is less efficient B. 1 Nm/mt
..,,11
_I C.
D.
Brayton cycle is for low speed engines only
Large volume of low pressure air cannot be efficiently handled In'
C.
D.
1 Nm/hr
1 kNm/hr

.'
reciprocating engines.
~ 1. For a six compression of air set, the minimum work conditions are:
74. Which cycle is generally used for gas turbine? A. Pressure rise per stage will be equal
A. Otto cycle B. Work done in successive stages will be in geometrical progression
B. Dual cycle C. Cylinder volumes will be the same
C. Rankine cycle D. Temperature rise in the cylinders will be the same.
D. Brayton cycle
>.;2. In case of steam engine the cut off ratio is the ratio of:

75. Antifreeze chemicals are: A. Pressure at cut off to supply pressure

A. Same as refrigerants B. Pressure at cut off to exhaust pressure

B. Those that are added to refrigerants for better performance C. Pressure at cut off to mean effective pressure
C. Those that lower down the freeezing points of liquid D. Fraction of piston stroke which the piston has travelled when cut off occurs.

D. Those that do not freeze at all.

".\. The reason for insulating the pipes are:

76. Clog point of an oil refer to: A. They may not break under pressure
A. The point of maximum contamination of oil B. There is minimum corrosion
B. The level of impurities beyond which oil ceases to flow C. Capacity to withstand pressure is increased

C. The temperature at which oil solidifies [). Heat loss from the surface is minimized.

 Elements and Terms- MODULE 3 ET - 43

ET - 42 Elements and Terms- MODULE 3

84. The rate of radient energy, that is emitted by a surtace at any temperature and in ',I 1. An ideal engine absorbs heat at a temperature of 127 DC
and exhausts heat at a
small wavelengths is found from the known rate of energy, that under the same
temperature of 77 Its efficiency will be:
DC.

conditions will be emitted from a black surtace, by multiplying with the absorptivity.
A. 13%
Above enunciation is called: B. 50%
A. Lambort's law C. 33%
B. Kirchhoff's law D. 77%
C. Plank's law
D. Stefan Boltzmann's law :')2. The triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which:
A. The solid and liquid phasc. ,H" rn equilibrium
85. Under ideal conditions, isothermal, isobaric, isochoric and adiabatic processes are:
B. The liquid and gaseous prl;'scs are In equilibrium
A. Dynamic processes C. The solid, liquid and trle qaseous phases are in equilibrium
B. Stable processes D. The solid does not melt. the liquid does not boil and the gas does not

'1 86.
C.
D.
Quasi-static processes
Static processes

Isentropic flow is:

condense.

A heat engine has the following specifications: Power developed - 50 kw, Fuel
burned per hour - 3 kg. Healmg value of fuel - 75,000 kJ per kg, Ternperature limits ­
627 and 27"C, This heat engil1c is:
A. Perfect gas flow
A. Reality
B. Irreversible adiabatic flow
B. Impossible
C. Ideal fluid flow
C. Costly
D. Reversible adiabatic flow
D. Cheaper

87. Exhaust gases from a engine possess:

i. A heat engine is supplied heat at the rate of 30,000 Jls gives an output of 9 kw. The
A. Solar energy thermal efficiency of engine is:
B. Kinetic energy A. 30%
...., C. Chemical energy B. 43'1'0
",'11 D. Stored energy C. 50°'/'J
D. 5~,%

..
1111

~
88. The extension and compression of
A. Isothermal cycle
B. Thermodynamic process
C. Adiabatic process
D. Reversible process
a helical spring is an example of:

The RMS velocity of hydr oqen gas at N.T.P. is approximately:

A.
B.
3838 rn/s
1839 mls
C. 4839 mls
D. 839 m/s
89. At critical point the latent enthalpy of vaporization is:
A. Only depends on temperature Select the cycle that consists of two isothermal and constant volume processes?
B. Zero A. Joule cycle
C. Minimum B. Diesel cyle
D. Maximum C, Otto cycle
D. Ericson cycle
90. Which of the following relations is not applicable in a free expansion process?
A. Heat supplied = zero "It is impossible to construct a heat engine that operates in a cycle and receives a
B. Heat rejected = zero qiven quantity of heat from a high temperature body and does equal amount of work."
Tile above statement is known as:
C. Work done = zero
/\. G,ly tussac law
D. Change in temperature = zero
I~ 1\11)(,1" lII"I'ly
ET - 44 Elements and Terms- MODULE 4 Elements and Terms- MODULE 4 ET·45

C. Kelvin-planck law
B. Bell-coleman cycle

D. Joule-thomson law
C. Rankine cycle
D. Brayton cycle
98. For steam nozzle, which of the following ratios will have the values less than unity?
A. Pressure at inleUPressure at outlet
5. A steam nozzle changes:

B. Specific volume at inlet/Specific volume outlet A. kinetic energy into heat enerqy

C. Temperature of steam at inleUTemperature of steam at outlet B. Heat energy into potential energy

D. None of the above.

C. Potential energy into heal energy
D. Heat energy into kinetic energy
99. In case of axial flow compressors for minimum fluid friction and blade tip clearance
losses, the blades of an axial flow compressor are designed for: ") Which is not correct for calculating air-standard efficiency?
A. 80% reaction A. All processes are revcrsible
B. 85% reaction B. Specific heat remains unchanged at all temperatures
C. 60% reaction C. No account of the mechanism of heat transfer is considered
D. 53% reaction D. Gases dissociate at higher temperatures.

100. Which if the engine is used for fighter bombers? According to Pettlier Thomson effect:
A. Turbo prop A. Heat can be convened into work
B. Turbo jet B. Work can't be converted into heat.
C. Ramjet C. all of the above
D. Pulsejet D. none of the above

Which cycle used in thermal power plant?

A. Brayton
MODULE 4 B. Reversed carnot
C. Rankine
1. In a diesel engine fuel is injected:
D. Carnot
A. At the beginning of compression stroke
B. Before the end of compression stroke Substance is flowing in a pipe of 200 mm inside diameter at an average velocity of 3
2
C. At the end of compression stroke m/sec. At a given section of the pipe line the pressure is 1.5 MN/m absolute. What is
the flow work of 0.5 cubic meter, expressed in joules passing this section.
D. After the end of compression stroke
A. 25000 J

2. A Bell-Coleman cycle is a reversed: B. 75000 J

A. Stirling cycle C. 100000 J

B. Brayton cycle
D. 1J

C. Joule cycle
An insulated 2 kg box falls from a balloon 3.5 km above the earth. The change in the
D. Carnot cycle internal energy of the box after it has hit the earth's surface will be approximately:
A. 70000 kJ
J. Ericson cycle consists of the following four processes:

B. 7 kJ
1\. Two isothermals and two constant volumes

C. 68.6 kJ
B. Two isothermals and two constant isentropics

D. 0 kJ
( '. Two isothermals and two constant pressures

1). !W<l ,1I11,11)'ltll:~; ano two constant pressures.

A control volume refers to:

4 The constant IHn'lll\lrn u;", turbino works on the principle of: A. A fixed region in space

/\. (~.I! fll 11 I 'yl I"

1\. A r"wrsible process

,
ET -46 Elements and Terms- MODULE 4 Elements and Terms- MODULE 4 ET:47

C. An isolated system D. Inward flow impulse reaction turbine

D. A specified mass.
19. Dryness factor 01 steam is:

12. Which of the following gas can be measured the lowest temperatures? A. Weight of dry steam/weight of stuff

A. Nitrogen B. Weight of moisture/weight of dry steam

B. Helium C. (Weight of stuff - weight of moisture )/weight of stuff

C. Oxygen D. all of the above

D. Hydrogen
20. Centrifugal blowers can supply:

13. In actual gases the molecular collisions are: A. Large volumes of air at low pressures

A. Plastic B. Small volumes of air at high pressures

B. Elastic C. Large volumes of air at high pressures

C. Inelastic D. Small volumes of air at low pressure

D. Inplastic
21. For gas turbines compressors generally used are of:

14. The Beattie-Bridgeman equation of state is quite accurate in cases of: A. Lobe type

A. All pressures above atmospheric pressure B. Centrifugal type

B. Densities less than about 0.8 times the critical density C. Axial flow type

C. Near critical temperature D. Reciprocating type

D. None of the above

22. Select the one that is a safety device on a compressor:

15. Which of the following statement about Van der Waals equation is correct? A. Relief valve

A. It is valid for all pressure and temperature B. Strainer

.. -­
.'Ilt
B.
C.
D.
It represents a straight line on pv versus v plot
It has three roots of identical value at the critical point
The equation is valid for diatomic gases only
C.
D.
Over speed shut down
Over pressure shut down

2
:2 3. In a four stage compressor system first and third stage pressure are 1 and 9 kg/em
-~ 16. A passout turbine mostly operates on low pressure in the range:
respectively. What will be the fourth stage delivery pressure?
A. 9 kg/cm'
. .w A. 10-20 kg/cm 2
B. 81 kg/cm'
B. 50-100 kg/cm 2
C. 27 I<g/cm
2

C. 100-150 kg/cm 2
D. 243 kg/cm'
D. 150-300 kg/cm 2
.24. Generally steam turbines in power station operate at:
17. Rankine cycle efficiency for fixed steam temperature of any volume up to critical
temperature will be maximum for steam pressure of: A. 3000 rpm

A. Critical pressure B. 1000 rpm

B. 200 kg/cm
2 C. 4000 rpm

C. 100 kg/cm
2 D. 500 rpm

D. 203.5 kg/cm
2
.~). A compound pressure gauge is used to measure:
18. A Lungstorm turbine is: A. complex pressures

A. Reaction turbine B. variable pressures

B. Impulse turbine C. compound pressures

C. Outward radial flow turbine D. positive and negative pressures

r

ET -48 Elements and Terms- MODULE 4 Elements and Terms- MODULE 4 ET - 49

26. In a condensing steam engine: B. multi cylinder engines

A. condensed steam is supplied C. vee engines
B. steam condenses inside cylinder D. vertical engines
C. steam condenses as soon as it leaves the cylinder
D. exhaust steam is condensed in condenser
34. Prony brake is used for testing of:
A. small engines
27. The performance of a reciprocating compressor can be expressed by: B. large engines
A. Isothermal worklindicated work C. engines having small flywheel
B. Adiabatic work/indicated work D. high speed engines
C. Isothermal work/adiabatic work
35. The mean effective pressure of a diesel cycle having fixed compression ratio will
D. adiabatic work/adiabatic input increase if cut off ratio is:

~l

A. Increased
28. Compression ratio in engine is:
B. Decreased
A. Discharge pressure/suction pressure
C. Independent of compression ratio
B. Stroke volume/clearance volume
C. Stroke volume/(stroke volume + clearance volume)
D. Depends on other factors

D.

(stroke volume + clearance volume)/stroke volume

36. During idling In a compression ignition the air fuel ratio may be of the order of:
A. 30
29. Stoichiometric ratio is:
A. Chemically correct air-fuel ratio by volume
B. 200

B. Chemically correct air-fuel ratio by weight

C. 150

C. Theoretical mixture of air for complete combustion

D. 100

D. Actual ratio of air to fuel for maximum efficiency

37. Vapor lock is:
A. Lock of vaporization of fuel to atmospheric pressure
30. Hot spots are:
B. Excess fuel supply to engine because of faster evaporation
A. Do not exists in engines
C. Complete or partial stoppage of fuel supply because of vaporisation of fuel
B. The hottest spots in engines in supply steam
C. The spots where heavier functions of fuel are vaporized
D. Locking carburetor jets because of vapor pressure.
• 11
D. Hottest point within the engine cylinder .
38. Flash point of a liquids is the temperature at which
31. Flash point for diesel fuel oil should be: A. The fuel emits vapors at a rate Which produces an inflammable mixture with
A. Minimum 49°C air
B. Maximum 49°C B. The fuel spontaneously ignites
C. Maximum 200°C C. The fuel ignites with clearly visible flash
D. Maximum 300°C D. The fuel ignites without a park.

32. A regenerator in a gas turbine \ l). Volumetric efficiency of a well designed engine may be in the range:
A. Reduces heat loss during exhaust A. 75 to 90 %
B. Allows use of higher compression ratio B. 60 to 75%
C. Improves thermal efficiency C. 30 to 50%
D. Allows use of fuels of inferior quality D. Below 30%

33. Morse test is conducted on: ~ (), Scavanging efficiency of a four-stroke diesel engine is:
A. single cylinder engines A. 80-90%
J
 Elements and Terms- MODULE 4 Et-· 51
ET - 50 Elements and Terms- MODULE 4

C. thermal energy of ocean water

B. 60-80% D. raw sea water
C. Below60%
D. 100·95% 48. load curve refers to the plot of
A. Load versus generating capacity
41. The thermal efficiency of a dual cycle engine with fixed compression ratio and fixed
quantity of heat and with increase in pressure ratio, will: B. Load versus current
C. load versus time
A. Increase
B. Remain same
D. Load versus cost of power

C. Decrease 49. In power station practice "spinning reserve" is:

D. Depends on other factors
A. reserve generating capacity that is in operation but not in service

42. loss of power is due to:

B. reserve generating capacity that is connected to bus and ready to take load

A. Poor compression
C. reserve generating capacity that is available for service but not in operation

B. Restricted exhaust
D. capacity of the part of plant that remains under maintenance

C. Clogging of air cleaner

50. On whi¢h factor bursting pressure of boiler does not depend?
D. low injection pressure
A. tensile strength of the shell

43. Detonation of pinging noise is due to:

B. thickness of the shell

A. early timing of fuel injection C. diameter of the shell

B. late timing of fuel injection D. shear strength of shell material

C. head of piston carbonized 51. On which does the working pressure of a boiler does not depend?
D. valve springs weak or broken A. tensile strength of shell
44. An orsat apparatus is used for:
B. thickness of shell
A. volumetric analysis of the flue gases C. factor of safety
B. gravimetric analysis of the flue gases D. type of fuel being fired
C. smoke density analysis of the flue gases
52. Sticking valves:
D. all of the above.
A. valve tappet clearance incorrect

45. Piston rings are made of:

B. valve springs of defective material

A. alloy steel
C. valve guides gummed

B. carbon steel
D. lubricating oil of poor quality

C. copper
<3. Total sulphur content in a diesel fuel oil must not exceed:
D. cast iron
A. 0.1%

46. Total on solid impurities in feed water for a boiler depend upon: B. 0.5%

A. boiler pressure
C. 0.2%

B. quantity ofsteam to be generated D. 0.15%

C. type of fuel available

'>4. In a four stroke engine if a valve opens 25°C before bottom dead center and closes
D. quantity of steam 10 0 after top dead center, the valve should be:
A. puppet valve
47. Tidal power is the power generated from:
B. exhaust valve
A. waves of the ocean
C. inlet valve
B. rise and fall of tides
 ET·52 Elements and Terms- MODULE 4
Elements and Terms- MODULE 4 ET - 53
---------
D. spring valve
..:. Rating of a domestic refrigerator is of the order of

55. In a vapor compression cycle the lowest temperature is found in:

A. 0.1 ton
A. receiver
B. 50 tons

B. condenser
C. 100 tons
D. 4 tons
C. expansion valve
D. evaporator
3. The COP of a domestic refrigerator is:

56. The moisture in the refrigeration system can be removed with the help of:
A. less than 1
A. Driers
B. more than 1
B. Evaporators
C. equal to 1

C. Dehumidifiers
D. depends upon the make of it

D. Coolers
; i. Horsepower per ton of refrigeration is expressed as:

57. Which of the following refrigerants has lowest freezing point temperature?
A. 4.75/COP
A. Freon 12
B. 475 x COP

B. Ammonia
C. COP/4.75

D.4.75xCOPx2

C. Freon 22
D. Freon 11
). The highest temperature in vapor compression cycle is produced during:

58. During compression in a vapor compression cyle when the refrigerant

A. condenser discharge
superheated. B. expansion valve
A. COP is reduced C. evaporator
B. COP remains unchanged D. compressor discharge
C. Work done is increased
D. Refrigerating effect is reduced 1\ Whicn type of compressor is used in refrigeration system?
A. Reciprocating
59. The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator is given by: B. Centrifugal
II
A. COP = Input/Output C. Rotary Sliding vane
B. COP = Work spent to cause refrigerating effect over Desired refrigerating effect D. all of the above
C. COP = Desired refrigerating effect over Work spent to cause refrigeratl",
effect . A thermometer in vapor compression system is installed in the main line close to the
compressor:
D. COP = Net refrigerating cycle over Ideal refrigerating effect
A. Because it helps the operator in adjusting compressor for greatest
efficiency
60. A Ball-Coleman cycle is:
A. reversed Otto cycle B. Because temperature indicates whether liquid or vapor refrigerant is gOing to
compressor
B. reversed Joule cycle
C. All of the above
C. reversed Rankine cycle
D. None of the above
D. reversed Carnot cycle

Which refrigerant has the highest critical point temperature?

(11. Critical temperature is that temperature above which:

A. Ammonia
.1\. A gas will never liquefy

B. Freon 11
H r, 'i,'" '/"1, IlIlrnedlately uquety

C. Freon 12
'! f '1', v, 11)( ir: II (~rl
( ','. > I! 1'1 I
D. Freon 22
I) \\,111'1,','1 111'\1'1 j'V;qHlI lit·
r
Elements and Terms- MODULE 4 ET - 55
ET·54 Elements and Terms- MODULE 4

69. A Carnot refrigerator extracts 100 kcal of heat per minute from a cold room which is
76. Select the one in which secondary refrigerant is used:
maintained at 15°C and it is discharged to atmosphere 30°C. The horsepower needed A. domestic refrigerator
to run the unit would be: B. room air conditioner
A. 1 to 15 C. deep freezer
B. 1.5to2 D. ice plant
C. 2 to 25
D. 55t06
77. The secondary refrigerant used in milk chilling plants is generally:
A. Brine
70. White ice is: B. ammonia solution
A. fast cooled water C. Glycol
B. sub cooled water D. Sodium silicate
C. due to dissolved air, gases and impurities
D. formed by blowing air during freezing 78. A refrigerant cycle is generally alan:
A. Open cycle
71. Clear ice: B. Closed cycle
A. Is pure ice C. Mixed cycle
B. Contains dissolved gases D. Hybrid cycle
C. Contains dissolved air
D. Is formed by blowing air during freezing. 19. Refrigerant No. R-717 is:
A. Ammonia'

.,111
72. Dry ice is: B. Freon 22
A. free from water C. Freon 12

"II~
B. free from dissolved air or gases D. Methyl chloride
C. does not contain impurities
••t D. solidified form of carbon dioxide KO. In which part of the vapor compression cycle there is abrupt change in pressure and

:J
temperature:
73. For a heat pump cycle that operates between the condenser temperature of 27°C and A. Solenoid valve
evaporator temperature of·23°C, the Carnot COP will be equal to: B. Evaporator
A. 0.5 C. Expansion valve
•• B. 1.5 D. Drier
C. 5
D. 6
K1. A plate or vane used to direct or control movement of fluid or air within the confined
area is called:

74. The leaks in a refrigeration system using freon can be detected by: A. Baffle
A. halide torch which on detection forms greenish flame lighting B. Bellows

B. sulphur sticks which on detection from white smoke C. Regulator

C. using certain reagents D. Diffuser

D. smelling
'\2. Brazing is used for joining two:
75. The lower horizontal line of the refrigeration cycle plotted on pressure-enthalpy A. Two ferrous metal
diagram represents: B. One ferrous and non-ferrous material
A. compression of the refrigerant vapor C. Two non-ferrous materials
B. evaporation of the refrigerant liquid D. Two non-metals
C. condensation of the refrigerant vapor
D. metering of the refrigerant liquid ~ \. Which refrigerant is used for the air-conditioning of passenger aircraft cabin?
 Elements and Terms- MODULE 4 ET - 57
ET -56 Elements and Terms- MODULE 4
----------~--=--=-~ ._------------­
B. To be used for humidification
A. Ammonia C. To be used for filteration of air
B. Freon 12 D. To be used for cooling the compressor.
C. Freon 11
D. Air 91. By which of the following processes heat mainly dissipates in cooling towers?
A. Conduction
84. Oil separator in a refrigeration cycle is installed between the: B. Convection
A. Compressor and condenser C. Radiation
B. Condenser and evaporator D. Evaporation
C. Metering device and evaporator
D. Evaporator and compressor 92. Which one is commonly used liquid absorbent?

~'I~

A. Silica gel
85. A flash chamber is installed in the refrigeration circuit so as to: B. Activated alumina
A. Improve overall heat transfer coefficient C. Ethylene glycol
B. Reduce pressure losses through the evaporator D. Anyone of the above.
.111
C. Reduce the size of evaporator by avoiding vapors going to evaporator
D. All of the above. 93. In sensible heating cooling, following parameter remains unchanged:

.'1ilI
86. In case during air conditioning of a space the sensible heat added as 100 kcal/sec and
the latent heat added is 50 kcal/sec, then the sensible heat factor is given by:

A.
B.
C.
0.255
0.333
0.500 94.
A.
B.
C.
D.
Dry bulb temperature
Wet bulb temperature
Relative humidity
Humidity ratio

Boiling temperature of Freon 12 is:

.'11a!
....
87.
D. 0.670 A.
B.
-33.33°C
-78.5°C

.,1'

The psychrometric chart in air conditioning detemines the:

C. -29.8°C
A. Wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures
D. -40°C
~
I. . . .
B. psychrometric temperature requirements

...
C.
D.
Saturation temperature and relative humidity
Moist air conditions
95. Boiling temperature of freon 22 is:
A.
B.
-33.33°C
-29.8°C
88. The color of the flame of hallide torch, in case of leakage of freon refrigerant, will
I',
change to:
C. -78.5°C

A. Yellow D. -40°C

B. Red
()6. The following gas is preferred in refrigeration system:
C. Green
A. Freon 11
D. Orange
B. Freon 22

89. The drift loss in cooling towers is about: C. CO 2

A. 1% only D. NH3

B. 12 to 15%
(n. In a hot wire anemometer the rate of heat loss fro~ sensing element is a function of:
C. 10 to 20%
A. mass rate of flow
D. 30 to 40%
B. pressure

90. Cooling towers are used for cooling water:

C. velocity of flow
;\. In be injected in circulatinq air

 Elements and Terms- MODULE 5 Elements and Terms- MODULE 5 ET - 59

ET·58 ----------------

D. all of the above

C. 28,800 Btu per 24 hrs
D. 280,000 Btu per 24 hrs
98. Curtis turbine is:
A. An impulse turbine S. Which of the following would cause a high suction pressure?

B. A pressure compounded turbine A. expansion valve not open wide enough

C. A velocity compounded turbine B. expansion valve open too wide

D. A velocity pressure compounded turbine. C. king valve not open wide enough
D. dirty dehydrator
99. Which one is a displacement compressors?
A. Reciprocating compressor 6. Which of the following would cause high head pressure?

B. Vane blower
A. dirty condenser

~,
C. Centrifugal blower
B. insufficient cooling water

D. Axial flow compressor

C. air in the condenser
D. all of the above
100. Choking is:
A. change of mass flow rate in proportion to pressure ratio 7. Which of the following would cause low head pressure?
B. Change of mass flow rate in inverse proportion to pressure ratio A. too much cooling water

1 C. Fixed mass flow rate irrespective of pressure ratio

D. all of the above.

MODULE 5
~.
B.
C.
D.
insufficient refrigeration gas
insufficient cooling water
AandB

The principle of the mechanical refrigeration is:

A. the absorption of temperature under heat, pressure, compression and expansion
B. the compression of a liquid under temperature and expansion
1. A refrigerating unit of one ton capacity can remove:
C. the absorption of heat under temperature, compression, pressure and
A. 500 Btu per min expansion
B. 288 Btu per min D. the conversion of a liquid to a gas
C. 200 Btu per min
D. 100 Btu per min 9. The function of the expansion valve is to:
A. change the high-pressure liquid to low-pressure liquid
2. Too much oil in the compressor would: B. regulate the amount of liquid refrigerant to the expansion coils
A. absorb too much refrigerant from the system C. change the gas refrigerant to a liquid
B. damage the expansion valve D. shut off the flow of refrigerant to the condenser
C. cause leakage through the shaft seals
D. deposit oil on the condenser tubes 10. The oil separator (trap) is located between the:
A. compressor discharge valve and the condenser
3. The refrigerant with the lowest boiling point is: B. condenser and the receiver
A. NH 3 C. receiver and the king valve
B. C02 D. receiver and the expansion valve
C. F-12
D. F-22 I I . The purpose of the oil trap is:
A. to remove oil from the charging tank
4. A ton of refrigeration is equal to the removal of: B. to add on to the compressor

A. 288,000 Btu per 24 hrs ( '. to remove oil from the refrigerating gas

B. 28,000 Btu per 24 hrs

 ------------------------
Elements and Terms- MODULE 5 ET·61
ET·60 Elements and Terms- MODULE 5

19. The thermal expansion valve:

D. none of the above
A. controls the amount of gas coming from the dehydrator

12. The'boiling point of ammonia at atmospheric pressure is: B. maintains a constant superheat of the gas leaving the evaporator coils

A. -28°e C. controls the amount of gas going to the receiver

B. +28°e D. removes trap oil from the refrigerant

C. +28 nF

20. Water in the refrigerant is liable to:

D. _28°F A. freeze on the expansion seat and cut the flow of liquid refrigerant

13. The boiling point of CO, at atmospheric pressure is: B. emulsify the oil in the compressor

A. +110"F
C. freeze in the king valve

B. _110°F
D. clog the oil trap

)
C. oe
+110
21. The purpose of the scale trap is to:
D. -110'e
A. control the amount of scale going to the compressor

14. The boiling point of Freon at atmospheric pressure is: B. remove insoluble gases from the refrigerant

A. _22°F C. remove dirt, scale and metal chips from the refrigerant
D.

dissolve scale and dirt in the system

B. +22°F
C. +22°e 22. A double-seated valve allows the valve to be:
D. -22°e A. packed only in the closed position

15. The dehydrator is located between the:

B. packed in wide open or closed position

A. receiver and the king valve

C. operated as a suction or discharge valve

B. receiver and the expansion valve

D. removed for replacement without shutting down

C. condenser and the king valve

23. Sensible heat:
D. condenser and receiver
A. can be measured with a thermometer

16. The purpose of the dehydrator is to:

B. cannot be measured with a thermometer

A. remove oil from the refrigerant

C. changes in the receiver tank

B. add more refrigerant to the system

D. increases with the cold

C. remove moisture from the refrigerant

24. The latent heat of fusion is the amount of heat required to convert:
1"1
D. remove moisture from the crankcase oil
A. two Ibs of ice at 32°F to one lb of ice at 32°F

17. Which of the following would you apply if a person got Freon in his eyes? B. one Ib of ice at 32°F to one Ib of water at 32°F
C. one lb of ice at 32°F to one Ib of steam at 32°F
A. soapy water
B. sterile mineral oil
D. two Ibs of ice at 32°F to one Ib water at 32°F

C. clean water 25. The latent heat of vaporization of water is:

D. sodium bicarbonate
A. 144 Btu

18. The thermal expansion valve is located between the: B. 940 Btu

A. receiver and the king valve C. 970 Btu

B. king valve and the solenoid valve D. 288 Btu

C. solenoid valve and the evaporator coils 26. The latent heat of vaporization is the amount of heat required to convert:
D. charging valve and the solenoid valve
 Elements and Terms- MODULE 5 ET -63
ET - 62 Elements and Terms- MODULE 5

A. one Ib of water at 212°F to one Ib of steam at 212°F

B. can be measured with a pyrometer

B. one Ib of water at 180 F to om, Ih of steam at 180

cF C. cannot be measured with a thermometer

C. two Ibs of water at 212l 10 one Ib of steam at 212'F

D. changes as the refrigerant cools

D. one Ib of ice CIt 32 f· to one Ib of steam at 212"F

34. Absolute zero is:
A. 970 0 below zero on the Fahrenheit scale
27. Too high suction pressure could be caused by:
B. 460 0 below zero on the Fahrenheit scale
A. expansron valve open too wide
C. 144 0 below zero on the Fahrenheit scale
B. leaky sucuon valves
C. expansioll valve bulb not working properly

D. the same as zero on the Centigrade scale

I). any of the above

35. When the evaporator coils are located in the Ice box, the system is known as a:

28. How is an ammonia system purged so that the operator will not be overcome by the " A. direct system

fumes? B. low-pressure system

A. into the atmospheric line C. indirect system
B. into a bucket of water D. high-pressure system
C. into a bucket of lube oil
36. The amount of CO 2 or Freon in a cylinder is measured by:
D. back Into the compressor
A. pressure
29. How is a C02 system purged? B. volume
A. when C02 comes out, frost will form on a piece of metal held near the outlet'" C. weight
B. through the king valve ' D. psi
C. the CO 2 will come out in liquid form
D. pumped out with a suction pump
37. An excessive high head pressure could be caused by:
A. solenoid valve shutoff
30. How is a freon system purged? B. insufficient cooling water to the condenser
A. the same as the ammonia system C. insufficient cooling water to the evaporator coils
B. the same as the C02 system D. too much cooling water to the condenser
C. back to the extra supply bottle
D. with a reefer pump
38. The solenoid valve Is controlled by:
A. the amount of liquid in the system

3 I. The solenoid valve is: B. the amount of gas in the system

"I A. a pressure-controlled stop valve C. the temperature in the condenser II

B. a freon-controled check valve D. the thermal switch operated by the Icebox temperature I

C. a temperature-controlled stop valve

D. none of the above
)9. The purged valve is located:
A. in the lowest part of the system IIII
B. Ii
32. The latent heat of fusion of ice is: in the highest part of the system
I
A. 144 Btu C. on the receiver discharge
B. 188 Btu D. on the evaporator coils Iii
')1

C. 940 Btu
I
,~o. The system should be purged:
I), ,,00 Btu

A. while the system is operating

33. Latont ho.lt
B. while starting up the system
:\ "III I'" 11I",ISllrp.d with a thermometer
C. after the system has been shut down for a few hours
 Elements and Terms- MODULE 5 E: I h~)
ET - 64 Elements and Terms- MODULE 5

~~. When there is a Freon leak, the halide torch will burn:
D. once a week
A. orange

41. The function of the compressor is to: B. blue

A. pull the refrigerant gas through the system C. white
B. increase the pressure of the refrigerant D. green
C. discharge the refrigerant to the condenser
+9. Which of the following could be used to check a leak in an ammonia system?
D. all of the above
A. litmus paper
42. The expansion valve is located between the: B. halide torch
A. receiver and evaporator C. sulphur stick
B. evaporator and compressor D. AandC
C. compressor and condenser
";0. Valves and piping in an ammonia system are made of:
D. condenser and receiver
A. iron
43. If frost forms on the cylinders, the cause would be: B. brass
A. expansion valve not open wide enough C. copper

B. charging valve left open D. bronze

C. expansion valve open too wide
) 1. In an ammonia system, the oil gage must be kept:
D. dehydrator not working properly
A. closed except when checking oil level
44. Which of the following would cause a high head pressure? B. open at all times

A. icebox door left open C. closed when machine is shut down

B. insufficient cooling water D. open when machine is shut down

C. too much cooling water )2. Freon is:

D. suction valve not open enough A. colorless

45. The high pressure side of the system is sometimes referred to as the: B. odorless
C. nonpoisonous
A. suction side
D. all of the above
B. cold side
C. hot side ) 3. Which of the following gasket materials should be used on a Freon system?
D. filling side A. metallic
". 46. A ton of refrigeration is equal to the cooling effect of:
B. asbestos

A. 2000 Ibs of ice melting in 24 hrs C. rubber

B. 2000 Ibs of ice melting in 12 hrs
C. 2000 lbs of water being converted to ice
D. 2240 Ibs of ice melting in 24 hrs
47. The scale trap (liquid strainer) is located between the:
A. compressor and oil separator
B. king(liquid) valve and expansion valve
C. expansion valve and evaporator coils
D. evaporator coils and compressor
D. AandB
";4. A double-pipe condenser has:
A. two piping system side by side, one with cooling water and one with refrigrarit
B. a small pipe inside a larger pipe, the cooling water passing through the
small pipe and the refrigerant through the large pipe
C. two pipes for cooling water and one for the refrigerant
D. none of the above
"; ";. Air can be prevented from getting into the system by:
 ET - 66 Elements and Terms- MODULE 5
Elements and Terms- MODULE 5 EI -lJl

A. keeping all glands and stuffing boxes on the high-pressure side tight
B. keeping the dehydrator clean at all times
62. Large leaks in a freon system cannot always be detected with a halide torch because
it changes color with the slightest amount of freon present. A large leak can be
C. keeping all glands and stuffing boxes on the low-pressure side tight detected easier by applying:
D. running the refngerantthrough the aerator A. sheets of litmus paper to all joints and watch for color change
B. a soapsuds solution, mixed with a little glycerin to hold the SOlution
56. The agent used in an indirect reefer system is: together, and watch for bubbles
A. sodium chloride C. a thin layer of mineral oil to all joints and watch for bubbles
B. potassium chloride D. a lighted candle at the joints and watching for leaky spots blowing candle flame
C. calcium chloride
D. A and C 63. When the evaporator coils are located in a brine solution and the brine is pumped
through the icebox, the system is known as:
A. a direct system
57. An ammonia leak will turn litmus paper:
B. an indirect system
A. blue
C. a low-pressure system
B. red
C. green
D. a double-evaporator system

D. yellow
64. Obstruction of the expansion valve is usually caused by:
A. congealed oil in the system
58. A sulphur stick burning in the presence of ammonia will give off a:
B. scale Ow
"A. dense yellow smoke
C. water in the system
B. dense white smoke
D. all of the above
C. dense red smoke
D. dense green smoke 65. Too low suction pressure could be caused by:
A. dirty scale traps
59. If the compressor were to run continuously without lowering the temperature, the'·1
trouble would probably be: B. shortage of refrigerant gas
A. insufficient refrigerant in the system C. too much oil in the system
B. leaks D. any of the above
C. leaky discharge valves
D. any of the above 66. If an electrically operated compressor failed to start, the cause might be:
A. an open switch
60. Ammonia leaks in the condenser can be detected by: B. a blown fuse
"4
A. smelling the discharge water C. burned-out holding coils in solenoid valve
B. applying litmus paper to the circulating water discharge D. any of the above
C. adding water to peppermint to the system and tracing the smell
D. applying a soapy mixture to the condenser heads and looking for bubbles 67. The oil separator is located between the:
A. evaporator and compressor
61. When purging an ammonia condenser into a bucket of water, one can tell when the air
is out and
B. compressor and condenser
ammonia starts to come through by the:
C. condenser and dehydrator
A. smell of ammonia being liberated from the water D. solenoid valve and the thermal expansion valve
B. color of the water turning green

C_ color of the water turning bluish

68. To help the person Who have been exposed to ammonia gas, one would:
D. change of the bubbling sound of air to the crackling sound of ammonia A. apply artificial respiration
B. wrap in warm blankets
C. apply cold compresses

f). douse with cold water

 Elements and Terms- MODULE 5 ET - 69

ET - 68 Elements and Terms- MODULE 5
D. none of the above
69. If the compressor short cycles on the low-pressure cutout, the trouble might be:

A. lack of refrigerant
76. The disadvantage of a CO 2 system over an ammonia system is the fact that:

B. dirty trap and strainers

A. the CO 2 system requires a larger prime mover

C. too much frost on coils

B. the CO 2 system operates at a much higher pressure

D. any of the above

C. the pipes and fittings of a CO, system must be of the high-pressure type
D. all of the above
70. Ammonia will corrode:
A. copper
77. One disadvantage of a CO 2 system is the fact that:

B. bronze
A. it is difficult to condense the refrigerant if the circulating water temperature
is too high
C. brass B. it is difficult to condense the refrigerant rf the circulating water temperature is too
D. all of the above low
C. due to high pressure it is difficult to keep oil from mixing with refrigerant
71. The dehydrating agent in the freon system is usually:
D. it takes more refrigerant to keep the iceboxes cold
A. slaked lime
B. sodium chloride 78. The crossover connection in an ammonia system can be used to:
C. activated alumina A. reduce the pressure on the discharge side of the condenser
D. calcium chloride B. hot-gas defrost

72. If any of the electrically controlled devices in a freon system malfunction, which of
C. pump air out of the system

It the following valves will also automatically shut off? . D. add refrigerant to the system

A. king valve
79. Another name for discharge pressure is:
B. expansion valve
A. suction pressure
C. solenoid valve
B. absolute pressure
D. condenser cooling-water inlet valve
C. head pressure
73. Many pressure gages on a freon system have two dials or graduations on one gage. D. condenser pressure
The two dials represent:
~(). Oil used in the refrigerating system is:
A. pressure and tetTlperature
B. liquid pressure and gas pressure A. lube oil SAE 20

C. suction and discharge pressure B. straight mineral oil

D. cooling-water inlet and outlet temperatures C. lube oil SAE1 0

,.~ D. vegetable oil
74. A leaky discharge valve can usually be detected by:
A. a fluctuating high-pressure gage I . The discharge pressure of the compressor should be:

B. a drop in icebox temperatures A. the pressure which Icorresponds to a temperature from 5° to 15°F below that of the
condenser discharge
C. a discharge pressure lower than normal
B. the pressure which corresponds to a temperature from 5° to 15°F higher
D. any of the above than the condenser discharge
C. the pressure which corresponds to a temperature equal to that of the condenser
75. The suction in a freon system should be: discharge
A. the pressure which corresponds with a temperature about 20°F below the D. none of the above
temperature of the lee box
B. the pressure which corresponds with a temperature equal to the temperature 01
A leaky suction valve can usually be detected by:
the icebox
C. the pressure which corresponds with a temperature about 20° above the
A. a fluctuating suction-pressure gage

temperature of the icebox

 ET·70 Elements and Terms- MODULE 5 .
Elements
--------- ---- and
- Terms- MODULi::: 5 ET·71
B. a higher suction pressure
C. Slugging due to flooding back of rdrlq,'r<J1I1
C. closing in on the suction valve havinq no effect on the suction pressure
D. any of the above
D. any of the above
90. Slugging is usually caused by:
83. The purpose of relief valves on refrigerating machines is to:
A. too much oil in the system
A. prevent overloading in the iceboxes
B. too much refrigerant in the systern
B. bypass the compressor when dehydrating
C. expansion valve not operating properly
C. prevent excessive pressure in case of stoppage on the discharge side of the
D. too much cooling water to condenser
system
D. AandB 91. Zinc rods are found in the:
A. evaporator coils
84. The relief valve on an ammonia machine is located:
A. on the discharge pipe from the condenser
B. salt-water side of condenser

B. on the discharge pipe from the compressor

C. compressor crankcase

C. in the compressor head

D. refrigerant side of condenser

D. A or B
92. A double-trunk piston is used to:

85. The relief valve on a CO2 machine is located: A. prevent gas from getting to crankcase

A. on the discharge pipe from the condenser

B. absorb some of the side trust

• B. next to the king valve C.

D.
prevent oil from mixing with the refrigerant
all of the above
C, on the discharge pipe between the compressor and the discharge valve
D. in the compressor head I} 3. The purpose of the receiver is to:
86. Excess frost on the evaporator coils: A. cool the refrigerant gas

A. keeps the icebox cooler

B. separate the oil from the refrigerant
C .. store the refrigerant
B. reduces the efficiency of the plant
C. takes the load off the compressor
D. condense the refrigerant

D. does not affect the system

\)4. When a pressure gage reads zero, the absolute pressure is:
A. 30 psi
87. Air circulation in the icebox is accomplished by the use of:
B. 14.7 psi
A. louver doors
C. 0 psi
B. hollow sidewalls
C. diffuser fans
D. 17.4 psi

D. air vents to deck

() ~. The heat used to change a solid to a liquid is called:

88. Before securing a compressor to do maintenance on it, be sure to:

A. latent heat of fusion

A. pump down system

B. sensible heat of fusion

B. have spare parts ready

C. latent heat of liquid

C. purge the system

D. specific heat of fusion

D. A and B
II) The heat used to change a gas to a vapor is called:

XI). Somo causes of a noisy compressor are:

A. latent heat of fusion

J\. worn IIp<Jrlngs. pins. etc. B. latent heat of vaporization

B. t{ln """.Il oil in crankcase

C. specific heat of vaporization
I). latent heat of the gas
 Elements and Terms- MODULE 6 Elements and Terms- MODULE 6 ET -73
ET -72

97. Sweating of the crankcase is caused by:

C. 2 tons

A. too much superneat

D. 4 tons

B. insufficient supertH:,ll
4. The purpose of the low-pressure cutout switch is to:
C. expansion v<Jlvl~ IliHl,1 up
A. maintain liquid refrigerant at the suction of the compressor
D. too much oil in the system
B. maintain a preset suction pressure to the compressor

98. If an automatic freon system will not start up, check the: C. cut out the compressor at a set pressure

A. high-pressure cutout D. cut compressor in and out at a preset pressure

B. low-pressure cutout
5. The most likely cause of high superheat would be:

( '. reset mechanism

A. too much refrigerant I.",

I). all of the above
B. expansion valve open too wide
99. The cooling-water side of the condenser should be opened for inspection every: C. expansion valve closed in too much

A. six months
D. back-pressure valve set too high

B. year 6. The purpose of the evaporator is to:

C. two years
A. absorb latent heat of vaporization
D. three months
B. absorb latent heat of fusion
iceboxes will have to be C. transfer latent heat of vaporization
100. If the thermal expansion valve becomes inoperative the

.1 controlled by the:
D. transfer latent heat of fusion
A. solenoid valve
B. manual expansion valve
7. Air is removed from the system by:

C. king valve
A. increasing the amount of cooling water

D. manual solenoid valve B. opening the purge valve

C. running the refrigerant through an aerator
D. running the refrigerant through a deaerator

MODULE 6 ~ The suction pressure switch Is operated by:

1. The low pressure cutout switch is operated by: A. electric current

A. a magnet B. thermocouple

B. a bellows C. pressure on bellows

if
C. D. a relay cutout

I
spring tension
D. water pressure
'I. A hot suction line might be caused by:

2. A good refrigerant should be: A. insufficient refrigerant

A. nonpoisonous B. insufficient lubrication

B. nonexplosive C. expansion valve closed too much

C. noninflammable D. too much refrigerant

I). all of the above

: r I. The device used for low-pressure control and high-pressure cutout on a compressor
is called a:
.' If a Illfriger<Jting system extracted 48,000 Btu per hour, the tonnage of the machine
would IJn:
A. cutout

!\ 1,,",.
B. pressure controller

H 1.'1,,"
( .. controller switch

 Elements and Terms- MODULE 6

Elements and Terms- e
..... ..
MOD~!....!:: ET - 75
ET -74 - - - - - - - - - - -

:, 18. When checking zinc plates in a condenser, one should:

D. cutout switch
A. paint the plates with red lead
11. Thermal expansion valves are usually of the: B. install all new plates
A. bellows type C. clean the plates and renew worn-out ones
B. magnetic type D. ground each plate to the shell
C. diaphragm type 19. If the compressor short cycles on high pressure cutout, which of the following would
D. A or C you check?
A. be sure system is getting cooling water
12. Liquid reaching the compressor through the suction line is called:
B. if plenty of cooling water IS running through but it is not picking up heat, the
A. flooding back condenser tubes need cleaninq
B. superheating C. check for too much refrigerant in the system
C. overflowing D. all of the above
D. recycling
20. In a refrigerating system the temperature is at its highest between the:
13. Pressure controllers are usually of the: A. condenser and receiver
A. diaphragm-type construction B. compressor and condenser
B. bellows-type construction C. receiver and evaporator
C. magnetic-type construction D. evaporator and compressor
D. pilot-valve type construction
'I 14. If the cooling water to the condenser should suddenly fail:
2] . A freon unit will tend to short-cycle when operating under:
A. heavy loads
A. the solenoid valve will close B. normal conditions
B. the expansion valve will close C. light loads
C. the compressor will shut down D. all of the above
D. an alarm will ring to notify the engineer
22. Short-cycling means that the machine:
15. If the solenoid valve closed by accident, the compressor would be stopped by the:
A. grounds out frequently
A. low-pressure cutout switch B. stops and starts frequently
B. high-pressure cutout switch C. runs too fast
C. low-water cutout switch D. runs too slow
D. automatic trip
t' 23. Freon is:
16. The solenoid valve controls the: A. noncorrosive
A. amount of refrigerant entering the evaporator coils B. flammable
B. amount of refrigerant going to the expansion valve C. nontoxic
C. amount of refrigerant going to the compressor D. AandC
D. pressure of the refrigerant going to the evaporator coils
)ef. A refrigerant should have a:
17. As Freon passes through the expansion valve: A. high latent heat
A. the volume decreases and the pressure increases B. high sensible heat
B. the volume increases and the pressure increases C. low latent heat

C. the pressure decreases and the volume increases r). low sensible heat

D. the volume decreases and the pressure decreases

'':; A mothod of reducing capacity without reducing compressor speed is called:
r

Elements and Terms- MODULE 6 ET -77

F=T - 76

C. bellows valve
A. low-pressure by passing
D. bimetallic valve
B. high-pressure by passing
C. hot-gas by passing 33. If the compressor had been running satisfactorily for a long period of time but the oil
D. short-cycling level was rising slowly, the thing to do would be to:
A. drain out sufficient oil to bring it down to the proper running level
26. The thermal expansion valve responds to the: B. shut down the compressor and check the oil level with the machine stopped
A. amount of superheat in the vapor leaving the coil
C. check the dehydrator cartridge
B. amount of superheat in the liquid D. check to see if there is too much refrigerant in the system
C. temperature in the evaporator coils
D. pressure in the evaporator coils 34. If the compressor had been running satisfactorily for a long period of time but
suddenly the compartment temperature started to rise, the trouble might be:
27. The bulb for \.'1e thermal expansion valve is located: A. the solenoid valve is jammed shut
A. in the middle of evaporator coils B. the expansion valve may have water frozen in it
B. near the evaporator coil outlet C. a refrigerant leak has developed
C. near the evaporator coil inlet D. any of the above
D. on the bottom row of evaporator coils
35. When charging a Freon system, all the valves should be in their normal position
except the:
28. A thermostat is a:
A. expansion valve
.. A. temperature-operated switch
B. pressure-operated switch B.
C.
purge valve
king valve(liquid)
C. super-heat operated switch
D. back-pressure-operated switch D. solenoid valve

29. The elements of a thermostat switch are usually of the: 36. Abnormal discharge temperatures would be caused by:

A. diaphragm type
A. leaky suction valves

B. bimetal type
B. leaky discharge valves

C. valve type
C. faulty piston rings

D. pilot-valve type
D. any of the above

..t
30. When heavy electrical currents are involved, the thermostat will be operated by a: 37. A device for holding open the suction valve and drawing gas from the suction
manifold and returning it to the suction llne without compressing it is called a:
A. small circuit breaker
A. discharge line bypass
tI
B. pressure pipe
B. cylinder unloader
C. fusetron
C. suction line bypass
D. relay
D. relief valve

31. If the compressor runs continually, the cause might be the:

1X. As heat is removed from a substance it gets colder. When) no more heat can :1>e
A. high-pressure cutout switch is jammed open removed and the temperature cannot be lowered any further, wIe have reached:
B. low-pressure switch is jammed shut A. perfect zero
C. thermal bulb is not operating properly B. double zero
D. scale trap is clogged C. absolute zero
D. cold zero
32. The solenoid valve can be typed as a:

;\. thermal valve

B. magnetic stop valve

r
ET -78 Elements and Terms- MODULE 6 Elements and Terms- MODULE 6- - - ET - 79
~----------- ~~--~--~------~-~-- ~-~-

39. 0
The boiling point of water in an open container at sea level is 212 F. If the pressure fh. If the compressor-discharge temperature is hig her than the receiver temperature:
on the open container is decreased. such as going up to the top of a mountain, the A. increase the amount of cooling water to the condenser
boiling point will be: B. decrease the amount of cooling water to the condenser
A. increased C. add more refrigerant to the system
B. decreased D. remove some of the refriger ant from the system
C. the same
D. none of the above +7. The dehydrator is used:
A. to remove moisture from trw system
40. Another name for the liquid valve is the: B. to remove air from the system
A. master valve C. when adding refrigerant to the system
R. king valve D. AandC
C. Freon valve +8. If the discharge side of the thermal expansion valve is warmer than the inlet side, the:
D. shutoff valve A. expansion valve is working normally

41. If the temperature in the icebox is too high, the trouble could be:
B. expansion valve is not working normally
C. solenoid valve is not working normally
A. a clogged scale trap
D. scale trap is dirty
B. air in the system
C. automatic controls not functioning properly
I(). The oil level in the compressor should be checked:
D. insufficient cooling water to the condenser
A. while the compressor IS in operation
•• 42. Oil is added to a Freon compressor by:
B. Just before starting the compressor
C. after a long period of operation
A. pouring through oil hole in base
D. SandC
B. pumping in with a hand pump
C. pumping in with an electric-driven pump .:; (). The relief valve is located on the:
D. shutting down the machine and pouring in through the crankcase inspection pia'
A. discharge side of condenser
opening
B. discharge side of compressor
43. If no gaskets are used in the piping joints of a Freon system, the joints must be: C. outlet of the evaporator coils

A. finished joints D. receiver tank

B. welded joints
, I . The expansion valve on a Freon system controls the:
C. ground joints
A. superheat of the gas leaving the compressor
n D. soldered joints
B. back pressure in the evaporator
44. When adding oil to a Freon system one must be sure that: C. temperature of the icebox
A. all air is removed from the pump and fittings D. superheat of the gas leaving the evaporator
B. there is too high a suction pressure
The scale trap is located between the:
C. the discharge pressure is too high
A. king valve and the expansion valve
D. the condenser is shut down
B. solenoid valve and expansion valve

45. If the head pressure is too high: C. evaporator and receiver

A. the relief valve should open before the high-pressure cutout D. compressor and evaporator
B. the relief valve should open and let excess refrlqerant go to receiver
C. the high-pressure cutout switch should operate before the relief valve open. If the high-pressure switch on the compressor opens and stops the compressor, a
possible cause could be:

I). close in on the suction valve

,,\, too IlllJ<:h r.oolinq water going through the condenser
 ET - 80 Elements and Terms- MODULE 6
Elements and Terms- MODULE 6 ET - 81
. ----."._-----­

B. not enough refrigerant in the system

D. any of the above
C. a leak in the evaporator coils
D. no enough cooling water going through the condenser 61. The charging valve is located between the:
A. king valve and the expansion valve
54. The capacity of a refrigerant unit can be regulated by:
B. receiver and the condenser
A. changing the speed of the compressor
C. compressor and the receiver
B. changing the amount of cooling water to the condenser
D. evaporator coils and the compressor
C. changing the amount of refrigerant in the system
D. any of the above 62. A high suction pressure and a cold crankcase indicate:
A. air in the system
55. Which of the following would not cause high suction pressure?
B. leaky suction valves
A. insufficient refrigeration
C. expansion valve open too wide
B. leaky suction valves
D. Bore
C. expansion valve stuck open
D. suction valve not adjusted properly 63. A high temperature in the icebox could not be caused by:
A. insufficient refrigeration
56. A device used to keep moisture from passing through the system is called a:
B. air in the system
A. humidifier
C. expansion valve open too wide
B. aerator
D. too much refrigerant in the system
C. dehydrator
D. trap 64. When securing a Freon system for repairs:
A. pump down to 1 or 2 Ibs pressure
57. If the compressor runs continuously, the cause might be a:
B. pump down to a slight vacuum
A. defective thermal bulb
C. pump down to 10 to 15 lbs pressure
B. clogged scale trap
D. remove all refrigerant from the system
C. stuck high-pressure switch
D. stuck low-pressure switch 65. The solenoid valve is located between the:
A. scale trap and the thermal expansion varve
58. Dairy products should be kept at a temperature of:
B. thermal expansion valve and the evaporator
A. 10° to 200
C. king valve and the scale trap
•• B. 20° to 300
D. automatic and manual expansion valves
C. 35° to 45°
D. 15 to 25° ()6. When starting a refrigeration system, always:
A. vent the condenser
59. The purpose of the expansion valve bypass is to: B. vent the evaporator
A. increase the efficiency of the plant C. bypass the condenser
B. increase the capacity of the evaporator D. none of the above
C. control the refrigerant to the evaporator in case the automatic valves fail
D. bypass the compressor () 7. Before securing a compressor to do maintenance work on it, be sure to:
A. have gas mask handy
60. Frost on the outside of the thermal expansion valve may be caused by: B. notify the captain
;\. .ur In the system C. make arrangements to have perishables taken care of
I ~. too much superheat D. A and C 1"1

( .. moisture in the system

 Elements and Terms- MODULE 6 ET - 83
ET·82 Elements and Terms- MODULE 6

A. one fusible plug

68. 212°F is equal to:
B. no fusible plugs
A. 106°C
C. two fusible plugs
B. 110°C D. none of the above
C. 100 oF
D. 100°C 76. The valve that prevents water from backing out of the boiler into the feedline is the:
A. bottom-blow valve
69. A good refrigerant should: B. skin valve
A. have a low boiling point C. feed-check valve
B. have a high latent heat D. feed-stop valve
('. be able to be liquified at normal sea-water temperatures
[). all of the above 77. The fuel oil heater is located:
A. on the discharge side of the service pump
70. 140°F is equivalent to: B. on the suction side of the service pump
A. 50°C C. on the discharge side of the transfer pump
B. 60°C D. between the settling tank and the service pump
C. 40°C
D. 55°C
78. Boilers "pulsations" are caused by:
A. too high fuel pressure
71. 70 c C is equivalent to: B. insufficient air

A. 150°F C. forcing the boiler beyond capacity

B. 160°F D. all of the above

C. 158°F
79. In the forced draft system:
D. 155 oF
A. each furnace has its own fan

72. Low suction pressure is caused oy:

B. one fan supplies air to all furnaces

A. air in the system

C. the fan is located in the uptake

B. leaky compressor suction valves D. none of the above

C. solenoid valve not functioning properly

SO. In the closed fireroom system:
D.
. 73.
expansion valve causing flooding back

The charging connection in a refrigerating system is located:

A.
B.
C.
each boiler has its own fan
each furnace has its own fan
the fan is located in the uptake
A. before the receiver
B. between the condenser and the receiver D. the fireroom is supplied with air from one fan

C. between the receiver and the king valve

>\ 1. The air cock on a boiler is located at the:
D. between the king valve and the solenoid valve
A. end of the superheater

74. If there is too much Freon in the system:

B. highest point of the steam and the water drum

J\. the compressor will short cycle C. superheater inlet

I ~. tile compressor will run continuously D. top of the return headers

( '. ItlP safety valve will discharge

:-: 2. Soot blowers should be used in proper sequence so that:
I) II will I'"X with the oil in the crankcase
A. excess stresses will not be set up in the boiler
B. the decks will not be covered with soot
7". Walill Illho hollnrs have:
r

ET - 84 Elements and Terms- MODULE 6 Elements and Terms- MODULE 6 ET - 85

---------
C. the soot will be swept toward the uptakes D. pocket knife
D. there will not be a loss of steam pressure
90. What is the amount of liquid in a tank if you get an ullage sounding of 11'4" and the
empty ullage sounding of the tank is 32'2"7
83. What is the first thing you would check on taking over a watch?
A. 20'8"
A. the bilges
B. 20'10"
B. the periscope
C. 21'8"
C. the water level
D. 21'10"
D. the oil pressure

84. The boiler with its fan (blower) located in the uptake is operating on:
91. The amount of steam generated by a boiler is dependent upon:
A. the size of the sprayer plate
A. induced draft
B. the oil pressure
B. forced draft
C. the air pressure
C. natural draft
D. none of the above
D. all of the above

85. A fireroom that is completely isolated (closed) operates:

92. When installing a new gage glass in a water gage you should secure the bolts from:
A. top of bottom
A. induced draft
B. bottom of top
B. forced draft

. C.
D.
natural draft
none of the above
C.
D.
center, alternately, toward each end
top of bottom or bottom of top

86. How many feedwater lines are connected to the boiler?

93. One of the main purposes of refractories in a boiler furnace is to:
A. help preheat the air for the furnaces
A. one
B. help preheat the feedwater
B. two
C. protect economizer from excessive heat
C. three
D. prevent excessive furnace heat losses
D. four

87. If the water in the gage glass has not been blown down for a period of time, the level 94. All fuel-oil tanks are vented through a:
of the water in the glass will be: A. check vent to the settling tanks
A. the same as that in the steam and the water drum B. gooseneck vent located on the main deck
B. less than that in the steam and water drum C. check valve to the transfer pump
·"1 C. more than that in the steam and water drum D. gooseneck vent which discharges to the settlers
D. none of the above
95. All fuel-oil service pump steam valves are fitted with:
88. On taking over a watch, the fireman should check: A. safety locks .
A. the water level in the boilers B. automatic controls
B. the bilges C. reach rods leading to a location outside the fireroom
C. the periscope D. reach rods leading to the engine room
D. all of the above
96. Which of the following fire extinguishers would not be found in the fireroom?
89. When you are cleaning fuel-oil burner tips, use a: A. foam type
A. steel scraper B. sand
B. wire brush C. CO 2
C. brass knife D. SO,
r Elements and Terms - MODULE 7 ET -87
CT·86
'.J
: MODULE 7
97. What is the average fuel-oil temperature range of the oil in the discharge line to the •,1,

1\
burners? 1. Entropy is the measure of:
A.180'· 200" A. the change in enthalpy of a system

B. 160°-180
B. randomness or disorder
C. the internal energy of a gas
C. 2DDo22Cl
D. the heat capacity of a substance
D. 150 <'()()

2. An engine cycle containing two adiabatic and two isothermal processes:

98. Which of the following is a common type of oil burner?
A. Carnot cycle
A. Retl1letlCrr B. Rankine cycle
B. rudd C. Otto cycle
C. B &W
D. none of the above
I) . all of the above

3. Is the attraction between like molecules:

99. The boiler gage glasses should be blown down: A. absorption

A. once a day
B. adhesion
C. diffusion
B. at the beginning of every watch D. cohesion
C. every 12 hours
D. every B hours 4. In the polytropic process PV
n
= constant, if the value of n is infinitely large, the
process is called:
100. Gage pressure of 200 Ibs is equivalent to what absolute pressure? A. constant volume process
B. constant pressure process
A. 215
C. constant temperature process
B. 200 D. adiabatic process
C. 185
D. 115 5. When a fluid flows full through a pipe of cross-section area A and with velocity v, the
flow or discharge is:

A. A 2/2v

B. Ay2

C. Av
2

II D. Av

6. The volume of a fluid passing a cross section of a stream in unit time is called:
A. steady flow
B. uniform flow
C. discharge
D. continuous flow

7. The weight of a body means the:

A. mass of a body
1

B. volume of a body
C. force of gravity on a body
D. molecular weight

S. Superhoated vapor behaves:

 --
Elements and Terms - MODULE 7 Elements and Terms - MODULE 7 EOj 1\' I
ET·88

A. draft
A. just as gas
B. chimney
B. just as steam
C. stack
C. just as ordinary vapor
D. breeching
D. approximately a gas

9. Measure of ability of a boiler or steam generator to transfer the heat given by the 16. Is the removal of the burnt gases from and admitting the fresh charge into the power
cylinder of an engine by the use of air:
furnace to the water and steam:
A. scavenging
A. furnace efficiency
B. supercharging
B. boiler efficiency
C. turbo-charging
C. grate efficiency
D. injecting
D. stoker efficiency

17. Peak load for a period of time divided by installed capacity:

10. One million of a meter:
A. demand factor
A. micron
B. utilization factor
B. omicron
C. load factor
C. dicron
D. capacity factor
D. tricron

11. A valve which constitute the ultimate line of defense against occurence of hazardous
18. It is the admittance of oil between two surfaces that are in contact and in relative
motion to one another:
steam pressure in the boiler:
A. injection
A. blow off valves
B. lubrication
B. safety valves
C. supercharging
C. globe valves
D. scavenging
D. gate valves
19. Property which measures fluid's resistance to flow:
12. Dust which are mainly fine ash particles:
A. volatility
A. fly-ash B. density
B. soot C. viscosity
C. cinder D. ignition quality
D. sawdust
13. Temperature at which ignition point of fuel vapors rising above the heated
oil will 20. An apparatus used to reduce the oxygen content of-the feedwater by heating and
'II subsequentation:
occur when exposed to an open flame:
A. economizer
A. flash point
B. superheater
B. pour point
C. evaporator
C. fine point
D. daerator
D. ignition point
.2 I . Is the minimum temperature at which the fuel will no longer pour freely:
14. Any chemical reaction accompanied by light and heat:
A. fail point
A. radiation
B. pour point
B. combustion
C. flash point
C. fission
D. fire point
D. fusion
.:2. A measure of ratio of inertia to viscous forces in fluids:
15. Difference in pressure measure above or below atmospheric pressure:
 Elements and Terms - MODULE 7 ET - 91
--
ET - 9U Elements and Terms - MODULE 7

A. condensing temperature
A. Moody's No.
B. precipitation temperature
B. Avogadro's No.
C. dewpoint
C. Atomic No
D. moisturizing temperature
D. Reynold's No.
30. The total energy of a compressible or incompressible flow across any section in a
23. One metric horsepower is equal to: pipeline is a function of:
A. 746 walts A. pressure, temperature, velocity
B. 1000 watts B. pressure, density, velocity
C. 735.5 watts C. flow energy, kinetic energy, height above datum
D. 784 watts D. specific gravity, viscosity, velocity

24. Presence of impurity droplets of water in the steam flow: 3 1. Heavy hydrogen, the isotope of hydrogen having an atomic mass of 2.
A. carryover A. deutron
B. foaming B. deuterium
C. blow-by C. anthorium
D. embrittlement D. thorium

25. An increase in pressure in a pipe caused by a sudden velocity decrease: 32. Cavitation is the result of:
A. cavitation A. static pressure in a fluid becoming less than fluid
B. water hammer B. pump under impact load
C. contraction C. improper welding technique
D. ball hammer
\'
D. exposure to concrete salt water
chemical
26. Atoms of the same elements which have the same atomic number and
13. Low temperature physics which is concerned with the phenomena that occurs at
properties but different atomic masses and molecular weights:
extremely low temperature: .
A. isobars A. cryogenics
B. isomers B. gyrogenics
C. isotones C. tryogenics
D. isotopes D. pyrogenics
to produce nuclei of lighter
27. The breakdown of heavy atomic nucleus
\4. Entrance losses between tank and pipe, or loss thru nozzle and valves are generally
yielding neutrons and gamma rays:
expressed as a function of:
A. fusion A. kinetic energy
B. fission B. pipe diameter
C. radioactivity C. volume flow rate
D. disintegration D. friction factor
rate of a radioactive substance to
28. The length of time it takes for the disintegration
\ ') Rods of cadmium or carbon steel used in a nuclear reactor to absorb neutron so as to
decrease bY half:
control fission:
A. middle life A. welding rods
B. second life B. control rods
C. half life C. nuclear rods
D. lifetime D. fission rods

29. Temperature of which air must be cooled in order to condense:

ET -92 Elements and Terms - MODULE 7
Elements and Terms - MODULE 7 ET ·93
36. Doubling the speed, N, of a centrifugal pump, all of the following are true except:
A. reactor
A. Head, H, is increased by a factor of 4
B. cladding
B. Volume flow rate, 0, is increased by a factor of 2
C. moderator
C. Head, power and volume flow rate are independent variable
D. coolant
D. Horsepower, P, is increased by a factor of 8
44. Taking place without change in volume:
37. Transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves:
A. isochoric
A. convection
B. isobaric
B. conduction
C. isothermal
C. radiation
D. isentropic
D. emession

45. Measure of combustibility of diesel fuel:

38. The hydraulic formula CA J2gh is used to find the: A. Diesel index
A. velocity of flow in a closed conduit B. Cetane number
B. length of pipe in a closed conduit C. Octane number
C. friction factor of a pipe D. Fuel index
D. quantity of discharge thru an orifice
~6. A negatively charged particle which is present in every atom:
39. The determination of moisture, volatile matter, fixed carbon and ash in coal: A. electrode
A. ultimate analysis B. proton
B. dialysis C. electron
C. Dulong's analysis D. ozone
D. proximate analysis
.~ 7. escaping
An opening lava or in
into the air:
a volcanic area thru which steam and other hot gases are
40. u + Pv is a quantity called:
A. flow velocity
A. fumarole

B. enthalpy
B. crater

C. internal engine
C. volcanic cracks

D. entropy
D. crevice

41. Measure of the knocking tendency of gasoline: P~. Radioactive gases resulting from disintegration of radioactive element:
A. Rating number
A. emanation
B. Octane number
B. amanation

C. Diesel index
C. onanation

D. fuel number
0, animation

42. A process with zero heat transfer: I(). The lowest temperature of a fuel at which vapor are evolve fast enough to support
continuous combustion:
A. isentropic
A. fire point
B. isothermal
B. flash point

C. polytropic C, gas point

D. quasi-static
D. vapor point

43. A substance such as graphite. paraffin, or heavy water is used in a nuclear reactor to
slow down neutrons: •(). Ratio of the amount of heat taken up by a substance to the temperature at which the
substance exists:
 ---:

ET~----------Eiements and Terms - MODULE 7

Elements and Terms - MODULE 7 ET -95
A. enthalpy
B. Diesel cycle
i
B. entropy
C. Rankine cycle I
C. internal energy
D. Brayton cycle
D. flow energy I
57. In an ideal refrigeration cycle, liqutd leaves the condenser and is expanded in such I
51. An adiabatic process is characterized by which of the following?
manner that the enthalpy of the liquid is equal to the enthalpy of the resulting
A. The entropy change is zero saturated mixture. This type of expansion is known as: I,
I

B. The heat transfer is zero. A. a throttling process

B. an isothermal process
C.
D.
It is isothermal
The work is zero C.
D.
compression process
an isochoric process
Ii
I,'II

52. Which of the following statements about the Carnot Efficiency is NOT TRUE? I,I
A. It is the maximum efficiency any power cycle can obtain while operating between 58. In case of a regenerative gas turbine engine, which of the following is false?
two thermal reservoir. A. The regenerator improves the efficiency of the engine. I
B. Absolute temperature scales must be used when performing Carnot efficiency
B. The amount of energy required during combustion is less than that required in a II'i
pi
calculations similar gas turbine if the power is constant.
C. It depends only on the temperatures of the thermal reservoirs.
C. The exit temperature of the regenerator is higher than the inlet temperature of the
I

D. No reversible power cycle operating between two thermal reservoirs can compressor.
have an efficiency equal to the carnot efficiency. I'
D. There is no heat rejected to the atmosphere in a regenerative gas turbine I'll
engine.
53. A rigid container is heated by the sun. There is no shaft work associated with the'
I1I
1
container. From the first law of thermodynamics, you determine the resulting work to 59. A heat sink will dissipate heat more rapidly at: I

be: I

A. its temperature is the same as the temperature of the surrounding air

A. equal to the heat transfer
B. its surface area is increased
B. equal to the volume times the change in pressure
C. it is covered with a material having a high thermal resistance
C. equal to the change in internal energy
D. it is kept away from air currents.
D. equal to zero.
Illm,
()o. Cavitation in fluid mechanics refers to:
54. An inventor claims to have built an engine which will revolutionize the automotive
industry. Which of the following would be the best test to determine if the inventor'. A. the separation of the air flow behind a wing
claims are true? B. the oscillations of a plate due to turbulent fluctuations
A. Conservation of mass C. the liquid to gaseous phase transition of a fluid due to low pressure
B. Zeroth law of thermodynamics D. the condensation of vapor into liquio due to high pressure
C. First law of thermodynamics
D. Second law of thermodynamics I) I. Heat is transferred at constant volume process to the thermodynamic system of a
fixed mass. The thermodynamic system will produce:

55. The isentropic process efficiency is used to compare actual devices such as turbines,
A. small amount of work
compressors, nozzles, diffusers to ideal ones. Which statement is true? B. zero work
A. Only the Ideal device is considered adiabatic. C. large amount of work
B. The inlet state and exit pressure are the same for both the ideal and actual D. negative work
device.
C. The ideal device operate irreversibly 1,2. The Reheat Rankine Cycle is proposed to decrease:
D. The efficiency can be greater than one. A. volumetric flow rate of the working fluid
B. mass flow rate of cooling water in condenser
56. A steam power cycle is modeled by the ideal cycle known as the: C. back pressure of the turbine
A. Otto cycle
n. moisture content in the 'ow pressure stages of the turbine
'ml,
 Elements and Terms - MODULE 7 ET·9'7
ET·96
D. equilibrium
63. Is the condition of pressure and temperature at which a liquid and its vapor are
indistinguishable: 70. When a gas is heated at constant volume, the process is called:
A. dew point A. isobaric
B. triple point B. isometric
C. absolute humidity C. adiabatic
D. critical point D. polytropic
64. Summation of all the heads in one section is equal to the summation of all' heads in

71. The latent of vaporization in joules per kg is equal to:

other section:

A. 3.35 x 105
A. Archimedes principle
B. Bernoulli's principle
B. 22.6 x 10 5
C. Torrecellis Theorem
C. 4.19 X 10 3

D.5.40x10 2

D. Boyles law

65. The per unit mass per degree change in temperature is called: 72. If the volume of the confined gas is constant, the pressure Is directly proportional to
the absolute temperature. This is known as:
A. heat of fusion A. Kelvin's law
B. heat of vaporization B. Boyle's law
C. relative heat C. Charles law
D. specific heat D. Joules law
66. The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some standard substance I.:
73. When property changes cease, the bodies are said to be:
called:
A. triple point
A. relative density
B. change in volume
B. specific gravity
C. change in pressure
C. specific density
D. relative gravity
D. thermal equilibrium

67. Which property of fluids is of fundamental importance in the study of hydraulics? 74. Exhaust gases from an engine posses:
A. solar energy
A. unit weight
B. kinetic energy
B. mass density
C. chemical energy
C. viscosity
D. stored energy
D. all of the above

68. The ratio of the kw-hr generated to the product of the capacity of the plant in kw to the: 75. Which of the following provides the basis for measuring thermodynamic property of

temperature?

number of hours the plant has been in actual use:

A. Zeroth law of thermodynamics
A. diversity factor
B. First law of thermodynamics
B.
C.
D.
utilization factor
ioao factor
demand factor
C. Second law of thermodynamics
D. Third law of thermodynamics I
III'
-;(i. The external pressure applied to a confined fluId increases the pressure of every i
69. When a certain mass of fluid in a particular state passes

point in the fluid by an amount equal to the external pressure. This is known as;
processes and returns to its original state it undergoes a:

A. Pascal's law
A. Cycle
B. Archimedes principle
B. reversible non-flow process

C. Torrecelli's Theorem
( '. Irreversible process

ET - 98 Elements and Terms - MODULE 7

Elements and Terms - MODULE 7 ET - 99
--------- ---
D. Bernoulli's Theorem
D. adhesion

77. A type of water turbine where a jet of water is made to fall on the blades or buckets
and due to the impulse of water the turbine starts moving: 84. Absolute viscosity of a fluid varies with pressure and temperature and is defined as a
function of:
A. steam turbine
A. density and angular deformation rate
B. reaction turbine
B. density and shear stress
C. francis turbine
C. angular deformation rate only
D. pelton wheel
D. shear stress and angular deformation rate
78. The ratio of the sum of the individual demands of the system to the overall maximum
demand of the whole system: 85. The mass of water vapor per unit volume of air:

A. demand factor A. absolute humidity

B. utilization factor
B. specific humidity

C. diversity factor

C. relative humidity

D, load factor
D. critical humidity

79. Is the attraction between unlike molecules: 86. A body wholly or partly immersed on a fluid is vouyed up by a force equal to the
weight of the fluid it displaces. This known as:
A. diffusion
A, Bernoulli's Theorem
B. cohesion
B. Torrecelli's Theorem
C. extraction

C. Pascal's Theorem
D, adhesion

D. none of the above

80. When gas is heated at constant pressure, the process is called:

A. isothermal
R7. The ratio of the average load over the designated period of time to peak load in that
period:
B. isometric A. diversity factor
C. adiabatic B. plant use foetor
D. isobaric C. capacity factor
D. none of these
81. The locus of the elevations to which water will rise in the piezometer tube is termed:
A. energy gradient
R8. Is a substance that exists, or is regarded as existing, as a continuum characterized by

B. friction head low resistance to flow and the tendency to assume the shape of its container:

C. hydraulic gradient A. fluid

D. hydraulic radius B. gas
C. ice
82. The total energy in the compressible or incompressible fluid flowing across any D. volume
section in a pipeline is a function of:
A. pressure and velocity 1<9. The reason for insulating a pipe is:
B. pressure, density, velocity and viscosity A. It will not break under pressure.
C. pressure, density and velocity B. There is minimum corrosion.
D. flow energy, kinetic energy, height above datum and internal energy C. Capacity to withstand pressure is increased.
D. Heat Joss from the surface is minimized.
X3, The process of one substance mixing with another because of molecular motion:
/\. diffusion
<)0. Which of the folloWing relations is not applicable in a free expansion process?
I ~. ~;.)turalior~ A. Heat supplied equal to zero.
( '. ;ll>~orptl()" B. Heat rejected is equal to zero.
 ET·100 Elements and Terms - MODULE 7
Elements and Terms - MODULE 8 ET -101
-------- -:_~----------
C. Work done is ecua' to zeru A. Kelvin's law
D. Change in temperature IS equal to zero. B. Boyle's law
C. Cnarte's law
91. 2
The amount of heat passing through a body 1 m cross-section and 1 m thick in 1 hr
at a temperature difference of 1 "C: D. Joule's law
A. quantity of heat
>')8. Weight per unit volume is termed as:
B. specific no..t
A. specific gravity
C. latent he:Jl uf soho
B. density
D. thermal conductivity
C. weight density
92. Anti-freeze chemicals are: D. specific density

A. same as refrigerant
\)9. An instrument that measures density:
B. those that are added to refrigerants for better performance
A. manometer
C. those that lower down the freezing points of liquids
B. hydrometer
D. those that do not freeze at all
C. barometer

93. At the pressure and temperature, equal volumes of all gases contain equal number of
D. hydraulic meter
molecules. This is known as:
A. Boyle's law lOa. The temperature to which the air must be cooled at constant pressure to produce
saturation Is called:
B. Charle's law
A. boiling point
C. Avogadro's law
B. critical point
D. Faraday's law
C. dew point
II
94. States that a heat engine cannot transfer heat from a body to another at D. vaporization point
If
temperature unless external energy is supplied to the engine:
II
A. First law of thermodynamics
B. Planck's law MODULE 8
II C. Second law ofthermodynamics

II
D. Third law of thermodynamics The total stack flow loss is usually less than how many percentage of the calculated
draft?
95. This law states that pressure applied at a point in a confined liquid is transmitted A. 3%
equally to all other points: B. 5%
" A. Boyle's law C. 7%

B. Charle's law "\. D. 9%

C. Lenz's law
D. Pascal's law A fan in which the fluid is accelerated parallel to the fan axis is:
A. axial centrifugal flow fan
96. When the expansion or compression of gas takes place without transfer of heat to or B. mixed axial fan
from the gas, the process is called:
C. mig axial fan
A. isothermal
D. none of the above
8. isentropic
C. adiabatic

It acts as a throttle valve, introducing enough resistance into the system to restrict
I). reversible
the fan output to any desired quantity:
A. throttle fan drive system
I) 7 If tlw temperature of a confined gas is constant, the product of the pressure and B. throttling calorimeter
vol"rnp 's constant This 's known as'
 Elements and Terms - MODULE 8 ET - 103
ET -102

10. When gas temperature below 1000°F are to be measured, which of the following
C. expansion system
should be used:
D. none of the above
A. bare thermocouple

4. The most efficient method of controlling output as far as power is concerned is by: B. resistance pyrometer
C. mercury in glass thermometer
A. constant speed
B. accelerated speed
D. all of the above

C. constant accelerated speed

11. Which of the following should not be used for cleaning anthracite and bituminous
D. none of the above coals?
A. cleaning at mine face
5. When vane control is used for mechanical draft fans and where a wide load range is
B. picking out impurities manually
required, it is advisable to use a:
A. four speed drive motor
C. gravity concentration

B. single speed drive motor

D. none of the above

C. triple speed drive motor

12. Furnaces fired with oil are usually for furnace heat release rates above:
D. none of the above
A. 135,000 Btu/hr-ft
2

To ensure that a boiler unit will not be limited in performance by fans, it is necessary B. 140,000 Btu/hr-ft'
6. to add safety factors to the calculated or net fan requirements. These factors are C. 145,000 Btu/hr-ft
2

intended to cover conditions encountered in operation that cannot be evaluated. The

usual factors are in what order in net weight increase of air gas?
D. 150,000 Btu/hr-ft
2

\'
A. 15 - 20% 13. If dust collecting equipment is installed for a cyclone furnace boiler unit, the ash
B. 20 - 25% escaping from the stack to the atmosphere may be diminished to how many percent
of the total?
C. 10 - 15%
II A. 1-2%
D. 5 - 10%
It B. 2-3%
The temperature of hot metals can be estimated by their color. For steel or iron, the C. 3-4%
\' 7.
color scale at 2200° F is roughly: D. 5-4%
A. white

~ B. orange
14. Difficulty in tapping the slag has been experience when the calculated coal-ash
viscosity at 2600°F exceeds how many poises?
C. dark red
A. 250
D. yellow
B. 255
II 8. When the temperature of a thermometer is change over a wide range the glass will C. 260
slowly creep. This is known as: D. 275
A. thermal expansion
B. thermal equilibrium 15. Ash is introduced into the crucible at an elevated temperature and held at that
temperature until it becomes uniformly fluid and decomposition gases have been
C. intermediate equilibrium
expelled, this temperature is usually in the range of:
D. none of the above
A. 2400-2600°F
9. The temperature of fluid flowing under pressure through a pipe is usually measured B. 2600·2800°F

by: C. 2800-3000°F
A. glass thermometer D. None of the above
B. electric resistance thermometer

( '. thermocouple thermometer

I (). An increase in the decomposition of slag and ash on the surface for heating of oil­
fired boilers in both marine and stationary service has affected boiler efficiency. The
I). all of the above
following are the causes, except:
ET ·104 Elements and Terms - MODULE B
Elements and Terms - MODULE 8 ET - 105
A. increase of heat transfer in the boiler B. hydrogen sulfide
B. high-temperature corrosion steels C. carbon dioxide
C. low temperature corrosion of the cold sections of air heaters and duct works D. methane
D. slagging of high temperature superheater surfaces
24. The quantity of chlorine required to satisfactorily chlorine sewage is usually:
17. Acid will react with fly ash in the cooler areas of the boiler to form a hygroscopic A. 0-25
salts. Which of the following belongs to the group of hygroscopic salts?
B. 30-60
A. ammonium trisulfate
C. 65-90
B. hydrogen disulfide
D. 95-100
C. sodium bisulfate
D. all of the above
25. The ratio of oxygen available to the oxygen required from the stabilization of sewage
is called:
1~. The spent cooking liquor containing the lignin dissolved from the wood is called: A. biochemical oxygen demand
A. inorganic salts B. oxygen-ion.concentration
B. soda liquor C. relative stability
C. hard liquor D. bacterial stability factor
D. none of the above
26. Which of the following is true about the design of grit chambers?
19. In using the free caustic treatment, the successful range of pH value is from: A. temperature is an important factor
A. 11-11.5 B. intensifies deterioration temporarily
B. 10.5-11 C. the detention period should be at least 30 min
C. 9.5-10 D. the maximum velocity of flow is 1 ftlsec
D. 7-8.5
27. With regard to corrosion of metals, passivation is the process that:
20. This term refers to controlled device which can stop at any point in its stroke and can A. intensifies deterioration
be converted without completing its stroke:
B. intensifies deterioration temporarily
A. modulating means
C. changes the composition of metal
B. throttling range
D. inhibits further deterioration
C. control point shift
D. floating action
1 R. In the process of pair formation, a pair cannot be formed unless the quantum has an
energy greater than:
21 . It is process in which water vapor is added to the air stream by adiabatic evaporation: A. 0.5 MeV
A. sensible heating B. 2 MoC'
B. humidifying C. Y2 MV 2
C. evaporative cooling D. hv/C
D. none of the above
) (). One of the two types of nonmaterial nuclear radiation is:
22. The chemical commonly used to speed sedimentation of sewage is: A. transmulation radiation
A. sulfuric acid B. gamma radiation
B. copper sulfate C. betatron radiation
C. lime D. rutherford radiation
D. methylene blue
; (). The amount of transferred heat required to change the temperature of one unit weight
~ \ Tho gas from sludge digestion tanks is mainly composed of: of a substance one degree unit of temperature:
\ Ildrl.'l/I·fl 1\. latent heat
ET -106 Elements and Terms - MODULE 8
----------- Elements and Terms - MODULE 8 ET - 107
B. heat of fusion
37. An example of a Newtonian or true is which of the following?
C. BTU

A. glues
D.. none of the above

B. molasses
31. Which of the following is not a fixed number of characteristics of the machine?
C. clay slurries
A. indicated engine efficiency D. none of the above
B. compression efficiency
C. Brake engine efficiency
38. The phenomenon by which air enters a sUbmerged suction pipe from the water
surface is called:
D. none of the above A. vortex
B. trixotropic
32. Represents the loss due to mechanical friction of the moving parts to the engine,
C. dilatant
expressed as horsepower is:
A. indicated horsepower
D. vacuum

B. brake horsepower
39. The sum of the three types of energy at any point in the system is called:
C. combined horsepower
A. internal energy
D. none of the above
B. pressure heads

33. Work output of the system divided by energy chargeable against the system is known
C. enthalpy
as: D. none of the above
A. mechanical efficiency
B. adiabatic efficiency 40. The vertical distance from pump centerline to the free surface of the liquid in a
discharge tank or point of free discharge:
C. compressor efficiency
A. static discharge head
D. none of the above B. total discharge head
34. The amount of heat given up by the products of combustion on being cooled to the
C. net positive discharge head
initial temperature after complete combustion at constant pressure (or volume), • D. potential head
corrected to a standard state of a one atmosphere end 77°F is:
A. higher healing value 41. A law which states when two bodies, isolated from other environment are in thermal
B. lower heating value eqUilibrium with a third body, the two are in thermal equilibrium with each other is
called:
C. heating value
A. Stefan Boltzm~nn law
D. none of the above B. Zeroth law

35. Area of the indicator card multiplied by the scale of indicator spring divided by the
C. Kauffman law
length of indicator card is known as: D. Planck law
A. indicated maximum pressure
B. brake maximum pressure 42. Mathematically, a thermodynamic property is which of the following:
C. actual cylinder pressure
A. a point function

D. none of the above

B. a path function
C. discontinuous
36. If the viscosity of a certain liquid decreases with agitation at constant pressure, the D. exact differential
liquid is said to be:
A. Thixotropic 43. Enthalpy of an ideal gas is a function only of:
B. Newtonian A. internal energy
C. Dilatant
B. entropy
I). all of the above
C. pressure

f). temperature

 Elements and Terms - MODULE 8 ET -109

ET -108 Elements and Terms - MODULE 8
------------~~
A. flow energy
44. Power may be expressed ;n units of: B. shaft work
A. ft-Ib C. enthalpy
B. Btu/hr D. internal energy
C. Hp-hrs
D. kw-hr 52. Name the process that has no heat transfer:
A. isentropic
45. The second law of thermodynamics states that: B. isothermal
A. Heat energy cannot be completely transformed into work C. quasi-static
B. Energy cannot be neither created nor destroyed D. reversible
C. Mass is indestructible
D. Internal energy is due to molecular motion 53. The purpose of multistage compression is to:
A. prevent vaporization of the lubricating oil
46. The system is said to be thermodynamics equilibrium: B. prevent its ignition should the temperature become too high
A. when all of its parts are the same temperature C. reduce compressor work and thus saved power
B. when the system is not accelerating D. all of the above
C. if it has no tendency to undergo further chemical reaction
D. there is no tendency towards spontaneous change 54. A type of compressor which is often used for supercharging diesel engines:
A. axial compressor
47. The change of internal energy of an ideal gas is a function only of the temperature
B. rotative compressor
change is a statement:
C. roots blower
A. Kirchoffs law D. centrifugal compressor
B. Avogadros law
C. Joules law SS. In fan laws, at constant pressure the speed, capacity and power vary inversely as the:
D. Machs law A. square of the density
B. square root of the density
48. Entropy is a measure of: C. cube of its density
A. the change in enthalpy of a system
D. density
B. the heat capacity of a substance
C. the internal energy of a gas 56. The sum of the pressure head, elevation head, and the velocity head remains
D. randomness or disorder constant. This is known as:
A. Torrecelli's Theorem
49. An adiabatic process with no work done is: B. Archimedes Principle
A. isobaric C. Boyle's Law
B. isometric D. Bernoulli's Theorem
C. throttling
D. polytropic 57. The type of deep well pump used for 500 gpm and 200 ft head is:
A. piston
50. A device which continously and indefinitely discharge more energy that it receives II
B. gear
known as: .
C. turbine
A. Carnot engine D. centrifugal
B. Refrigerating machine
C. Rankine engine 5R. The speed at which an exact model of the pump would have to run it were designed to
D. Perpetual motion machine deliver 1 gpm against 1 It head per stage: .
;\. peripheral speed
':; \ (U + Pv) i~ il quantity r:aIIOll'.
 Elements and Terms - MODULE 8 ET·111
ET -110 Elements and Terms - MODULE 8

B. specific speed
A. the diesel operating temperature are in general higher

C. rotative speed
B. the gasoline operating 'temperature are in general higher

D. translation speed
C. additive type lube oils should not be used in gasoline engines
D. soot production in the diesel is less than in gasoline
59. Formation of bubbles in a low pressure area in a centrifugal pump and later their
sudden collapse, is called: 66. A receiver in an air compression system is use to:
A. explosion A. avoid cooling air before using
B. corrosion B. reduce the work needed during compression
C. compression C. collect water and grease suspended in the air
D. cavitation D. increase the air discharge pressure
60. The power required to deliver a given quantity of fluid against a given developed 67. The heating value of fuel:
head, with no losses in the pump is called: A. cannot be determined from its Baume reading
A. brake power B. is of the order of 18,500 Btu per Ib at usual temperature
B. hydraulic power C. varies considerably with the oil temperatures
C. indicated power D. in Btu per Ib is less for a NO.2 than a No.6 oil
D. wheel power
68. In plotting the brake horsepower versus speed in a wide open throttle test for a spark
61. Heat flow through a conduction body by transfer from one molecule to the next, ignition engine the BHP curve:
without visible movement of he body is: A. is a straight line
A. radiation B. tends to concave downward
B. conduction C. tends to concave upward
C. convection D. has no characteristic shape
D. absorption
69. In a four cycle gasoline engine, when properly tuned the valve operation will usually
62. Heat transmission carried by the movement of heated fluids away from a hot body as be such that the:
in the heating of water by a hot surface: A. intake opens after the top dead center
A. radiation B. intake closes before bottom dead center
B. conduction C. exhausts opens before bottom dead center
C. convection D. exhausts closes before bottom dead center
D. absorption
70. The possibility of detonation in a spark ignition engine will be increased by:
63. Transmission of heat from a hot to a cold by electromagnetic waves is called:
A. lowering the compression ratio
A. radiation B. lowering the inlet air temperature
B. conduction C. lowering the jacket water temperature
C. convection D. advancing the spark timing
D. absorption
71. In compressing air in a water jacketed air compressor the power required to drive it:
64. Term not used in relation to lubrlcatinq oil: A. is dependent of the quantity of water circulated for a given pressure range
A. demulsibility B. does not depend on the given pressure range
B. neutralization number C. depends on the temperature change of the air for a given pressure range
C. Conrad son number D. only depends on the exponent of the expansion valve
D. cetane number
72. In the usual commercial ammonia refrigerating system the ammonia that has just
65. In comparing the operation of a diesel and gasoline engine: passed through the expansion valve:
 ET - 112 Elements and Terms - MODULE 8 Elements and Terms - MODULE 8 ET -113

A. has a greater enthalpy that it had before entering the expansion valve
B. is all in a liquid state
C. is partially vaporized
D. has become highly superheated
73. A single acting air compressor is to be preferred to a two stage compressor in some
large high pressure installations because:
A. less power is required to drive it
B. the discharge temperature of the air is lower
C. a cylinder oil with a lower flash point .may be used
D. the first cost of the compressor is lower
74. Reversible adiabatic expansion is at constant:
79. In a refrigeration system the heat absorbed in the evaporator per pound of refrigerant
passing through:
A. equals the increase in enthalpy
B. equals the increase in volume
C. does not depend on the refrigerant used
D. is decreased if a precooler is used
80. In the operation of the usual rotary gear pump handling a liquid:
A. the liquid is trapped between the meshing teeth
B. the liquid is trapped between the gear teeth and case and is carried around
to the discharge
C. a high discharge head gives exceptionally good efficiency
D. grit in fluid being pumped is not objectionable

A. pressure
81. The absolute viscosity of a fluid:
B. volume
A. is usually expressed in Saybolt minutes
C. temperature
B. in centipoises is 100 times the number of poises
D. entropy
C. when expressed in the English system is in the units of Ibs per second per square
inch
75. The change of water from the solid to the vapor phase:
A. always occur in two steps solid to liquid and then liquid to vapor
D. cannot be converted to a value of kinematic viscosity

B. can occur directly at elevated pressure

82:
C. can occur directly at extremely low pressure
D. can occur directly at elevated pressure and elevated temperature
If gas is expanded isothermally in a cylinder:
A. it must have been completely insulated
B. heat must have been added during the process

76. As the pressure increases, the heat of vaporization per pound of water
C. heat must have been abstracted to make the process possible
D. no work is done
A. decreases
B. remains constant 83. With increasing load based on a steam generator having good combustion control:
C. first increases and then decreases A. economizer gas outlet temperature decreases
II D. first decreases and then increases B. furnace pressure is approximately constant

77. One type of pipe which is not recommended for use in ammonia refrigeration system
C. air temperature entering air heater increases

is:
D. air temperature leaving air heater decreases

A. brass
84. The carbon dioxide percentage in the flue gases for perfect combustion of a fuel oil
B. welded compared to coal and based on the same excess air percentage of each is:
C. steel A. not uniquely determined by the above conditions
D. seamless B. the same

78. Based on the 1986 PSME CODE, for piping identification water pipes should be
C. higher

painted with what color: D. lower

A. yellow
85. The air off take from a surface condenser carries:
B. white
A. dry air
C. green
B. air saturated with steam
D. black
C. air and steam at unequal temperatures
D. air and steam at equal partial pressure
 ---------------
ET - 114 Elements and Terms - MODULE 8
Elements and Terms - MODULE 8 ET - 115
86. The pH values of a solution:
A the thermometers are in error
A. decreases with increasing acidity B. the air is saturated
B. is obtained gravimetrically
C. the reiative humidity is zero percent
C. decreases with decreasing acidity
D. the mixture is completely dry
D. is 7 for neutral solution at any temperature
94. The brake mean effective pres sure of an internal combustion engine is:
87. The primary ouject of washing coal is to decrease:
A. obtained from the indicator card
A. dustiness
B. a computed value from brake measurements
B. ash fusion temperature
C. greater than the indicated mean '?ffe'!lve pressure
C. ash is to decrease
D. can be determined without knowlIl1j till' "111/111(, speed
D. volatile matter

95. The age limit of a horizontal return tubUlar. flue or cylinder boiler
having a
88. A 12 1.0. circular duct has air flowing past a given suction with an average velocity of longitudinal lap joint and operating at a pressure in excess of 0.345 MPa:
1000 ftlmin. The quantity of air flowing past this section is: A. 20 years
A. 9425 fe/min B. 30 years ::11:

B. 785 fe/min C. 35 years

C. 785 fe/sec D. 25 years
D. 1000 tt3 /min
96. A valve designed to allow a fluid to pass through in one direction only:
89. In the testing of the quantity of steam entering a steam engine: A. gate valve
A. a throttling calorimeter will give the correct value for any initial quality of the steam" B. float valve
B. a throttling calorimeter can only be used where the initial quality of the steam I'~ C. globe valve
high Imll
D. check valve
C. a barrel calorimeter would give the most accurate result
D. a separating calorimeter must be used where the initial quality is high
97. A vessel permanently connected to a system by inlet and outlet pipes for a storage of
liquid refrigerant:
90. In the flow of the steam through a nozzle:
A.
I~I
refrigerant container
A. the back pressure never has an effect on the flow rate
B. liquid receiver
II B. the flow rate is constant for back pressure below the critical pressure C. flash tank
C. the approach velocity never has any effect In the value of the exit velocity D. surge tank
D. the critical pressure will occur at 30% of the initial pressure
;')8. It is the temperature at which vapor forms above the liquid fuel:
91. When considering the characteristics of a reciprocating engine: A. pour point
A. the steam rate is given as the pound ot steam per horsepower output B. flash point
B. the brake output is obtained from the indicator cards C. fire point
C. the heat rate is expressed in terms of number of BTU per horsepower hour D. diesel index
D. compounding reduces the thermal efficiency
'/9. The tendency for a pump to cavitate will be increased if:
92. As commonly used the pH value:
A. the fluid temperature is raised
A. has no relation to the hydrogen ion concentration
B. inlet edges are rounded
B. will be lower if boiler water is treated with caustic soda
C. the suction line velocities are lowered
C. for boiler water is usually kept at a value between 5 and 6
D. the impeller has a smooth finish I,
:1'

D. of 7 represents a neutral solution I~

,I

I!~
(n. If the dry and wet bulb readings in air are identical: I ()(). Galvaniznd iron is a term referring to iron coated with: i,l!
 Elements and Terms - MODULE 9 ET -117
ET -116 Elements and Terms - MODULE 9

D. the maximum velocity to flow is 1 ft per sec

A. tin
B. zinc
~ 7. In an imhoff tank:
C. magnesium A. the effluent contains very little dissolved oxygen
D. aluminum B. there are no settling compartments
C. the sludge and fresh sewage are well mixed to give complete
D. the sludge and raw sewage are not mixed

MODULE 9 8. The percent total solids in most domestic sewage is approximately:

1. The chemical most commonly used to speed sedimentation of sewage is: A. 0.01

A. sulfuric acid
B. 0.1

B. copper sulfate C. 1.0

C. lime
D. 10.0

D. methylene blue
9. Intermittent sand filters are primarily used to:
2. The gas from sludge digestion tanks is mainly composed of: A. remove offensive odors

A. nitrogen
B. supply fertilizer to farmers

B. hydrogen sulfide C. oxidize putrescible matter

C. carbon dioxide
D. neutralize sludge

D. methane
10. To divert excessive flow from combined sewers designers often use:
3. The quantity of chlorine in parts per million required to satisfactorily chlorinate A. a cipoletti weir

sewage is usually:
B. a V-notch weir
II A. 0-25 C. a broadcrested
I'Ii B. 30-60 D. a leaping weir
C. 35-90
D. 95-120
11. The most important factor in determining high temperature behaviour of an alloy:
A. dispersion
Il 4. The ratio of the oxygen available to the oxygen required for stabilization of sewage ..
B. ionization
It called: C. crystallization
A. biochemical oxygen
D. composition
B. oxygen-ion concentration
• C. relative stability 12. At relatively high temperatures and low rates of strains, structures will perform better
D. bacterial-stability factor if their material is:
A. fine-grained
5. Most of the bacteria in sewage are: B. their favor is independent to the grain
A. parasitic C. course-grained
B. saprophytic D. none of the above
C. pathogenic
D. anaerobic
I 3. With regards to corrosion of metals, passivation is the process that:
A. intensifies deterioration
6. In the design of grit chambers: B. intensifies deterioration temporarily
A. temperature is an important factor C. changes the composition of metal
B. baffles are essential D. inhibits further deterioration
C. there should be a 5 to 1 ratio of length to depth
 ~
Elements and Terms - MODULE 9 ET -119
ET -118 Elements and Terms - MODULE 9
C. wet bulb temperature
14. In the process of pair formation, a pair cannot be formed unless the quantum has an D. dry bulb temperature
energy greater than:
A. 0.5 MeV 21. The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram water from 14.5 to
B. 2 m oC
2 15.5°C.

C. y, mV
2 A. Btu

D. 3.5 MeV B. Joule

C. Watt
15. One of the two types of non-material nuclear radiation is: D. Calorie
A. transmulation radiation
B. walton radiation 22. Power expanded when 1 amp flows between two points having a potential difference
of 1 volt.
C. gamma radiation
A. hertz
D. betatron radiation
B. watt
16. The quantity of heat required to evaporate 1 Ib saturated liquid: C. ampere
'I A. latent heat of vaporization D. ergs
B. specific heat
23. In the complete combustion of a fuel with excess air, the CO 2 percentage:
C. latent heat
A. is independent of the excess air percentage
D. heater
B. from a given excess air will be the same for fuel opil and when burning coke
I. 17. Amount of transferred heat required to change the temperature of one unit weight of a I. C. increased with increased excess air
substance one degree unit of temperature: D. decreased with increased excess air
I
A. Btu
B. latent heat 24. When centrifugal pump for water is operated with the discharge valve closed:
'u
C. specific heat A. it will require great power to operate
"
II D. heating system B. the head produced will be one-half its maximum value
C. the efficiency will have its lowest value
18. The quantity of heat required to change the state of a substance from solid to liquid
D. the efficiency will be the highest
without change of temperature:
"
.'
A. Heat of fusion 25. Solely from the standpoint of thermodynamic efficiency, air compressor should
"
B. latent heat of evaporation ·r approach:
C. absolute latent heat A. isothermal comprasslon
.. D. Btu B. maximum clearance

19. The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 Ib pure water from 32 to
212 0F under standard atmospheric pressure:
A.
B.
C.
Btu
Specific heat
Latent heat
I 26.
C.
D.
adiabatic compression
all of the above

In an air water vapor mixture the temperature which is the measure of the tool heat of
the mixture is the:
A. dew point

D. Heat of fusion B. dry bulb

C. sum of dry and wet bulb
20. A measure of the ability to transfer heat to other bodies based on a reference
D. wet bulb
temperature(absolute zero) where a body has given up all the thermal energy it

possibly can:

27. An orsat analysis of a flue gas shows CO 2 =12; O =5; CO =0.0.

2 This analysis can be
A. Absolute temperature interpreted as follows:
B. temperature gage
 Elements and Terms - MODULE 9 ET • 121
ET ·120 Elements and Terms - MODULE 9

A. Cover F - 32 = 5 over 9
A. no excess air was used in the combustion
B. 32 over F - C = 9 over 5
B. more air would have produced better combustion
C. Cover F - 32 = 9 over 5
C. the analysis is in error since the terms do not add or 100
D. F over C - 32 = 5 over 9
D. the analysis is probably correct
35. As the pressure increases, the heat of vaporization per kg of water:
28. The brake mean effective pressure of an internal combustion engine is:
A. increases
A. obtained from the indicator card
B. remains constant
B. greater than the indicated mean effective pressure
C. first decreases
C. a computed value from the brake measurements
D. decrease
D. can be determined without knowing the engine speed
36. The addition of 0.5 kg of common salt to 5 kg of pure water will:
29. In a refrigeration system the heat absorbed in the evaporator per kg of refrigerant
A. increase the specific volume
passing through: .
A. equals the increase in enthalpy
B. decrease the specific gravity

B. equals the increase in volume

C. raise the freezing point
'II
C. does not depend on the refrigerant used
D. raise the boiling point

D. is decreased if a precooler is used

37. The heat exchanger through which air passes between the first and second stage of a
two stage air compressor is known as:
30. The term enthalpy: A. an aftercooler
II A. is only used for the properties of steam B. Baudelot cooler
B. is considered in Gibb's rule
C. cooling tower
'. C. will measure by its change, the quantity of heat added when water is
vaporized at constant pressure
D. an intercooler
IY
D. defines the gas equation 38. When heat is added to the moist air in which the spray water is recirculated but not
" heated or cooled:
"
31. When heat is added to moist air in an air conditioning process:
A. will be humidified at approximately constant wet bulb temperature
A. the wet bulb temperature decreases
B. will always leave in a saturated condition
B. the relative humidity increases
C. will leave the spray chamber at the same water vapor pressure
"
C. the water vapor pressure increases ~ D.
.~'
will be dehumidified
"
D. the absolute humidity remains constant
39. The type of valve which should be used only wide open or fully closed is the:
32. Air having a relative humidity of 50% is heated in an air conditioning apparatus. After
• heating it will be found out that:
A. gate valve

A. its relative humidity will be 50%

B. globe valve

B. its vapor pressure will decrease

C. reducing valve

C. its relative humidity will be higher than 50%

D. throttle valve

D. is absolute humidity will not be changed

• 40. The area under the load curve divided by the maximum demand represents:

33. Reversible adiabatic expansion is at constant:

A. load factor
B. connected load
A. pressure
C. average factor
B. volume
C.
D.
temperature
entrCllpy
I 41.
D. diversity factor

Load curve refers to the plot of:

34. A. load versus generating capacity

J
The correct relation between Centigrade and Fahrenheit temperature Is:
 :I~P
Elements and Terms - MODULE 9 Elements and Terms - MODULE 9 ET -123
ET--122

C. fixed mass flow rate irrespective pressure ratio

B. load versus current
D. all of the above
C. load versus time
D. load versus cost of power
49. ASTM coal classification is based on:
1.:

Ii!1
,

ji
42. The permissible pH value of boiler as follows:
A. Proximate analysis I'
B. Orsat analysis
A. 01
C. Ultimate analysis
B. 05
D. none of the above
C. 07
I
D. slightly more than 7
50. Surging is: I
A. an unsteady, periodic and reversal of flow in the compressor i
43. Reserve capacity of a plant is given by:
A. maximum demand - average load B. the fixed mass flow rate irrespective of pressure ratio 'j1r
B. plant capacity - maximum demand C. the reduction in lift force I'"I
C. plant capacity - average load D. none of the above "

D. plant capacity x (1 -Ioad factor) 51. All of the following pollutants are produced because of decaying organic matter,
except:
44. In sensible heating cooling. following parameter remains unchanged:
A. ammonia
A. dry bulb temperature
B. sulfur dioxide
B. wet bulb temperature
C. methane
C. relative humidity
D. hydrogen sulfide
D. humidity ratio
52. At critical point the latent enthalpy of vaporization is:
45. Total solid impurities in feedwater for a boiler depend upon:
A. only depends on temperature
A. boiler pressure
B. zero
B. quantity of steam to be generated
C. minimum
C. type fuel available
D. maximum
D. quantity of steam
'\3. Generally steam turbine in power station operate at:
46. Flash point of a liquid is the temperature at which: .
A. the fuel emits vapors at a rate which produces an inflammable mixture wltlt·' A. 3000 rpm
B. 1000 rpm
air
B. the fuel spontan€ously ignites
C. 4000 rpm

C. the fuel ignites with clearly visible flash D. 5750 rpm

'1'1;'1 1
,II',
D. the fuel ignites without a spark
,-L In geothermal power plants waste water is:
'III

,1'1

47. Flash point for a diesel fuel oil should be:

A. recirculated after cooling in cooling towers I'
1'1,
1

A. minimum 49°C B. discharged back to earth I'jl

B. maximum 49°C C. discharged into the sea 1:11

C. maximum 200°C D. evaporated in ponds

Iii 'I
D. maximum 300°C
; '\. The heat of fusion of ice in calories per gram is approximately:
A. 540
4:-<. Choking is:
III
j\. change of mass flow rate in proportion to pressure ratio
B. 144 III
1
I,
B. (11:IIl<jP of mass flow rate in inverse proportion to pressure ratio
::Ii
,
 Elements and Terms - MODULE 9 ET -125
ET -124 Elements and Terms - MODULE 9

A. laminar
C. 80
B. turbulent
D. 970
C. critical

56. A comportable room temperature is 72°F. The temperature expressed in degrees D. uniform
centigrade is:
A. 27 63. The extension and compression of a helical spring is an example of:

B. 25 A. isothermal process

C. 22 B. thermodynamic process

D. 30 C. adiabatic process
D. reversible process
57. The hydraulic formula CA 2gh is used to find the:
A. quantity of discharge through an orifice
64. Under ideal conditions, isothermal, Isobaric, Isochoric and adiabatic process are:

B. velocity of pipe in a closed network

A. dynamic process

C. length of pipe in a closed network

B. stable processes

D. friction factor of pipe

C. quasi-static process
D. static process
58. The sum of the pressure head, elevation head, and the velocity head remains
constant. This is known as: 65. The negative sign is for a gage reading called:
A. Torrecelli's theorem A. vapor pressure
B. Archimedes theorem B. pressure head
C. Bernoulli's theorem C. vacuum pressure
D. Boyle's law D. summit of a pipe

59. The speed with which a liquid escapes from a vessel through an orifice is given by: 66. The heat transfer due to motion of matter caused by a change In density is called:
A. Archimedes principle A. radiation
B. Torrecelli's theorem B. convection
C. Bernoulli's theorem C. conduction
D. Flow equation D. absorption

60. At any instant, the number of particles passing every cross-section of the stream I. 67. Surging is:
the same, the flow is said to be: A. an unsteady, periodic and reversal of flow In the compressor
A. continuous flow B. the fixed mass flow rate irrespective of pressure ratio
B. discharge flow C. the reduction in lift force at higher angles of incidence
C. uniform flow D. none of the above
D. turbulent flow
68. In a gas turbine combined cycle plant, a waste heat boiler is used to:
61. The changing of solid directly to vapor, without passing through the liquid state I.
A. heat from intercooler
called:
B. gases from regenerator
A. evaporation
C. recover heat from exhaust gases
B. vaporization
D. none of the above
C. sublimation
D. condensation 69. In a nozzle if back pressure is the same as inlet pressure
62. If the fluid travels parallel to the adjacent layers and the paths of the individual
A. no flow takesplace

particles do not cross, the flow Is said to be: B. maximum flow takes place
 l
Elements and Terms - MODULE 9 ET - 127
!=T - 126 Elements and Terms - MODULE 9

C. 8t012

C. flow becomes subsonic in diverging section

D.12t020

D. flow becomes supersonic in converging as well as supersonic sections

77. A constant volume combustion gas turbine operates on:
70. The flow on two sides of a normal shock wave is called:
A. Ericson cycle
A. sonic B. Joule cycle
B. sub-sonic C. Brayton cycle
C. supersonic D. Atkinson cycle
D. supersonic on one side and sub-sonic on the other side
78. In a velocity compounded steam turbine, as steam moves along moving and guide
71. Brayton cycle cannot be used in reciprocating engines even for same compressor blades: iii."
ratio and work output because: A. pressure becomes low and velocity gradually decreases
A. Brayton cycle is more efficient
B. pressure gradually gets increased and velocity is low
B. Otto cycle IS less efficient
C. both pressure and velocity gradually increases
C. Brayton cycle is for slow speed engines only
D. both pressure and velocity gradually decreases
D. large volume of low pressure gas cannot be efficiently handled in
reciprocating engines.
79. Which of the following fluid can be employed in binary vapour cycle?

72. Overall efficiency of a gas turbine is:

A. mercury

A. equal to Carnot cycle efficiency

B. diphenyl oxide

B. equal to Rankine cycle efficiency

C. aluminum bromide

C. Less than Diesel cycle efficiency

D. any of the above

D. More than Otto cycle or diesel cycle efficiency

80. Ljungstrom steam turbine is a:

73. Select a positive displacement rotary compressor: A. radial flow steam turbine

A. roots blower
B. mixed flow steam turbine

B. centrifugal compressor C. axial flow turbine

C. axial flow compressor D. any of the above

D. none of the above 81. In an axial flow compressor, the pressure rise takes place in:

74. Select the turbine that has least weight per bhp developed: A. fixed blades only

A. simple open cycle gas turbine

B. moving blades only

B. open cycle gas turbine with intercooling and reheating C. both fixed and moving blades

C. open cycle turbine with intercooling, reheating and regeneration D. none of the above
D. closed cycle gas turbine
82. An axial flow compressor is suitable for:
r'
75. Which of the following is/are advantages of closed cycle gas turbine over an open A. high volume flow rates with a small pressure rise lill
."

cycle gas turbine? B. low volume flow rates with low pressure rise
A. no contamination of working substance with combustion gases C. high volume flow rates with high pressure rise
B. inferior quality fuel can be used D. low volume flow rates with high pressure rise
C. low maintenance costs
D. all of the above
83. Which type gas turbine used in air craft?
A. open cycle type
76. The range of compression ratio in a gas turbine is as follows: B. closed cycle type with reheating
A. 3 to 5 C. closed cycle type with reheating and regeneration
B. 5 to 8 II
I
 Elements and Terms - MODULE 9 ET -129
ET -128 Elements and Terms - MODULE 9

91 . The 5.1. unit of thermal conductivity is:

D. open cycle )ype with rehating, regeneration and intercooling
A. W/m-hr·oK
B. W/m-oK
84. A nozzle is used to:
A. increase velocity and decrease pressure C. kJ/m-hr-oK

B. decrease velocity as well as pressure

D. w/rn-hr-vc

C. increase velocity as well as pressure

92. The value of Prandtl number for air is of the order of:
D. decrease velocity and increase pressure
A. 10
85. To measure the temperature inside a furnace we generally use: B. 6.7
A. mercury thermometer
C. 67
B. alcohol thermometer
D. 0.7

C. gas thermometer
93. Select the one that has maximum value of the thermal conductivity:
D. optical pyrometer
A. aluminum

86. All heat transfer process:

B. brass

A. involve transfer of energy

C. lead

B. involve temperature difference between the bodies D. copper

C. obey first law of thermodynamics

94. Thermal conductivity of wood depends on:
D. obey second law of thermodynamics
A. moisture
87. Thermal diffusivity refers to:
B. temperature
A. a mathematical formula
C. density

B. a physical property of the material

D. all of the above

C. a configuration of heat conduction

95. A fur coat on an animal will help the animal to remain:
D. a function of temperature
A. warm in winter

88. The unit of thermal diffusivity is:

B. cool in winter

A. m/hr
C. warm in summer

B. m/hr-oC
D. cool in summer
2·hr
C. kcal/m
96. The nature of flow of a fluid Inside a tube, whether it is turbulent or laminar, can be
2/hr
D. m ascertained by:
A. flow velocity
89. Non-isotropic conductivity is shown by:
B. surface conditions
A. Brass
C. viscosity of fluid
B. copper
D. Reynolds number
C. wood
D. steel 97. Stefan Boltzmann law is applicable to heat transfer by:
~ A. conduction
~
90. For glass wall thermal conductivity changes from sample to sample due to changes
B. radiation
in:
A. structure •f C. convection
D. conduction and radiation combined
B. density f
C. all of the above t 9X. Floating heads are provided in heat exchangers to:
D. composition
 ET·130 Elements and Terms - MODULE 10 Elements and Terms - MODULE 10 ET - 131

A. Increase the pressure drop 5. A form of corrosion in boilers caused by fatty acids from decomposition of lubricating
oil.
B. decrease the pressure drop
A. rusting
C. facilitate maintenance
B. pitting
D. avoid deformation of tubes because of thermal expansion
C. caustic embrittlement
99. The first stage of crystal formation is called:
D. carry-over
A. nucleation 6. The fundamental difference between pipe and tubinq is:
B. foaming A. The dimensional standard to which each is manufactured
C. separation B. Compression joints
D. vortexing C. the smoothness of the surface
D. Bell and Spigot joint
100. The average pH of the normal rainfall is generally
A. 7 7. How does the values of work per unit mass flow of air in the compressor and turbine
influenced by the addition of a regenerator?
B. slightly less than 7
A. slightly increased
C. slightly more than 7
B. unchanged
D. none of the above
C. greatly decreased
D. greatly increased

MODULE 10 8. The form of corrosion in steam boilers caused by dissolved oxygen in boiler water.
A. rusting
1. Foundation are preferably built of concrete in the proportions of what measures of B. carry-over

portland cement: sand: crushed stones?

C. pitting
• A. 1: 2: 3
B. 2: 4: 6
D. embrittlement

- C. 2: 3: 5
D. 1: 2: 4
9. One or the most popular types of compressor utilized for supercharging engine is the:
A. Roots type blower
B. Pulse turbocharger
~ 2. What is the absorbed by sulphites in the boiler water treatment? C. Constant pressure turbocharger
A. oxygen D. Turbo compressor
II
B. carbon dioxide
C. impurities settled in mud drums 10. The heat flow across a surface area per unit area per unit time divided by the negative
D. carbon dioxide and oxygen rate of change of temperature with distance in direction perpendicular to the surface.
A. Thermal conductivity
3. The amount of heat transmitted by a material divided by the difference in temperature B. Reflectivity
1
of the surfaces of the material. C. Emissivity \1:
:1

A. Thermal conductance D. Permeance II

B. Surface Coefficient
C. Reflectivity 11. An increase in the decomposition of slag and ash on the surface for heating of oil­
D. Thermal Conductivity fired boilers in both marine and stationary service has affected boiler efficiency. The
following are the causes except:
4. Which is used as a moderator in certain types of nuclear reactors? A. Low temperature corrosion of the cold section of air heaters and duct works
A. vapor B. Siagging of high temperature superheater surfaces
B. heavy water C. High temperature corrosion of steel
C. hot water D. Increase of heat transfer in the boiler
D. cold water
12. Combined process of cooling and humidifying is also known as:
 Elements and Terms - MODULE 10 ET - 13J
1:1" -132 ---
Elements and Terms - MODULE 10

A. fusion
A. heating and humidifying
B. thermoelectric
B. cooling tower
C. radiation
C. evaporative cooling process
D. laser ;
D. moisture removal process

13. An instrument which measures power transmitted by a rotating shaft.

20. A device for separating llquld from vapor in a steam supply system.
A. steam dryer
A. Torsiometer
B. dry pipe
B. Indicator
C. moisture separator
C. Dynamometer
D. cyclone separator
D. Prony brake
21. The law that states : "At constant temperature, the internal energy of a gas tends to
14. The main advantage of water tube boiler is: finite limit, independent of volume as the pressure tends to be zero".
A. Steam pressure can be raised in a relatively short time A. Kelvin-Planck Law
B. Steam comes out superheated B. Joules Law
C. It contains no steam drum C. Boyles Law
II D. Uses less fuel D. Charles Law

22. Removal of particular matter from air within an enclosed space by means of air
15. What takes place in a uniflow scavenging? displacement.
A. turbo blower in exhaust header to create vacuum in cylinders
A. vacuum cleaning
II B. air reversing direction in cylinders B. air purging
C. uses two blowers to purge cylinders C. scavenging
II
D. air travelling in one direction D. blow-down
II
16. Yeast as raw materials for beer making is added to the equipment called:
23. A device for forcing running water to a higher level by using the kinetic energy of
II flow:
II A. fermenters A. centrifugal pump
B. brew kettle B. positive displacement plant
C. cooler C. hydraulic ram
•
It
D. starting tubs D. rotary pump

17. A general term for a device that receives information in the form of one or more
24. In compressing air in a water jacketed air compressor, the power required to drive it:
physical quantities, modifies the information and/or its form, if required, and A. is dependent of the quantity of water circulated for a given pressure range
N produces a resultant output signal: B. does not depend on the pressure range
A. converter C. depends on the temperature change of the air for a given pressure range
B. Transducer D. only depends on the exponent of the re-expansion curve
C. Sensor
D. Scanner 25. The condition prevailing in compressible flow where the upper limit of mass flow is
reached or when the speed of sound is reached in a duct.
18. In a diesel engine, what elements in the fuel that make the work of the lubricant more A. hunting
difficult? B. surging
A. Water and ash content C. choking
B. High octane number D. overflowing
C. High cetane number
D. Sulphur and asphaltene content 26. A point in a field of flow about a body where the fluid particles have zero velocity with
respect to the body.
19. Most commonly used pyrometer: A. stagnation
 Elements and Terms - MODULE 10 Elements and Terms - MODULE 10 ET - 13~
ET -134

B. choking point 34. The quality of having a low boiling point or subliming temperature at ordinary
pressure.
C. emanation point
A. refrigerant
D. onanation point
I. B. volatility
27. The increase in enthalpy of a substance when it undergoes some phase change at C. evaporability
constant pressure and temperature: D. condensability
A. heat of transformation
B. latent heat 35. Equipment designed to reduce the amount of water vapor in the ambient atmosphere.
C. heat of vaporization A. drier
D. heat of fusion B. dehumidifier
C. cooling tower
28. Mathematically a thermodynamic property is which of the following: D. fan
,I A. a path function
B. discontinuous 36. The specific measurement of moisture content in air.
C. exact differential A. relative humidity
D. a point function B. degree of saturation
II
C. percent saturation
29. The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some standard substance is D. specific humidity
called.
A. relative density 37. A pressure vesselin which water is heated by steam during off-peak demand periods
B. specific gravity
and regenerated as steam when needed.
II
A. boiler
C. specific density

D. B. evaporator
" 30.
relative humidity

C. steam accumulator
M The compression-ignition engine is also known as: D. steam generator
II A. Diesel engine
B. Gas engine 38. The proportions of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and ash.
II
C. Otto engine A. ultimate analysis
D. Gasoline engine B. work of compression
C. neutralization
It 31. The difference between the temperature of the water leaving a cooling tower and the D. humidification
It wet-bulb temperature of the surrounding air.
A. range 39. A process of heat transfer due to motion of matter caused by a change in density.
B. A. absorption
. C.
approach
wet-bulb depression B. radiation
D. cooling range C. conduction
D. convection
32. Leaking of a fluid between a cylinder and its piston during operation.
A. scavenging 40. Piping or tubing close to or attached to a boiler for connecting controls, gages and
B. back pressure other instruments. '

C. blow by A. boiler trim

D. turbo charging B. blow-off
C. drum-intervals
33. Which of the following is not a fixed number of characteristics of the machine? D. boiler treaders
A. indicated engine efficiency
B. compression efficiency ..f I. The entropy of all perfect cystalline solid is zero at absolute zero temperature.
C. brake engine efficiency A. Zeroth Law
D. none of the above B. First Law of Thermodynamics
 ~

ET -136 Elements and Terms - MODULE 10 Elements and Terms - MODULE 10 ET - 137

C. Joule's Law
C. thermal resistance

D. Third Law of Thermodynamics

D. fluid coefficient

49. The heating value of a fuel:

42. In a refrigeration system this is a chamber for storing low side liquid refrigerant in a
system. Which also serve as a surge drum. A. cannot be determined from its Baume reading
A. agitator B. is of the order of 18,500 Btu per Ib at usual temperature
B. accumulator C. varies considerably with the oil temperature
C. evaporator D. in Btu per lb is less for a No.2 than a NO.6 oil
D. condenser
50. Volume displaced by each piston moving from bottom-dead center to top-dead center
multiplied by the number of cylinder.
43. The simultaneous on site generation of electric energy and process steam or heat
from the same plant output. A. engine displacement
II A. binary cycle B. cut-off volume
B. electric generation C. clearance volume
C. cogeneration D. maximum volume
II D. combined cycle 51. Decreasing back pressure on a turbine or engine.
A. has no effect
44. One of the two types of nonmaterial radiation is:
B. decreases efficiency
A. Rutherford radiation
B. gamma radiation
C. could have damaging effects
D. increases efficiency
II C. betatron radiation

II
D. transmulation radiation 52. What is the effect of altitude on engine power?
45. A Carnot engine:
A. high altitude increase engine power
If
A. provides of the fictitious which is of little use
B. high altitude means high air density because of lowered air pressure
II C. less air density means more air for burning fuel
B. supplies as with the lower limit for engine efficiency
I' C.
D.
operates between two constant temperature reservoirs
has two reversible and two irreversible processes
D. high altitude reduces power
53. The purpose of the multi-stage compression is to:
It 46. Removal of spent gases from an internal combustion engine cylinder and
A. prevent vaporization of the lubricating oil
replacement by a fresh change of air. B. prevent its ignition should the temperature become too high
It
A. blow by C. reduce compressor work and thus saved power
B. supercharging D. all of the above
II C. scavenging
54. Coal is ranked according to:
D. induction
A. heating value
47. In the operation of the usual rotary gear pump handling a liquid B. combustibility
A. the liquid is trapped between the meshing teeth C. degree of hardness
B. the liquid is trapped between the gear teeth and case and is carried around D. flame characteristics
to the discharge
C. a high discharge head gives exceptionally good efficiency 55. Cooling tower water is treated to prevent
D. grit in the fluid being pumped is not objectionable A. algae growth and corrosion
B. foaming
48. For a confined fluid, the rate of flow of heat out of the fluid per unit area of vessel C. excessive blow downs of boilers
wall divided by the difference between the temperature at the interior of the fluid and D. priming
the temperature at the surface wall.
A. conductivity ')6. Intercooler are used on:
B. reflectivity A. oil heater
 ,

Elements and Terms - MODULE 10 ET -139

II'
, "

ET -138 Elements and Terms - MODULE 10 I !,

I
B. a tire I
B. steam turbine C. jet nozzle
C.
:IIIII
gas turbine D. a turbine
D. gas compressor
,
1.1,1
65. Intercooler in a compressor 1
1

.1
57. Chemical composition of fuel oil
A. cools crankcase oils II
A. 70% carbon, 30% hydrogen
B. 85% carbon, 15% hydrogen
B. remove moisture or dew droplets
,'~I'I'I
C. condenses steam between stages in the air and removes condensate
C. 80% carbon, 20% hydrogen 1
D. cools air so it can't back up into 1st stage
D. 90% carbon, 10% hydrogen '11
,:111

66. Static head is:

58. In the flow of steam through a nozzle
A. the back pressure never has an effect on the flow rate A. H20 in a vertical pipe with pressure and no motion

B. the flow rate is constant for back pressure below the critical pressure B. refers only to high viscosity fluids
,I C. water is motion
C.
D.
the approach velocity never has any effect in the value of the exit velocity
the critical pressure will occur at 30% of the initial pressure
D. water in a horizontal pipe with no pair til'
II
67. Brake mean effective pressure is higher than theoretical mean effective pressure on
59. Ratio of the average load to the peak load over a period of time
account of:
A. demand factor A. engine high speed
B.
C.
use factor
diversity factor
B. poor cooling system ]1
C. high compression ratio
II D. load factor D. engine friction losses
II 60. The temperature at which vapors will flare up and then die out: 68. Main steam line to a prime mover must be:
A. pour point
A. level all the way
N
B. flash point
B. inclined toward boiler
It
C. fire point C. in a continuous loop in all situations
II D. boiling point D. inclined toward prime mover

61. If stack temperature rises with no load increase.

69. Corrosion in boilers is chiefly caused by:
II A. too lean fuel mixture
A. O2
It B. forced draft fan failure B. Alkaline H2 0
C. gas baffle broke C. H20 III

D. dirty burner cup D. CO 2

I

..
62. Superheater located in the first pass of a furnace is:
70. A continuous blowdown valve controls:
A. conduction type A. impurities in solution
B. radiant type B. total dissolved silica
C. flue type C. total dissolved boiler chemicals
D. convection type D. calcium-carbonate scale particle

63. A condenser function converts

71. A graphical representation between discharge and time is known as:
A. gas to liquid
A. hectograph
B. steam to vapor
B. monograph
C. gas to vapor
C. hydrograph
D. vapor to heavy gas
D. topograph
64. Which if the following would be considered a system rather than a control volume?
A. a pump I
,i
 ET -140 Elements and Terms - MODULE 10
Elements and Terms - MOOUlE 10 ET ·141
72. What is a process whereby a fissionable species is utilized as a source of neutrons to D. spillwater
produce more nuclei of its own kind than are used up?
A. Developing 80. Receivers must be:
B. Culturing A. vented to the atmosphere
C. Multiplying B. tilted to the feed pumps
D. Breeding C. installed With safety valve
D. installed at least 10ft higher than feed pumps
73. Under saturated condition, what is the lowest point at which fuel starts to flow.
A. Pour point 81. Scale in boiler can:
B. Flash point A. inhibit circulation and heat transfer
C. Stagnation point B. cause foaming
D. Porosity point C. create impure steam quality
,f
D. overheat blow off line
74. In a power plant, what instrument indicates percentage of CO 2 in the flue gases.
A. Ranarex indicator 82. Flame detector verifies:
II B. Microtector A. incomplete combustion
C. hydrometer B. visible light
D. Doppler meter C. visible flame only
D. ultraviolet and or infrared energy
75. What components are included in the proximate analysis in fuel?
II A. CO, carbon monoxide, excess oxygen 83. In a low speed engine, which of the following may cause black smoky exhaust.
.. B.
C.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Ash, moisture, volatile, fixed carbon
A. too heavy oil
B. too much lUbricating oil
D. Hydrogen, oxygen, moisture C. too high fuel pressure
",. 76. Part of the capacity of a hydraulic plant available at all times when energy is needed.
D. too light fuel

A. firm power . 84. The hydraulic formula CA square root of 2gh is used to find:
" B. spinning reserve A. quantity of discharge through an orifice
C. primary power B. velocity of flow in a closed conduit
II D. secondary power C. length of pipe in a closed network
It D. friction factor of a pipe
77. Heat loss that is inherent in a boiler is due to:
A. excess air
. B. dry chimney gases
85. How do you increase the output of a centrifugal pump?
A. speed up rotation
C. unburned gaseous combustible B. install recirculation line
D. radiation from the furnace setting C. increase the suction pipe area
D. increase the discharge pipe area
78. How does the expansion of cylinder wall relieve piston friction?
A. by reducing clearance space between cylinder wall and piston
86. What is the process whereby a fissionable species is utilized as a source of neutrons
B. by increasing clearance space between cylinder wall and piston to produce more nuclei of its own kind than are used up?
C. by increasing temperature of cylinder water jacket A. Developing
D. by reducing temperature cylinder water jacket B. Culturing
C. Multiplying
79. Water behind the dam at the plant. D. Breeding
A. storage
B. reservoir 87. The principal disadvantage of fire tube boilers is:
C. pondage A. uncontrollable output steam temperature
ET - 142 Elements and Terms - MODULE 10
Elements and Terms - MODULE 10 ET - 143
B. uses too much fuel
C. contains too large volume of water and requires too long time interval to D. boiler drum pressure
raise temperature
D. only wet steam is generated 95. How do you differentiate surge from water hammer?
A. Time for a pressure to transverse the pipe
88. In designing
a piping system, detrimental distortion of connected equipment resulting B. The pressure of the reservoir at the end of the pipe
from excessive thrusts and moment: C. Rate of deceleration of flow
A. is avoided by provldlnq an expansion loop
D. Relative compressibility of liqUid tom expansion
B. is desirable for stability
C. causes excessive vibration 96. An accessory often installed on modern boilers to heat combustion of air before it
D. may be eliminated by using welded connectors enters the boiler furnace.
A. economizer
89. An odorless refrigerant: its boiling point varies over a wide range of temperatures. B. air heater
A. Freon 22 C. reheater
B. Freon 12 D. forced draft fan
C. Freon refrigerants
D. Ammonia 97. Specific heat capacity is an 51 derived unit described as:
A. J/kg
90. An important factor to be considered in designing exhaust systems for diesel B. W/m-K
engines. C. J/m 3
A. Arrangements of external systems to minimize back pressure D. J/kg-K
B. Proper filtration of exhaust gas to eliminate odors
C. Baffling to eliminate exhaust noise 9~. Which of the following is a physical property of lUbricating oil?
D. Provide exhaust gas to recovery system A. Cetane number
B. Viscosity index
91. Whatdo you call the changing of atom of an element into an atom of a C. Aniline point
element with a different atomic mass?
D. Octane number
A. atomization
B. atomic transmulation 99. What characterizes a reaction turbine?
C. atomic mile A. steam losses velocity as it leaves the diaphragm
D. atomic energy B. steam strikes the blades at right angles
C. steam will react with a force in the diaphragm
92. The diagonal lines in the Psychrometric chart represent?
D. steam is deflected
A. Effective temperature
B. Dry-bulb temperature 100. Pneumatic tool are powered by:
C. Wet·bulb temperature A. steam
D. Dew-point temperature B. water
C. natural gas
93. Assuming real process, the net entropy change in the universe is:
D. air
A. must be calculated
B. equai to zero
C. negative
D. positive

94. What is the function of radiation pyrometer?

A. boiler water weight
B. boiler pressure

( '. furnace temperature

 ME Board October 1994 PB -1

MECHANICAL ENGINEER Licensure Examination

Tuesday, October 25, 1994 8:00 AM- 4:00 PM

POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING SET A

INSTRUCTION: Select the correct answer for each of the following

questions. Mark only one answer for each item by shading the box
corresponding to the letter of your choice on the answer sheet provided.
STRICTLY NO ERASURES ALLOWED. Use pencil NO.1 only.

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. A back pressure steam turbine of 100,000 kw serves as a prime

mover in a cogeneration system. The boiler admits the return water
at a temperature of 66°C and produces the steam at 6.5 Mpa and
455°C. Steam then enters a back-pressure turbine and expands to
the pressure of the process, which is 0.52 Mpa.

Assuming a boiler efficiency of 80% and neglecting the effect of

pumping and the pressure drops at various location, what is the
incremental heat rate for electric?

The following enthalpies have been found: turbine entrance =

3306.8 kJ/kg, exit = 2700.8; boiler entrance = 276.23 kJ/kg, exit =
3306.8.
A. 22,504 kJ/kw-hr C. 25,200 kJ/kw-hr
B. 24,500 kJ/kw-hr D. 30,506 kj/kw-hr

Solution:

W T = turbine work

= m(h 1 - h2 )

= m(3306.8 - 27008) = 606 m kw

Q A = heat supplied in the boiler

mx3600(h 1 - h 2 )
=
11b
m(3600)(3306.8 - 276.23)
=
0.80

= 13,637,565 m kJ/hr
PB - 2 ME Board October 1994
ME Board October 1994

Heat Rate = 13,637,565m = 22,504 kwkJ

_ hr
By heat balance in the condenser:

606m

m(h 2 - h3 ) = mwCpLH

2. A coal fired power plant has turbine-generator rated at 1000 MW

gross. The plant required about 9% of this power for its internal 0.153(377 - 238.5) = mw(4.187)(7)

operations. It uses 9800 tons of coal per day. The coal has a
heating value of 6,388.9 kcalfkg and the steam generator efficiency mw = 0.723 kg/s

is 86%. What is the net station efficiency of the plant in percent?

A. 33.07% C. 37.05% V = 0.723(60)

B. 35.70% D. 42.05% w 43.38 Ii/min

1

Solution: 4338

== = 11.46 GPM
Net Output = 1OOO( 1 - 0.09) 3.7854

= 910 MW = 910,000 kw 4. Air enters a fan through a duct at a velocity of 6.3 m/s and an inlet
static pressure of 2.5 cm of water less than atmospheric pressure.
The air leaves the fan through a duct at a velocity of 11.25 m/s and a
Heat Input = mtOh -
-
9800(907) (6,388.9 x 4.187)
24(3600) discharge. static pressure of 7.62 cm of water above atmospheric
pressure. If the3/s,
specific weight of the air is 1.20 kg/m 3 and the fan
delivers 9.45 m what is the fan efficiency when the power input
_ Net Output to the fan is 13.75 kw at the coupling?
Net Station Efficiency A. 71.8% C. 81.7%
Heat Input
B. 78.1% D. 87.1%

910,000 Solution:

= = 33.07%

2,752,001

H = total head == static pressure head + velocity head

3. A freon-12 waste water system operating at a SoC suction

. ( 2 ) )
temperature and a 40°C condensing temperature has "an evaporator == P2 - PI + V2 - VI ~

load of 5 tons. If the condenser is selected for a 7°C water w 2g

temperature rise, how many gpm must be circulated through the

condenser? = (0.0762 + 0.025)1000 + (J 1.25Y' - (6.Jy
The following enthalpies have been found: condenser entrance = 1.20 2(9.81)

377.0 kJfkg, exit =

238.5; evaporator entrance =
238.5 kJfkg, exit
= 353.6 kJfkg. == 88.76 m of air

A. 11.46 GPM C. 15.85 GPM

B. 12.95 GPM D. 25.61 GPM Air Power = Q w h

Solution: = 9.45(1.20 x 0.00981 )(88.76)

REF. Effect = m(h 1 - h4 ) == 9.874 kw

5(3.516) = m(353.6 - 238.5)

Air Power
Fan Efficiency = x 100
m = 0.153 kgfs Input Power
 PB-4 ME Board October 1994
-._ME
­ Board October 1994 - - P B -5

13.
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of the number of
= 9.874 x 100 = 71.81 %
13.75 electrons in the orbit of an atom:
A. atomic volume C. atomic weight
B. atomic number D. atomic mass
5. When a substance in gaseous state is below the critical
temperature, it is called:
A. Vapor C. moisture 14. The energy of a fluid flowing at any section in a pipeline is a
function of:
B. cloud D. steam
A. velocity of flow only
B. pressure only
6. A water temperature rise of 18°F in the water cooled condenser is
equivalent in °c to: C. height above a chosen datum, density, internal energy,
pressure and velocity of flow
A. 7.78°C C. 263.56°K
B. 10°C D. -9.44
oC D. pressure, height above a chosen datum, velocity of flow, density
of fluid
Solution:
15. A type of water turbine:
t,,°C =~ (t,,°F) =~ (18) = 10°C A. Parson
B Hero
C. Pelton
9 9 D. Banki

7. Is the condition of pressure and temperature at which a liquid and ." 16. If the pressure of the confined gas is constant, the volume is directly
its vapor are indistinguishable: proportional to the absolute temperature:
A. critical point C. absolute humidity A Boyle C. Charles
B. dew point D. relative humidity B. Joule D. Kelvin

~ 8. If the temperature is held constant and the pressure is increased 17. A theoretical body which when heated to encandescence would emit
• beyond the saturation pressure, we have a :
A. saturated vapor C. saturated liquid
a continuous light -ray spectrum:
A black body radiation C. blue body
B. compressed liquid D. subcooled liquid B. black body D. white body

9. A francis turbine has what flow: 18. A water temperature rise of 18°F in the water cooled condenser is
A. inward flow reaction C. outward flow reaction equivalent in °c to:
• B. outward flow impulse D. inward flow impulse A -9.44°C C. 10°C
B. 26356°K D. 7.78°C
10. The latent heat of vaporization in joules per kg is equal to:
2 5
A. 5.40 x 10 C. 22.6 X 10 Solution:
3 5
B. 4.13 X 10 D. 3.35 X 10
.:;
11. Form of energy associated with the kinetic energy of the random 18 .
9

.z: 10'I e

motion of large number of molecules:

A. internal energy C. heat of fusion
B. kinetic energy D. heat 19. Ignition of the air fuel mixture in the intake of the exhaust manifold:
A. backlash C. exhaust pressure
12. In a poT diagram of a pure substance, the curve separating the solid B. backfire D. back pressure
phase from the liquid phase is:
20. Is the condition of pressure and temperature at which a liquid and
A. vaporization curve C. boiling point
B. fusion curve D. sublimation point its vapor are indistinguishable:
A relative humidity C. critical point

B absolute humidity
D. dew point
 PB -6 ME Board October 1994
ME-Board
----- - - October 1994
21. When a substance in gaseous state is below its critical temperature
28. The locus of elevations:
it is called:
A. critical point C. energy gradient
A. steam C. moisture
B. hydraulic gradient D. friction gradient
B. cloud D. vapor

22. Which of the following a set of standard condition: 29. In sensible cooling process, the moisture content:
A. 1 atm, 255 K, 22.41 m
3/kg
mole A. does not change C. indeterminate
o 3/kg B. decreases D. increases
B. 101.325, 273 K, 22.4 m mole
0K, 3/kg
C. 101.325, 273 23.66 m
mole
D. 1 atm, 10°C, 22.41 m3/kg mole
30. Steam flows into a turbine at the rate of 10 kg/s and 10 kw of heat
are lost from the turbine. Ignoring elevation and kinetic energy
Solution: effects, calculate the power output from the turbine. Given: h, ;:
2739.0 and h 2 = 2300.5 kJ/kg.
Molecular weight of air = 28.97 kg/kg mole A. 4605 kw C. 4375 kw
B. 4973 kw D. 4000 kw
Solving for theyolume per kg mole at 101.325 kPa and 273°K: Solution:
PV = mRT
W = m(h l - h2) - q

28.97(0.287)(273) = 22..4 m 3/kg mole = 10(2739.0 - 2300.5) - 10

II
V = 101.325
= 4375 kw
23. Number of molecules in a mole of any substance is a constant
~
called:
• A. Rankine cycle
B. Avogadro's number
C. Otto cycle
D. Thompson constant
31. The compression ratio of an ideal Otto cycle is 6:1. Initial conditions
are 101.3 kPa and 20°C. Find the pressure and temperature at the
end of adiabatic compression.
A. 1244.5 kPa, 599.96°K C. 1244.5 kPa gage, 60°C
24. A simultaneous generation of electricity and steam (or heat) in a B. 1244.5 kPa, 60°C D. 1244.5 kPa, 599.96 oC
• single power plant:
A. gas turbine C. waste heat recovery Solution:
" B. steam turbine-gas turbine plant D. cogeneration

25. Is one whose temperature is below the saturation temperature

corresponding to its pressure:
A. compression
B. condensation
C. constant volume process
D. subcooled liquid
Vi
V,
6
1',
II (~~ r I

PN/ = P2V2 K To
20+273 = (6)14-1
26. Pump used to increase air pressure above normal, air is then used
as a motive power:
A. air cooled engine
B. air compressor
C. air condenser
D. air injection :~ (~~
~
=

=
r
(6)14
T 2 = 599.96 K °
27. If the temperature is held constant and the pressure is increased
J0 1.3
beyond the saturation pressure, we have a :
A. compressed liquid C. saturated vapor
B. subcooled liquid D. saturated liquid
P2 = 1244.5 kPa
 PB -8 ME Board October 1994 " ME Board October 1994 PB - 'j

32. What pressure is a column of water 100 cm high equivalent to?

A. 9807 Dynes/ern" C. 0.1 bar = 117 Btu 1055J
x -- x
hr
-­ x
(3.28)2ft2
B. 9807 N/m
2
D. 98,100 N/m
2 hr - ft2 Btu 3600sec m2

= 369 ~
Solution:
2
m2
Pressure = wh = 9807(1) = 9807 N/m
35. Water is flowing in a pipe with radius of 25.4 cm at a velocity of 5
33. An ideal vapor compression refrigeration cycle requires 2.5 kw to
m/s at the temperature in the pipe. The density and viscosity of the
power the
compressor. You have found the following data for the cycle: the
water are as follows: density =
997.9 kg/m 3 , viscosity =
1.131 Pa­
s. What is the Reynolds Number for this situation?
I~ enthalpy at the condenser entrance =
203 kJ/kg, exit 55; = A. 2241 C. 3100
evaporator entrance = 55 kJ/kg, exit = 178. If the mass flow rate B. 88.2 D. 1140
of the refrigerant is 0.10 kg/s, then the coefficient of performance of
this refrigeration cycle is most nearly: Solution:
II
A. 592 C. 5.92
B. 59.2 D. 4.92
N R = DV
Solution: 11

II REF Effect = m(h 1 - h2 ) = 0.10(178 - 55) = 12.3 kw where: 0 = 2(25.4) = 50.8 cm = 0.508 m
II
12.3 v = 5 m/s
CpP = = 4.92
tI 2.5
i 11 1.131
= kimernatic' "VISCOSIty = -_
It = hi -h 4 = 178 - 55 997.9
Or: COP = 4.92
h 2 -h] 203-178
= 0.0011334 m%ec
II 34. Calculate the energy transfer rate across 6" wall of firebrick with a
. temperature difference across the wall of 50°C. The thermal N R = 0.508(5)
0.0011334
= 2241
conductivity of the firebrick is 0.65 Btu/hr-tt-OF at the temperature
interest.
II 2 2
A. 285 W/m C.112W/m
B. 369 W/m
2
D. 429 W/m 2

Solution:

x =,6 in = 0.5 ft

ta - tb = 50 (~J = 90°F

Q = kA(t a - tb ) = 0.65(1)(90) = 117 Btu

x 0.5 hr-ft 2
 PB -10 ME Board Apri/1995 ME Board Apri/1995

MECHANICAL ENGINEER Licensure Examination 8. Work done per unit charge when charge is moved from one point to
Sunday,Ap~123, 1995 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM another:
A. equipotential surface C. electrostatic unit
POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING SET A B. potential at a point D. potential difference
INSTRUCTION: Select the correct answer for each of the following (Ref. Weber, etc. p. 589)
questions. Mark only one answer for each item by shading the box
corresponding to the letter of your choice on the answer sheet provided. 9. A pressure of 1 millibar is equivalent to:
2
STRICTLY NO ERASURES ALLOWED. Use pencil NO.1 only. A. 1000 dynes/cm C. 1000 psi
B. 1000 cm of Hg D. 1000 kg/cm 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE
I~ Solution:
1. What is the process that has no heat transfer?
A. reversible C. polytropic
II
B. isothermal D. adiabatic 1 millibar = 0.001 bar = 0.1 kPa = 0.1 kN
-Z
m
2. The internal combustion engines never work on cycle:
A. Rankine C. dual combustion = o.1 -z
kN
x
1000 N
x
100,000 dynes
X
mZ
J

B. diesel D. Otto m kN N 10,000 em"

It = 1000 dynes
3. The dividing point between the high-pressure and low-pressure
II sides of the refrigeration cycle occurs at the: cm 2
A. expansion valve C. condenser

"
"I'
B. compressor D. cooling coil

4. What is the force which tends to draw a body toward the center
10. Heat transfer due to density differential:

A convection
B. nuclear
C. conduction

D. radiation
/
I
about which it is rotating?
A. centrifugal force C. centrifugal aadvance 11. When a system deviates infinitesimally from equilibrium at every
B. centrifugal in motion D. centripetal force instant of its state, it is undergoing:

"
It 5. A simultaneous generation of electricity and steam (or heat) in a
single power plant:
A isobaric process
B. quasi-static process
C. isometric process

D. cyclic process

If
A. steam turbine - gas turbine C. gas turbine plant 12. The ratio of the average load to the peak load over a designated
B. cogeneration D. waste heat boiler period of time is called:
A. load factor C. diversity factor
6. Percent excess air is the difference between air actually supplied B. reactive factor D. plant use factor
and the theoretically required divided by:
A. the theoretically air supplied C. the actually air supplied 13. A supercharged six-cylinder four stroke cycle diesel engine of 10.48
B. the deficiency air supplied D. none of these cm bore and 12.7 cm stroke has a compression ratio of 15. When it
is tested on a dynamometer with a 53.34 cm arm at 2500 rpm, the
7. What amount of air is required in a low bypass factor? scare reads 81.65 kg, 2.86 kg of fuel of 45,822.20 kJ/kg heating value
A. greater C. indeterminate are burned during a 6 min test, and air metered to the cylinders at
B. lesser D. does not change the rate of 0.182 kg's. Find the brake thermal efficiency.
A. 0.327 C. 0.307
(Source: Ref. Jordan and Priester p. 295) B. 0.367 D. 0.357
 PB -12 ME Board April 1995 ME Board Apri/1995 PB -13

Solution: Solution:

T = 81.65(0.00981 )(0.5334) = 0.42725 kN-m

Work of single stage = nPV'
_1_1
P 1]-1
(--.1...)' -
II J
1
n~1 PI
Brake Power = 2nTN = 2500j'
2n(0.42725) ( 60 f

~Ji(985.6)~~~
~ 'I
= 111.854 kw (1.30)(9X56{
=
1.30- 1 I 98.56
mr = 2.86
6(60)
= 0.00794 kg/sec
If
= 42.43 kw

Brake Thermal Efficiency

I' _ Brake Power 111.854
For Two Stage:

mrQ h (0.00794)(45,822.20) P x == M == .j(98.56)(985.6) = 311.67 kPa

=
f ~ 'J
0.307 = 30.7%

2np'V'l( ~~
It

I' 14. The gaseous mixture has dew point temperature of 15°C. The total
pressure is 143.27 kPa. Determine the amount of water vapor
Work ofTwo Stage:

III present in 100 moles of the mixture. Note: Saturation pressure at ~

III 15°C is 1.7051 kPa. "

f( )~~2
It A. 1.10 C. 1.19

-'j
B. 2.19 D. 2.0 2(1.30)(98.56{W-) 311.67

II Solution:
= 1.30 -1 l 98.56

It = 36.83 kw

Pv - _ (VV v) p
Saving = 42.43 - 36.83 = 5.6 kw
III

16. The enthalpy of air is increased by 139.586 kJ/kg in a compressor.

1.7051 = (V100v J143.27 The rate of air flow is 16.42 kg/min. The power input is 48.2 kw.
Which of the following values most nearly equals the heat loss from
the ccmpressor-rn kw?
V v = 1.19 moles A. -10.0 C -9.95
B. +10.2 D. +9.95

3
15. An air compressor is to compress 8.5 m per min from 98.5t kPa to
985.6 kPa. Assuming conditions ideal, and with n 1.3, what will= Solution:

be the saving in work due to two staging?

A. 4.6 kw C. 5.6 kw By first law of thermodynamics (energy balance)
B. zero D. 3.5 kw
H 1 + W = H2 + (-q)
 PB ~ 14 ME Board Apri/1995
~
ME Board Apri/1995 PB -15

,q = H2 - H1 - W = m(h 2 - h 1) - W 20. A gaseous fuel mixture has a molal analysis:

H2 = 14% CH 4 = 3% co = 27%
= 1642 (L\9.586) _ 48.2
60 O 2 = 0.6% CO 2 = 4.5% N2 = 50.9%
= -10 kw Determine the theoretical air-fuel ratio for complete combustion on
molal basis.
17. What is the clockwork-operated device which records continuously A. 2.13 C. 1.233
the humidity of the atmosphere? B. 3.230 D. 1.130
A hetrograph C. hydrodeik
B hygrometer D. hygrograph Solution:
If
18. What is' an apparatus used in the analysis of combustible gases? Chemical reaction with Oxygen:
A. calorimeter differential C. calorimetry
,. B. calorimeter gas D. calorimeter 0.14 H 2 +
0.03 CH 4 +
0.070 O 2
0.060 O 2
= 0.14
=
H2 0
0.03 CO 2 + 0.06 H 2 0
19. A steam generator with economizer and air heater has an overall 0.27 CO + 0.135 O 2 = 0.27 CO 2
draft loss of 21.78 cm of water. If the stack gases are at 177 deg. C
and if the atmosphere is at 101.3 kPa and 26 deg C, what theoretical 0.265 O 2
height of stack in meters is needed when no draft fans are used? -0.006 O 2 from fuel itself
I. Assume that the gas constant for the flue gases is the same as that
I. for air.
C. 545
0.259 O 2 from air
A. 565
,
iii B. 535 D. 550
Theo. A/F = 0.259 + 0.259(3.76)
1
II Solution:
= 1.233 mols air

d, = density of air = n.r, =

p lOU 1.J8~3 mol fuel
0.287(26 + 273) m
II
21. A fan delivers 4.7 m 3/s at a static pressure of 5.08 cm of water when
. operating at a speed of 400 rpm. The power input required is 2.963
d g
101.3
= density of flue gas = 0.287(177 + 273) = 0.784 ~3 kw. If 7.05 m
3/s
are desired in the same fan and installation, find the
m pressure in cm of water.
II
A. 7.62 C. 11.43
Pressure = height x density B. 17.14 D. 5.08
3
Draft = 0.2178(1000) = 217.8 kg/m Solution:

Draft = H(d a - dg)

QI

Q 2
= ~
N2 ~
H = l~J
N2 2

217.8 = H(1.18 - 0.784)

4.7 400 5.08 = (400r
H = 550 m =­
--
7.05 N2 H2 600

N2 = 600 rpm H2 = 11.43 cm of water

 PB -16 ME Board Apri/1995 ME Board Apri/1995 PB -17

22. A fan described in a manufacturer's table is rated to deliver 500 25. A single stage air compressor handles 0.454 mJ/sec of atmospheric
mJ/min at a static pressure gage of 254 cm of water when running at pressure, 27°C air, and delivers it to a receiver at 652.75 kPa. Its
250 rpm and requiring 3.6 kw. If the fan speed is changed to 305 volumetrlc efficiency is 0.72, its compression efficiency on an
rpm and the air handled were at 65°C instead of standard 21°C, find isothermal basis is 0.85 and its mechanical efficiency is 0.90. If it
the power in kw. rotates at 350 rpm, what power in kw is required to drive it?
A. 3.82 C. 4.66 A. 95 C. 120
B. 5.08 D. 5.68 B. 112 D. 100

Solution: Solution:

Solving for the power required at 305 rpm and 21 DC:

Po
Isothermal Power ::: P 1V 1 In -=-­
~ (~1
3
I~
= PI
Pz NZ )

~ =
652.75
It (250)3 = 101.3(0.454) In
Pz 305 101.3

= 85.685 kw
P z = 6.5 kw

Drive Power = 85.685

If Solving for the power required at 305 rpm and 65°C: = 112 kw
P 0.85(0.90)
It
d =
density - = RT
26. liquid ammonia at a temperature of 26°C is available at the
It

"I. d1 _ ,%.T 1 T2 expansion valve. The temperature of the vaporizing ammonia in the
~ - ,%.T 2
= TI
evaporator is 2°C. Find the percentage of liquid vaporized while
flowing through the expansion valve.

~=~ Enthalpy (kJ/kg)

It Pz dz ........... -....... ------ -- ... -_..-... -- ... -- .......

Temp. DC Abs. Pressure kPa Sat. Liquid Evap. Sat. Vapor

II 6.5 65 + 273
- = hf hfg hg
P'
z 21 + 273 2 462.49 190.4 1255.2 1445.6
It 26 1033.97 303.6 1162.0 1465.6
P2 ' = 5.68 kw A. 9.02 C. 91.08
23. If the fluid travels parallel to the adjacent layers and the paths of B. 90.98 D. 8.92
individual particles do not cross, the flow is said to be:
A. turbulent C. dynamic Solution
B. critical D. laminar
h 3 = h,
24. What equation applies in the first law of thermodynamics for an ideal
gas in a reversible open steady-state system? h3 = hf + x hfg
A. Q - W = U z - U 1 C. Q - VdP = Hz - H 1
B. Q + VdP = Hz - H 1 D. Q - PdV = H2 - H1 303.6 ::: 190.4 + x(1255.2)

(Thermo. Faires pp. 84-87) x = 9.02%

PB -18 r~
ME Board April 1995 ME Board April 1995 PB -19
i'
27. Is one whose pressure is higher than the saturation pressure
corresponding to its temperature:
35. Type of turbine that has high pressure and low pressure is called: '~I
III
A. compound engine C. impulse turbine
A. saturated liquid C. saturated vapor B. gas turbine D. compound turbine
B. compressed liquid D. compressed gas
36. The design of an air supply duct of an air conditioning system: III
28. The locus of elevations to which water will rise in the piezometer A. adds moisture to the air i
tube is termed: B. lowers the temperature of the air
A. energy gradient C. hydraulic gradient :/11/
C. does not affect the distribution of air I
B. friction head D. critical path D. affects the distribution of air

29. The total energy in a compressible or incompressible fluid flowing 37. The changing of solid directly to vapor, without passing through the

across any section in a pipeline is a function of: liquid state is called:

A. pressure and velocity A. evaporation C. sublimation

B. pressure, density and velocity B. vaporization D. condensation
C. pressure, density, velocity and viscosity
D. flow energy, kinetic energy, height above datum and internal 38. The volume of a fluid passing a cross section stream in unit time is
energy called:
A. steady flow C. discharge
30. The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some B. uniform flow D. continuous flow ''''I
standard substance is called: I

A. relative density C. specific density 39. Weight per unit volume is termed as:
B. specific gravity D. relative gravity A. specific gravity C. weight density
B. density D. specific qravity
31. At any instant, the number of particles passing every cross-section
of the stream is the same, the flow is said to be: 40. S.1. unit of force:
A. steady flow C. continuous flow A. pounds C. kilograms
B. uniform flow D. turbulent flow B. Newton O. dyne

32. The hydraulic formula CA~2gh is used to find: Problem Solving:

A. quantity of discharge through an orifice
B. velocity of flow in a closed conduit 1. In an air standard diesel cycle, compression starts at 100 kP;I and
C. length of pipe in a closed network 300 K. the compression ratio is 16 to 1. The maximum ,;ycle
D. friction factor of a pipe temperature is 2031 K. Determine the thermal efficiency.
A. 60.3% C. 70.3%
33. The sum of the energies of all molecules in a system, energies B. 63.0% D. 85.5%
appear in several complex forms, is the:
Solution:

A. kinetic energy C. internal energy

B. potential energy D. thermal energy
Process 1-2, isentrop ic process:

34. The temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to the pressure
H
~~ (~l i
exerted on the liquid:
A. absolute humidity C. boiling point =
B. calorimeter D. thermal energy 2)

T,
]1)0 = (16)' 4-1
PB - 20 ME Board Apri/1995 1, ME Board Apri/1995 1'1\ .: I

T2 = 909.43K ,
I

d9 = density of flue gas = P

RgTg
Process 2-3, isobaric process:
IOU
0.686 kg
V c = V3 0.277(260 + 273) m

T2 T3

V3 T3 2031
2.233
Draft = 0.02286 ( I
0.001005)
I = 22.746 ~2
m
rc = V, T2 909.43
Solving for the velocity of the flue gases considering a velocity
= 1 rr I] coeffient of OAO:
~(TC -I)
K -
Cycle Thermal Efficiency 1 ­
TkK=l L
Vel = Cv~2gh 0.40.12(9.81)( 22.746)
0.686
_ 1 [(2.233)14 - Il = 10.2m/s
- 1 - (16)14-1 1.4(2.233 -1) J Flow = Area x Vel

= 60.27%
46.72 = ~D2(10.2)
0.686 4
2. 2.52 kg of coal per second are consumed by a steam boiler plant and·
produced 18.54 kg of dry flue gas per kg of coal fired. The air
D = 2.9 m
temperature outside is 32°C, the average temperature of the flue

gases entering the chimney is 343°C and the average temperature of

3. The following is an analysis of coal in percent:

the flue gases in the chimney is 260°C. The gage fluid specific
volume is 1.005 x 10.3 m 3/kg and a theoretical draft of 2.286 cm of
water at the chimney base is needed when the barometric pressure
C = 74 O2 =8 5 = 1
is 101.3 kPa. Find the diameter of the chimney in meters.
H2 =6 N2 = 1.6 Ash = 9.4
A. 2.9 m C. 3.5 m
B. 2.1 m D. 3.9 m If burned in a boiler, the coal produces the following Orsat analysis
in percent:
Solution:
CO 2 = 12 CO = 0.1 O 2 = 6.5
mg = mass flow rate of flue gases The refuse contains 0.008 kg of carbon per kg of coal burned.
Determine the percentage excess air used.
= 18.54(2.52) = 46.72 kg/s A. 45.6% C. 46.5%
B. 49.8% D. 75%

Flow gases have higher molecular weight than air, assume M = 30:

Solution:
8.3143
Rg = = 0.277
30
Thea AJF = 11.5 C + 34.5 (H- ~ J + 4.3 S
PB -22 ME Board Apri/1995 ~
ME Board October 1995 PB·23

14 MECHANICAL ENGINEER Licensure Examination

= 11.5(0.74) + 34.5(0.06 _ 0.~8j + 4.3 (0.01) I Weclnesclrlv October 18, 1995

= 10.278 kg air per kg coal POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING SET A

N2 in product = 100 - 12 - 0.'1 - 6.5 = 81.4% by volume
Total kg in products = 0.12(44) + 0.001(28) + 0.065(32)
= 5.28 + 0.028 + 2.08 + 22.792
= 30.18
INSTRUCTION: Select the correct answer for each of the following
questions. Mark only one answer for each item by shading the box
+ 0.814(28) corresponding to the letter of your choice on the answer sheet provided.
STRICTLY NO ERASURES ALLOWED. Use pencil NO.1 only.
MULTIPLE CHOICE

kg N z 22.792 1. Heat exchanger used to provide heat transfer between the exhaust
0.7552

kg prod 30.18
gases and the air prior to its entrance to the combustor:
A. evaporator C. regenerator
B. combustion chamber D. heater
C burned
0.74- 0.008 = 0.732

kg coal
2. Heat normally flowing from a high temperature body to a low
temperature body wherein it is impossible to convert heat without
5.28 0.028 other effects is called the:
C in prod = + -­ = 0.0481 kg A. second law of thermodynamics
30.18(3.67) 30.18(2.33)

B. first law of thermodynamics

C. third law of thermodynamics
Note: 1 kg C + 2.67 kg Oz = 3.67 kg COz
D. Zeroth law of thermodynamics
1 kg C + 1.33 kg Oz = 2.33 kg CO

3. What are the immediate undesirable products from the petroleum­

, kg gas 1
based lubricating oil when subjected to high pressure and
0.732 x - - = 15.218
temperature?
kg coal 0.0481

A. gums, resins and acidsb C. soots and ashes

B. sulfur D. carbon residue
Nzsupplied = 15.218(0.7552) =11.493

4. The intake pipe to a hydraulic turbine from a dam is:

kg coal

A. tailrace C. surge tank

B. spiral casing D. penstock
Air supplied = 11.493 14.965
kg coal burned 0.768 5. When 1 mol of carbon with 1 mol oxygen:
A. 2 mols carbon dioxide C. 1 mol carbon and 1 mol CO 2
B. 1 mol carbon dioxide D. 1 mol carbon monoxide
Note: N2 is 76.8% by weight in air

Solution:
Percentage of Excess Air = 14.965 -10.278 = 45.6%

10.278 1 C + 1 Oz = 1 CO 2

6. A device for measuring the velocity of wind:

A. aneroid barometer C. anemoscope
B. anemometer D. anemograph
 ---------
PB -24
~---_. ~ - _ . ~ - - - -

ME Board October 1995

,
,
-------- ME Board October 1995
--------_-----.::...=-=-=-==-----=-::.-:....._--_----..:.-=--~PB -25

Solution:
7. Air standard efficiency of a diesel engine depends on:
A. speed C. fuel Converting the given mass analysis to molal analysis:
B. compression ratio D. torque
Component Mass Analysis Molal Analysis
8. Heavy water is: C 85.3 85.3/12 = 7.108
A. 820 (2 is written as subscript) C. WzO (2 is written as subscript) Hz 14.1 14.1/2 = 7.050
8. HzO (2 is written as subscript) D. 0 20 (2 is written as subscript) S 0.5 0.5/32 = 0.016
N2 0.1 0.1/28 = 0.004
9. The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands of the system 100.0 14.178
to the overall maximum demand of the whole system:
A. demand factor C. power factor Combustion reaction with 125% theoretical air:
B. diversity factor D. utilization factor
7.108C + 7.050 Hz + 0.016S + 0.004N z + 1.25(101.649)Oz
10. Percent excess air is the difference between the air actually supplied + 1.25(10.649) (3.76)N 2 = 7.108 CO 2 + 7.050 H20 +
and the theoretically divided by: 0.016 S02 + 50.054 N 2 + 0.25(10.649) O 2
A. the deficiency air supplied C. none of these
B. the actually air supplied D. the theoretically air supplied Total mols in products = 7.108 + 7.050 + 0.016 + 50.054 + 2.662
= 66.89 mols
11. Mechanism designed to lower the temperature of air passing
through it:
A. air cooler C. air spillover
B. air defense D. air cycle
Partial Pressure (H 20) = (7.05°)170 = 17.92kPa
66.890
3
12. The term "exposure" in radiological effects is used as a measure of 15. What is the m of gravel required for a 5 m 3 of 1 : 2 : 4 concrete
a Gamma ray or an X-ray field in the surface of an exposed object. mixture, given the follOWing properties of materials:
Since this radiation produces ionization of the air surrounding the
object, the exposure is obtained as: Material Relative Density Density (kg/m 3 )
A. x = no. of ions produced per mass of air x coulombs per kg
B. x = mass of air x surface area of an exposed object Cement 3.10 1428
II C. x = mass of air over surface area of an exposed object Sand 2.64 1680
D. x = no. of ions produced per mass of air + coulombs per kg Gravel 2.50 1525
Use 26 liters of water per bag of cement. Assume one bag of
13. The viscosity of most commercially available petroleum lubricating cement loose volume as 0.028 rn",
3
oil changes rapidly above: A. 6.12m C.2.16m 3
A. 120°F C. 150°F B. 4.73 rn' D. 3.92 m 3
B. 180°F D. 130°F
Solution:
14. A steam generator burns fuel oil that has the following chemical
analysis by mass in percent: V c , Vs, V g , V w = compact volume of cement, sand,
C =85.3 H 2 = 14.1 S = 0.5 N2 = 0.1 gravel and water, respectively.
Combustion takes place in 125 percent in theoretical air. The flue
gases leave the air pre-heater at 0.17 Mpa. What is the partial 1428(0.028)1
pressure of the stack gases to avoid condensation in kPa? Take Vc = = 0.0129 m 3/batch
3.10(1000)
molecular weight of the flue gases as 28.8.
A. 19.85 C. 17.93
B. 11.14 0 14.20
 PB -26

V s =
ME Board October 1995

1680(0.028)2
2.64(1000)
= 0.0356 m
3/batch
"
Solving for h2 :
ME Board October 1995

~ S1 = S2
1525(0.028)4
V 9 = = 0.0683 m
3/batch
S, = (sf + x sfg)z
2.50(1000)

26
6.5763 = 2.1345 + X2 (4.4555)
Vw = = 0.0260 m
3/batch
1000 X2 = 0.9969
3/batch
VTotal = 0.1428 m h = hf + x hfg

Total no. of batches = - -

5
= 35 batches h 2 = 760.88 + 0.9969(20168) = 27711.4 kJ/kg
0.1428
By continuity equation:
3
Volume of gravel required = 35(0.028)4 = 3.92 m
A,V, = A 2V2

16. A venturi meter is placed in a line carrying dry saturated steam at .

1.03 M pa to enable estimates of steam flow rate to be made.' The D,2v, = D/V 2

inlet throat diameters of the venturi are 22.86 cm and 17.78 em, .
respectively, and it is found that between these two positions the VI = (0.1778)2

steam pressure falls by 0.04 MPa. Assuming that the flow is (0.2286)2 Y2 = 0.605 V2

isentropic, what is the rate of steam flow in kg/s?

Properties of Steam
2
hi + VI h + VJ 2

Saturation:
2

2gJ 2gJ
Press Temp Sp. Vol. Enthalpy Entropy
3/kg)
P(Mpa) t (0C) vg (m hf hfg hg sf sfg s9 (0.605 yo)2 .,
2779.25 + - V,'
II
2(9.81)(102)
= 2771.4 +
0.99 179.47 0.1963 760.88 2016.8 2717.7 2.1345 4.4555 6.5894 2(9.HI)(I02)
1.03 181.19 0.18905 768.50 2010.7 2719.25 2.1512 4.4252 6.5713
It V2 = 157.4 m/s
A. 25.50 C. 19.49
B. 12.15 D. 29.20 Flow = Area x velocity
1.03 MPa
Solution: 0.99 MPa O2 = -4 I TD-. , V,. =
IT,
-(0 177;-1)'(157.4)
4 = 3908 3
m /s
..•. -I
~
:
.
:
By energy balance:
................~. 1 .2 . .. ~

3.908
m = mass flow rate = - - = 19.91 kg/s

y 2
V 2 .,r- ~ I 0.] 963

hi + _1 = h, + -2..­
2gJ - 2gJ

17. What is the required base area of the foundation to support an

engine with specified speed of 1200 rpm and weight of 9,000 kg.
where: J = conversion constant = 102 kg-m/kJ Assume bearing capacity of soil as 47.867 kPa. Use c = 0.11.
h, = 2779.25 kJ/kg A 5.57 m
2
C. 7.75 m 2
2
B. 8.87 m D. 10.5 m 2
 PB ·28 ME Board October 1995 ME Board October 1995 PB - 29

Solution:
::: 705.645 (3600) = 2,540,323 kw-s or kJ
WF ::: weight of foundation

Indicated Thermal Efficiency = 2,540,323 ::: 39.6%

::: e x WM x .,IN 143.724(44,620)

::: 0.11 (9000) ../1200 ::: 34,295 kg 19. Air enters an auditorium at the rate of 26.5 m 3/s. The air is at 250C
dry bulb temperature and 16°C wet bulb temperature, and is at 100
kPa. What will be the mass rate of flow of water vapor (kg/min) ?
Note: Saturation pressure at 16°C::: 1.8181 kPa.
A. 10.2 C. 18.1
-+­ QOOO) 0.00981 B. 6.3 D. 14.1

A
Solution:

II

18. A 2000 kw diesel engine unit uses 1 bbl oil per 525 kw-h produced. L/ _ _y
P
Oil is 25° API. Efficiency of generator 93%, mechanical efficiency of P - Py

engine 80%. What is the thermal efficiency of the engine based on

indicated power (%) ? At 16°C, saturated:
II
A. 31.69 C.39.6
B. 29.47 D. 35.6
1.8181
W 2 ::: 0.622 100-1.8181 = 0.0115
II Solution:
I' On the absence of given data, the enthalpies of water vapor, hg , will
I' 1 bbl ::: 42 gallons
be calculated by the formula:
Solving for the density:
hg ::: 1061 + 0.444 teJb Btu/lb (teJb in OF)
II
0API ::: 141.5 _ 131.5
0.444(~(25)
II
SG hg 1 ::: 1061 + + 32) ::: 1095.2 Btu/lb
II
141.5
25 ::: - ­ - 131.5 ::: 1095.2 (1.055)(2.205) = 2547.7 kJ/kg
SG
SG =0.904
hg 2 ::: 1061 + 0.444(~(16) + 32) ::: 1088.0 Btu/lb
w ::: density ::: 0.904(1) ::: 0.904 kg/Ii
::: 1088.0 (1.055)(2.205) = 2531.0 kJ/kg
rn, ::: fuel consumed ::: 42(3.7854)(0.904) ::: 143.724 kg
h ::: C p + Whg
Qh ::: 41,130 + 139.6 (oAPI)
Assuming that the constant wet bulb line coincides with the constant
::: 41,130 + 139.6 (25) = 44,620 kJ/kg enthalpy line:

525 h, ::: h 2

Indicated work = = 705.645 kw-h

0.93(0.80)
1(25) + W 1 (2547.7) = 1(16) + 0.0115(2531.0)

 ME B0:!rd October '!~~~

PB -30 ME Board October 1995

21. A waste heat recovery boiler produces 4.8 Mpa (dry saturated)
W 1 = 0.00789 steam from 104°C feedwater. The boiler receives energy from 5 kg/s
of 954°C dry air. After passing through the waste heat boiler, the
PV = mRT temperature of the air has been reduced to 343°C. How much steam
in kg is produced per second? Note: At 4.80 Mpa dry saturated, h=
.100(26.5 x 60) = m, (0.287)(25 + 273)
2796.0 kJ/kg.
A. 1.3 C. 2.1
m, = 1859 kg/min
B. 0.92 D. 3.4

w = mv Solution:

rna
hf = enthalpy of feedwater = Cp t

rnv = 0.00789 (1859) = 14.7 kg/min

= 4.187 (104) = 435.45 kJ/kg

20. A diesel engine is operating on a 4-stroke cycle, has a heat rate of

11,315.6 kJ/kw-hr brake. The compression ratio is 13. The cut-off Heat loss = Heat gain

II
ratio is 2. Using k = 1.32, what is the brake engine efficiency?
A. 63.5 C. 73.5 mgCp (t, - t2 ) = ms(h s - hf)

B. 51.2 D. 45.3
5(1.0)(954 - 343) = ms (2796.0 - 435.45)

II Solutit>n:

tl =. wcle efficiency =
W
QA = 1 - r
K
1[,'-1]
k-I k(r c -1)
ms = 1.3 kg/s

22. A piece of silver weighing 600 grams in air weighs 500 grams when
II immersed in glycerine whose specific gravity. is 1.25. Find the
II
It = 1 [(2)'' - 1]
(13)132-1 1.32(2 -1)
= 50.1% volume of the cavity inside the silver.
A. 24.32 cc C. 21.12 cc
B. 22.86 cc D. 26.21 cc

II Solution:

9b .rake thermal efficiency = W

B

II
QA
3

Densityof silver = 10,500 kg/m

kw - hr (3600 s:)
= 31.81%
Density of glycerine = 1.25(1000) = 1250 kg/m 3

"
=
11,315.6 kJ
Vc = volume of cavity

llb brake engine efficiency = W

W
b
= ~
e V s = volume of silver =
0.600
m
3
10,500

0.3181 Fs = buoyant for ce

--
0.5010
= 63.5%

F s = (V s + Vel 1250

 PB·32 ME Board October 1995 .~ ME Board October 1995 PB - 33

II Where: Ao = 2 nr2L
(0.600 - 0.500) = (0.600 + V ) 1250 " = 2n (0.1013) (152)
. 10,500 c
= 96.746 m2
213.67 - 22
Vc = 22.86 X 10.
6
m3 = 22.86 em" Q =
1n(0.1013/0.0505) 1
-' + - ­
23. Steam, initially saturated at 2.05 Mpa, passes through a 10.10 em 2n(0.069)(l52) (96.746)(9.36)
standard steel pipe for a total distance of 152 m. The steam line is

insulated with a 5.08 em thickness of 85% magnesia. For an ambient

= 16,427.4W = 16.4274kw

temperature of 22°C, what is the quality of the steam which arises at

its destination if the mass flow rate is 0.125 kg steam/sec?

Q = ms (h, - h2 )

Properties of Steam:

Enthalpy
16.4274 = 0.125(2800.0 - h2 )

Press Temp hf hfg hg

Ii 2.05 213.67 914.52 1885.5 2800.0 h2 = 2668.6

k for 85% magnesia = 0.069 W/m·K h = hf + x hfg

h o for still air = 9.36 W/m

2·K
2668.6 = 914.52 + x(1885.5)
II A. 93% C.84%
B.98% D.76% x = 93%
Solution: 24. A superheat steam Rankine Cycle has turbine inlet conditions of
II
17.5 Mpa and 530°C expand in a turbine to 0.007 Mpa. The turbine
I' and pump polytropic efficiencies are 0.9 and 0.7, respectively,
It
5.08 em pressure losses between pump and turbine inlet are 1.5 Mpa. What
= 5.05 em should be the pump work in kJ/kg?
r1 = 10.10
-2 A. 17.3 C. 37.3
II 10.10 em B. 27.3 D. 47.3
II r2 = 5.05 + 5.08
5.08 em = 10.13 em Solution:
Wp = V 3 (P4 ­ P3 )
I' TJp
Q
where: V3 = _1 = 0.001 m 3/kg
hI
1000
P4 =
17.5 + 1.5 =
19 Mpa = 19,000 kPa
P3 =
0.007 Mpa = 7 kPa
TJp = 0.70
152 m
0.001(19,000 - 7)
Wp = = 27.1 kJ/kg
0.70
ti - to
Q = In([2 / [1) 1
.~._-+-- 25. Water flows steadily with a velocity of 3.05 m/s in a horizontal pipe
2nkL A"h" having a diameter of 15.24 em. At one section of tho pipe, the
temperature and pressure of the water are 21°C and 689.3 kPa,
 PB ·34 ME Board October 1995 ME Board October 1995 PB - 15

respectively. At a distance of 304.8 rn downstream, the pressure is By continuity equation:

516.9 kPa. What is the friction factor?

A. 0.134 C. 0.0189 AN1 = A 2V2

B. 0.0050 D. 0.641
Solution: D/V 1 = D}V 2

hf = friction head loss

(10.16)2
V1 = = 0.444 V 2
689.3-516.9 (15.24)2 V2
= 9.81
= 17.574
SUbstituting in the Bernuolli's Equation:
I~I
By Darcy Equation:
70 2
2 V2 - (0.444V2)2 + 1.061
III
hf = fLV 9.81 2(9.81)
2gD
V z = 12.184 m/s
17.574 = f(304.8)(3.05)2

II'
2(9.81)(0.1524)

Q = C A 2 V 2 = 0.985 (~J (0.1016/ (12.184)

III f = 0.0185
= 0.0973 m 3/s
26. A venturi meter with a 10.16 cm throat is installed in a 15.24 cm pipe
:~ which is inclined upward at an angle of 45 degrees to the horizontal. 27. It is desired to deliver 5 m
3/s
at a head of 640 m in a single stage
III If the distance between pressure tape along the pipe is 1.5 rn, the pump having specific speed not to exceed 40. If the speed is not to
o
differential pressure Is 70 kPa, and the water temperature is 70 e, exceed 1352 rpm, how many stages are required?
3/sec?
what is the discharge of water in m Assume coefficient of A. 3 C. 5
0.985. B.4 D.2
III
A. 1.0021 C. 0.5110
III B. 0.0121 D. 0.0986 Solution:

III
Solution: Let n = no. of stages

By Bernuolli's Equation: 640

h = head per stage =
n
VI 2 P2 V2 2
.!l+ + zl - + - + Z2 ns = NJQ
W 2g W 2g hJI4
135215
PI -P2 V/ - V,2 + -zd
40 =
(6~or4

(Z2
W 2g

where: P 1 - Pz = 70 kPa
w = 9.81 kN/m 3 n = 2

· 0 ·
ZZ-Z1 = 1.5sln45 = 1.061 m
 PB -36 ME Board October 1995 ME Board October 1995

28. A hydroelectric generating station is supplied from a reservoir of Solving for the density of air:

3
capacity 6,000,000 m at a head of 170 m. Assume hydraulic
efficiency of 80% and electrical efficiency of 90%. The fall in the P

reservoir level after a load of 15 MW has been supplied for 3 hours, if d =

RT

the area of the reservoir is 2.5 sq. km is closest to:

101.325

A. 5.39 cm C. 5.98 cm da = = 1.2 kg/m 3

B. 4.32 em D. 4.83 cm 0.287(21 + 273)

Solution: Solving for the density of flue gas:

Output = Q w h Tlh TIe R = 8.3]43 8.3143

I~I = 0.277
M 30

15,000 = Q (9.81)(170)(0.80) (0.90)

Q = 12.492 mJ/s
] 01.325

d 9 = = 0.867 kg/m 3
III
0.277(149 + 273)

In 3 hours, volume of water consumed:

hw = H(d a - dgt g

= 12.492 (3) (3600)

0.72 = H(1.2 - 0.867) 0.00981

III = 134,914 m 3
III H = 220 m

Volume = Area x height

30. A fuel gas has the following volumetric analysis:
:p 134,914 = (2.5 x 10
6
) H CH 4 = 68% C2H s = 32%
Iii Assume complete combustion with 15% excess air at 101.325 kPa,
H = 0.0539 m = 5.39 cm 21°C wet bulb and 27°C dry bulb. What is the partial pressure of the
water vapor in kPa?
29. If the actual draft required for a furnace is 6.239 cm of water and the A. 9.62 C. 17.28
III frictional losses in the stack are 15 percent of theoretical draft, B. 12.81 D. 15.94
III calculate the required stack height in meters. Assume that the flue
DC
gas have an average temperature of 149 and molecular weight of Solution:

'. 30. Assume air temperature of 21DC.

A 215 C. 220 Combustion reaction with theoretical air:

B. 230 D. 210

0.68 CH 4 + 0.32 C 2H 6 + 2.48 O 2 + 2.48 (3.76) N2 = 1.32 CO 2 +

Solution:
2.32 H 20 + 2.48 (3.76) N2

hw = total draft
Combustion reaction with 15% excess air:

hw = 6.239 + 0.15 hw
0.68 CH 4 + 0.32 C 2H 6 + 1.15 (2.48) O 2 + 1.15 (2.48) (3.76) N 2 =
1.32 CO 2 + 2.32 H20 + 1.15 (2.48)(3.76) N2 + 0.15(2.48)0 2
hw = 7.34 em water

Total Mols in products:

hw = 0.0734 (9.81) = 0.72 kPa
= 1.32 + 2.32 + 10.723 + 0.372
= 14.735
 PB -38 ME Board October 1995 ME Board October 1995 PB - 39

We = mCp (T 2 - T 1) = 5.81 (1 0) (579 - 300)

Partial Pressure of Water Vapor = (~)101.325

14.735 = 1621 kw
= 15.95 kPa
0K 1621
31. Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine at 100 kPa and 300 with We' = = 1907 kw
0.85
a volume flow rate of 5 m 3/sec. The compressor pressure ratio is 10

and its isentropic efficiency is 85%. At the inlet to the turbine, the

pressure is 950 kPa and the temperature is 1400

oK.
The turbine has

WT = mCp(T3 - T4 ) 5.81 (1.0) (1400 - 736)

an isentropic efficiency of 88% and the exit pressure is 100 kPa. On

the basis of an air standard analysis, what is the thermal efficiency

= 3858 kw
of the cycle in percent?
W T' = 3858 (0.88) 3395 kw
1,1
A. 42.06 C. 31.89
8. 60.20 D. 25.15
W N' = WT' - We' 3395 - 1907 = 1488 kw
II~ Solution: Q A = m Cp (T 3 - T2) = 5.81 (1.0) (1400 - 579)

Solving for the mass flow rate: = 4770 kw

PV = mRT

W' 1-1;-;;-;

Itt Yl = N
= 31.2%

100(5) = m(0.287)(300)
QA 477()
II~

m = 5.81 kg/s 32. Steam enters a throttling calorimeter at a pressure of 1.03 Mpa. The
1 1111: 1:

:~ calorimeter downstream pressure and temperature are respectively,

Solving for T 2: 0.100 Mpa and 125°C. What is the percentage moisture of the supply

lit
steam?
k-l
Properties of Steam:

II~
T2
T1 (~~)k P, Mpa
1.03
hf hfg
2010.7
hg
2779.25
'II
Tz ( 1.4-1 Note: At 0.100 Mpa and 125°C, h = 2726.6kJ/kg

,III
300 = 10)1:4
A. 2.62 C. 3.15
B. 5.21 D. 1.98

T2 = 579 0 K

'li
Solution:
Solving for T 4 : I
ii
k-l
hf 1 = 2779.25 - 2010.7 = 768.55
T)
T4 (::Tk For throttling process: I ~!II ,I
!
1.4-1 1

( ~)1:4
1400 hi =- h2
T4 1000 !IIII
(hf + x hfg)1 = h2
T 4 = 736°K
(fm ~)~ + x (20107) =- 2726.6
PB ·40 ME Board October 1995
, -----------
ME Board October 1995
---------
PB -41

x = 0.9738 = 97.38% h3 = hg at 1.04 MPa = 2779fi k.Jlkg

Percentage moisture = 100 - 97.38 = 2.62% Solving for h.:

33. A liquid dominated geothermal plant with a single flash separator ,I S3 = S4 = (Sf + X Sf~)4

receives water at 204°C. The separator pressure is 1.04 Mpa. A .,

direct-contact condenser operates at 0.034 Mpa. The turbine has a
6.5729 =
0.9793 + x4(67463)

polytropic efficiency of 0.75. For a cycle output of 50 MW, what is

X4 =0.829

the mass flow rate of the well-water in kg/s?

h, =(h, + xh fg)4

= 301.4 + 0.829(2328.8)

= 2232.3

Steam Properties:
At 204°C: hf = 870.51 kJ/kg Solving for the mass flow rate to the turbine, m s
:
At 1.04 Mpa: hf = 770.38 hfg = 2009.2 hg = 2779.6 W T ::: m s (h 3 - h 4 ) n T

Sg = 6.5729 50,000 =m s(27796 - 2232.3)0.75

At 0.034 Mpa: hf = 301.40 hfg = 2328.8 m, = 121.8 kg/s

Sf =
0.9793 sfg = 6.7463
Solving for the quality X2 (after throttling):
A. 2871 C. 186 h1 = h 2 = (h. + x hfgh
B. 2100 D. 2444
870.51 =
770.38 + X2 (2009.2)
Solution:
X2 = 0.049836

Solving for the mass flow rate of the well water:

3 rn, = X2 (m g )
-ms 121.8 = 0.049836 (m g )
1.04 ~ I ..u.... 50 MW
'T' ___ L:_ _ m g == 2,444 kg/s
Illg MPa

34. A fuel oil is burned with 50% excess air. What is the volume rate of
3/min
flow in m of the wet products at a pressure of 102 kPa and a
temperature of 350°C when the fuel is burned at the rate of 45
kg/min? Assume that the combustion requirements of the fuel oil
are similar to those of C 12H 26 •
mw A. 1892 C. 2462
B. 3526 D. 4563

Solution:
T-S Diagram:
Combustion reaction with 50% excess air:

T
C 12H26 + 1.50(18.5)0 2 + 1.50 (18.5) (3.76) N2 =
12C02 + 13H 20

+ 1.50 (18.5) (376) N 2 + 0.50 (18.5) O 2

~
Air '" 1.50(18.5) + 1.50(18.5)(3.76)
t Fuel 1
I = 132.09 mols air

, S ,
~
1
mol fuel

PB -42 ME Board October 1995

,f
ME Board October 1995 PB ~ 4:1

132.09(28.97) kg air 141.5

= = 22.51 °API = - 131.5
12(12) + 26(1) kg fuel SG 1S. 6

141.5
Amount of wet products = 22.51 + 1 = 23.51

kg air 28 = . 131.5
kg fuel
SG 15 .6
SG 15 6 = 0.887
= 23.51 (45) = 1058 kglmin
Density at 15.6°C = 0.887(1) = 0.887 kg/Ii
Solving for the gas constant of the wet products:
Solving for density at 28°C:
Components No. of Mols No. of kg

CO 2 12 12 x44 = 528.00
SGt = SG 15 6[1 - 00007(t - 15.6)]
H2 O 13 13 x 18 = 234.00

N2 104.34 104.34 x 28 = 2,921.52

SG 28, C = 0.887[1 - 0.0007(28 - 15.6)] = 0.879
O2 9.25 9.25 x 32 = 296.00

138.59 3,979.52 Density at 28°C = 0.879(1) = 0.879 kg/Ii

3,979.52
M = = 28.71 Price per kg = P5.50 = P6.20 per kg
138.59 0.887

Cost Per kw-hr

8.3143 = 0.2896
R = 28.71
200gal 3.7854li 0.879kg P6.20

--=--x x x-­
Solving for the volume flow of the wet products: 3930kw - hr gal Ii kg

PV = mRT

102 V = 1058 (0.2896)(350 + 273)

'I = P1.05 per kW-hr

36. A pelton wheel is to be designed to run at 300 rpm under an effective

3/min
head of 150 m. The ratio of the nozzle diameter to the diameter of
V = 1,871 m the pitch circle is 1/12. Assuming efficiency of 84%, what is the size
of the wheel in meters. Assume a speed ratio of 0.45.
35. A diesel electric plant supplies energy for Meralco. During a 24-hr A. 1.05 C. 1.55
period, the plant consumed 200 gallons of fuel at 2SoC and produced B. 2.00 D. 2.86

3930 kw-hr. Industrial fuel used is 28°API and was purchased at

P5.50 per liter at 15.6°C. What should the cost of fuel to be produce Solution:

one kw-hr?
A. P1.05
B. P1.10
C. P1.069
D. P1.00 ¢ =
rrDN
~2gh

_ rrD(~J
Solution:

Solving for density at 15.6°C: 0.45

- ~2(9.8l)(150)

o = 1.55m
PB -44 ME Board October 1995
,.
ME Board October 1995
3
37. A certain gas at 101.325 kPa and 16°C whose volume is 2.83 m are
3
compressed into a storage vessel of 0.31 m capacity. Before from the top of the draft tube. Neglect velocities of whirl ilnd
leakage losses. What is the total head on the turbine in meters?
admission, the storage vessel contained the gas at a pressure and
A. 34.72 C. 55.20
temperature of 137.8 kPa and 24°C; after admission the pressure
B. 43.27 D. 48.12
has increased to 1171.8 kPa. What should be the final temperature
of the gas in the vessel in Kelvin? Solution:
A. 298.0 C. 180.0
B. 319.8 D. 420.0
h = total head
Solution:
2 2
= P + Z + V A ~ VB
Solving for the mass of gas which is to be compressed:
w 2g

PV = mRT
= 38 + (1 + 3) + (5)2 - 0
101.325 (2.83) = rn, R (16 + 273) 2(9.81) , . y

0.9922 = 43.27 m
ml = R

kg
39. The hot combustion gases of a furnace are separated from the
Solving for the mass of gas initially contained in the vessel:
ambient air and its surrounding, which are at 25°C, by a brick wall
0.15 m thick. The brick has a thermal conductivity of 1.2 W/m- OK and
PV = mRT
a surface emissivity of 0.8. Under steady state conditions and outer
surface temperature of 100°C is measured. Free convection heat
137.8 (0.31) = m2 R (24 + 273) transfer to the air adjoining this surface is characterized by a
convection coefficient of 20 W/m 2 _oK. What is the brick inner surface

m2 =
0.1438
kg
.
,
temperature in DC?
A. 623.7 C. 461.4
R B. 352.5 D. 256.3
Solving for the final temperature:
Solution:

PV = mRT
qR
K = 1.2 W/m-IlK I r

. qC A m bitent air
.

= (0.9:22 + 0.1:38 )RT Q 1 2S'c

/!

1171.8 (0.31) Hot

Gases
I.. Q =qc + qR
T = 319.8°K t~mner I100°C outer
38. A Francis turbine is installed with a vertical draft tube. The total
head to the center of the spiral casing at the inlet is sa m and
velocity of water at the inlet is 5 m/s. The discharge is 2.1 m
3/s.
The
I~ -- ·1
hydraulic efficiency is 0.87 and overall efficiency is 0.84. The
velocities at the inlet and exit of the draft tube in 1 m water below the
centerline of the spiral casing while the tailrace water level is 3 m Consider per unit area, that is, A = 1 m 2
 ~
ME Board October 1995 PB - 47
PB ·46 ME Board October 1995
By energy balance. considering 1 kg air:

Heat Transmitted by conduction = Total heat transmitted by

convection and radiation in the outside surface Let rn, = kg fuel per kg air

qc = heat transmitted by convection

h 1 + 1,12 (1) V/ + Q A = (1 + rn.) h 2 + 1,12 (1 + rn.) V/

= hdt 1 - t2 )
2
= 20(100 -25) = 1500 W/m
503.02 + (43/ + rn. (43,000) (0.95) = (1 + rn.) (1372.25)
2(1000)
qR = heat transmitted8 by radiation
= 20,408.4 x 10-8 E (T 14 - T24)
2
J/hr-m (140)2
= 20,408.4 x 10- (0.8)[(100 + 273)4 - (25 + 273)41 + (1 + m
)
f - -
2(1000)

= 1,872,793 J/hr-m 2 2

= 1,872,793/3600 = 520 W/m

rn, = 0.0222485 kg fuel/kg air
Q = total heat transmitted = heat
2
transmitted by conduction
= 1500 + 520 = 2020 W/m
Q A/F = 0.0222485
= 44.95 kg air/kg fuel
•
Q =. k(ta -tb ) 41. Given a horizontal conveyor, 46 m centers, 175 Ibs per hour capacity
x
handling bitumlr-ous coal at 0.5 m/s with 80 kg per m", Other data as
follows:
2020 = l.2(t a -100)
0.15
Flight width and depth 610 mm x 200 mm
3/m
Quantity of material 0.108 m
t, = 352.5°C
Coefficient of friction elements 0.10
Material coefficient of friction 0.59
40. Air enters the combustion chamber of a gas turbine unit at 550m ,.•~.

,
kPa, 227°C and 43 m/s. The products of combustion leave the Assume an engineering type chain with sleeve bearing rollers
combustor at 517 kPa, 1007°C and 140 m/s. Liquid fuel enters with '. weighing with flights, 89.3 kg/m. Calculate the chain pull in kg.
a heating value of 43,000 kJ/kg. The combustor efficiency is 95%.
What is the air-fuel ratio? I A. 2180.33 C. 1555.36
Properties of Air: ., B. 4550.10 D. 3166.40

I,
T (K) h (kJ/kg) Solution:

~-o~

500
503.02
1280 1372.25

C. 56.93
A. 47.39 46 m

D. 44.95
B. 32.16
W = weight of material per meter

Solution: Fuel nQA

m, 1\ o. = 43,000 kJ/kg
800kg X 0.108 m 3
-3 '" 86.4 kg/m
m m
2517kl'a
1 550 kPa Combustion
Chamber PI = pull to move the weight of material on loaded run
I 01l7"(' ( I ZXU",,)
227°(' (500'K)
140111/\
PB -48 ME Board October 1995
~

ME Board October 1995 PB - 49

= 86.4(46)(0.59) = 2344.90 kg

= 2344.90 + 410.78 + 410.78

P2 = pull to move conveyor parts on loaded run = 3166.46 kg

= 89.3 (46) (0.10) = 410.78 kg

Power = Force x velocity

P 3 = pull to move conveyor parts on empty run

= 89.3 (46) (0.10) = L110.78 kg

P = total chain pull

= 2344.90 + 410.78
= 3166.46 kg

+ 410.78

,
= 3166.46(0.5) =

=
1583.23
76.042

= 20.82 hp

1583.23kg-m/s

42. What is the power in kw required to drive a horizontal conveyor 46 m

= 20.82 (0.746) = 15.53 kw

centers, 175 tons per hour capacity of bituminous coal at 0.5 m/s 43. A steam plant operates with initial pressure of 1.70 Mpa and 3700C
3
with 800 kg/m material? Other data are as follows: temperature and exhaust to a heating system at 0.17 Mpa. The
condensaate from the heating system is returned to the boiler at
Flight width and depth 610 mm x 200 mm 65.5°C and the heating system utilizes from its intended purpose
3/m
Quantity of material 0.108 m 90% of the energy transferred from the steam it receives. The n, is
Coefficient of friction of elements 0.10 70%. If the boiler efficiency is 80%, what is the cogeneration
Material coefficient of friction 0.59 efficiency of the system in percent. Neglect pump work.

Assume an engineering type chain with sleeve bearing rollers and Steam Properties:

weighing with flights, 89.3 kg/m. Let Fp = 76.042 kg-m/s-HP.

f

t At 1.70 Mpa and 370°C: h = 3187.1 kJ/kg s = 7.1081 kJ/kg.oK

A. 10.20 kw C. 15.53 kw At 0.170 Mpa : hf = 483.20 sf = 1.4752

= =
B. 20.50 kw D. 30.15 kw hfg 2216.0 sfg = 5.7062
0C:
At 65.5 hf 274.14

Solution:
A. 78 C. 91.24
B. 102.10 D. 69

(This problem is a continuation of Problem No. 41)

Solution:

W = weight of material per meter

3
800kg
= ----x
3
0.108 ill = 86.4 kg/m [!]
m ill

WI'
P 1 = pull to move the weight of material on loaded run
86.4(46)(0.59) = 2344.90 kg QA

P 2 = pull to move conveyor parts on loaded run

~l '-QR
= 89.3 (46) (0.10) =
410.78 kg

P3 = pull to move conveyor parts on empty run

~ J... ~.l 6S.SuC
= 89.3 (46) (0.10) = 410.78 kg

h, :: 3187.1 kJ/kg

P = total chain pull

 --,
ME Board Apri/1996 I) I\ "1
PB - 50 ME Board October 1995

MECHANICAL ENGINEER Licensure Examination

Solving for h 2 : Sunday, April 14, 1996 8:00 AM- 4 O() I'M

S1 = S2 = (St + xStgh POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING SET A

7.1081 = 1.4752 + x2(5.7062)
X2 = 0.9871 INSTRUCTION: Select the correct answer for each of the following
questions. Mark only one answer for each item by shading the box
h 2 = (h, + xh tg) corresponding to the letter of your choice on the answer sheet provided.
= 483.20 + 0.9871 (2216.0) STRICTLY NO ERASURES ALLOWED. Use pencil NO.1 only.
= 2670.6
MULTIPLE CHOICE
h3 = h, = 274.14
1. There are 20 kg of flue gases formed per kg of fuel oil burned in the
W T = (h 1-h 2 )nt combustion of a fuel oil C 12H 26 • What is the excess air in percent?
= (3187.1-2670.6)(0.70) =,361.55 kJ/kg
A. 20.17 C. 26.67
QR = 0.90(h rh 3 ) B. 16.56 D.8.21
= 0.90(2670.6 - 274.14) = 2156.81 kJ/Kg
Solution:

Q
A

= hI -h 4 Solving for the theoretical air-fuel ratio:

~
n b

C 12H 26 + 18.5 O 2 + 18.5(3.76)N 2 = 12C0 2 + 13 H 20 + 18.5(3.76)N 2

~
3187.1-274.14 = 3641.2 kJ/kg
0.80 18.5 + 18.5(3.76) = 88.06 malsair
Thea A/F =

• 1 rnolfuel

• Cogeneration Efficiency:
=
88.06(28.97)
12(12) + 26(1)
= 15 kgair
kgfuel
WT+QR
= QA
N 1 kg fuel = 19 kgair
Actual A/F = 20 kg flue gases
II kgfuel
361.55 + 2156.81 = 69.16 %
=
3641.2
" % Excess air -
Actual A/F - Thea A/F

x 100%

Thea A/F

- 19-15 x 100%
- 15

= 26.67%
2. A single-acting, four cylinder, 4-stroke cycle diesel engine with a
bore to stroke of 21.59 x 27.94 em, operating at 275 rpm, consumes
8.189 kg/hr of fuel whose heating value is 43,961.4 kJ/kg. The
indicated mean effective pressure is 475.7 kPa. The load on the
 ~
l
PB - 52 ME Board April 1996 ME Board Apri/1996 PH ',\

brake ann, which is 93.98 cm is 113.4 kg. What is the brake arm V2 = 1.493 V 1
mean effective pressure in kPa?
A. 415.20 C.319.95 V - V
% Increase ::: 2 I = 1.493VI - VI ::: 0.493 ::: 49.3%
B. 124.17 0.645.53 VI VI
4. Water is being heated by the exhaust gases from a gas turbine. The
Solution:
gases leave the gas turbine at 64SoC and may be cooled to 14SoC.
The water enters the heater at 93°C. The rate of gas flow is 25 kg/s
Vo =: piston volume displacement ::: (%) 02LNC and the water flow is 31.5 kg/so Assume that the mean specific heat
of the gas and water are respectively 1.088 and 4.27 kJ/kg_oC. What
is the available energy removed from the hot gases in kw? Take
available sink temperature as 311°K.
:: (~')I (0.2159)2(0.2794)( 275
3/sec
\ (4) = 0.09376 m 1
A. 8345.6 C. 6041.6
\4 2x60) 8. 4862.5 O. 6977.9

T ::: Torque::: 113.4(0.00981)(0.9394) ::: 1.045 KN-m , Solution:

'.
275\ Ag ::: Qg - T o.1S g
211TN = 211(1.045) ( ~~ I 30 kw
Brake Power =
\. 60 )
:::
I,

I
= mCp(Ta-T b ) To m c, In Ta
j
BrakePower::: 30 = 319.97 kPa Tb '1

Pmb = " 1
~ VD 009376

• 3. An air bubble rises from the bottom of a well where the temperature
is 25°C, to the surface where the temperature is 27°C. Find the
,I
•
where: Ta
Ts
To
= 648 + 273 = 921°K
= 148 + 273 = 421°K
= 311°K
• percent increase in the volume of the bubble if the depth of the well
is 5 m. Atmospheric pressure is 101,528 Pascals. Ag = 25{1.088)(921-421) - 311 (25) (1.088) In 921

, A. 49.3
B.41.3
C.56.7
0.38.6 ::: 13,600 - 6,622.1
421

::: 6,977.9 kw
• Solution:
5. A large furnace can supply energy in the form of heat at 2000 0K at a
It steady rate of 3143 kw. Assuming an environment temperature of
PJVJ... 0= ~2V2 25°C, what is the available energy for the furnace in kw? I

T1 T2 A. 3416 C. 1136
27°C
101.528 kPa 8. 2675 O. 1623
where: P1 = 5(9.81) + 101.528
::: 150.578 kPa 2 Solution:
T 1 ::: 25 + 273 = 298 "K
P z ::: 101.528 kPa
Sm To = 25 + 273 ::: 298°K
Tz ::: 27 + 273 = 300 "K

A ::: Q ­ T o.15

To( iJ
1
150.578V1 101.528V2
= Q - = 3143
- 298 (3143J
298 300 25°C 2000
= 3143 - 468 ::: 2675 kw
 9

PB - 54 ME Board April 1996 ME Board April 1996 1'1\ ',',

6. The rate of flow of water in a pump installation is 60.6 kg/sec. The 7. In a cogeneration plant, steam enters the turbine at 4 MPa and
intake static gage is located 1.22 m below the pump centerline and 400°C. One fourth of the steam is extracted from the turbine at 600
reads 68.95 kPa gage; the discharge static gage is 0.61 m below the kPa pressure for process heating. The remaining steam continues
pump centerline and reads 344.75 kPa gage. The gages are located to expand to 10 kPa. The extracted steam is then condensed and
close to the pump as much as possible. The area of the intake and mixed with feedwater at constant pressure and the mixture is
2
discharge pipes are 0.Q93 m 2 and 0.069 m ,respectively. The pump pumped to the boiler pressure of 4 MPa. The mass flow rate of
3
efficiency is 70%. Take density of water equals 1000 kg/m • What is steam through the boiler is 30 kg/so Disregarding any pressure
the hydraulic power in kw? drops and heat losses in the piping, and assuming the turbine and
A. 17.0 C. 31.9 pump to be isentropic, how much process heat is required in kw?
B. 24.5 D. 15.2
Steam Properties:
II
Solution:
At 4 MPa and 400°C: h = 3213.6 kJ/kg, s = 6.7690 kJ/kg-OK
At 600 kPa: h f = 670.56 Sf = 1.9312

II
0.61 m h fg =2086.3 Sfg = 4.8288

1.22 m V'
344.75 kPag A. 15,646.8 C. 3,578.5
B. 2,468.2 D. 1,026.9
II 68.95 kPag
Solution:
\I
Q == 60.6/1000 = 0.0606 m
3/s
S1 = S2
=
•
• Q _ 0.0606 = 0.652 m/s
S1 (s, + Srg)z
6.7690 = 1.9312 + x(4.8288)

x = 1.00 (saturated vapor)

30 kg/s

Vs = A
5
- 0.093 l­'II
,:( h2 = (h. + hrgh

Q _ 0.0606. == 0.878 mrs

Vd = A -

~
0.069
h2 = 67056 + 1.00(2086.3)

i~'~'
"
d
= 2756.9

"
II
- Pd-Ps
H - -- +
Z
w
Vd -Vs
+ ----"----"
2

2g
2 h 3 = h, = 670.56

Q = m 1(h r h3 )
2 2
344.75 - 68.95 06 1 2 ) (0.878 ) - (0.652)
= + (- . 1 + . 2 + --'--------'-------'------''--­ 30
9.81 2(9.81) = -4 (2756.9 - 670.56) = 15,647.5 kw

== 28.742 m
8. 45 kw of the shaft power is developed by a turbine working under an
available head of 40 meters. The energy transferred from the water
Hydraulic Power (Water Power)

to the runner is 350 J. Assuming a mechanical efficiency of 95%,

= QwH

what is the discharge through the turbine in cu. m/s?

= 0.0606(9.81 )(28.742)

A. 0.0345 C. 1.511
= 17.1 kw B. 0.135 D. 1.234
 PB - 56
y
ME Board Apri/1996
ME Board Apri/1996 PB - 57
Solution: 177°C respectively.
What is the increase of entropy of the system In
kJ/kg?
Since the given power of 45 kw is a shaft power, a hydraulic A. 1.002
efficiency of, say, 87% will be assumed. C. 0.00173
B. 0.5080 D. 0.1080
Shaft Power =0 8 h nm nh
,~
Solution:

45 = 0(9.81 )(40)(0.95)(0.87)
"
,
!
Volume of each part = 0.058
Q = 0.139 m 3/sec
2
= 0.029 m 3

II 9. A vertical draft tube is installed on a Francis turbine and the total T1 = 27 + 273 = 300 0 K 137.8 kPa 413.4 kPa
head to the center of the spiral casing at the inlet is 38 meters and .'
~ 0 27°C 177°C
velocity of water at the inlet is 5 m/s. The discharge is 2.1 cu. m/s. T2 = 177 + 273 = 450 K
0.029 nr' 0.029 nr'
The hydraulic efficiency is 0.87 and overall efficiency is 0.84. The
II
velocities at the inlet and exit of the draft tube are 5 mls and 1.5 mIs,
From PV = mRT: mt ~

respectively. The top of the draft is 1 m below the center line of the
spiral casing while the tailrace(water) level is 3 meters from the top m1 = 137.8(0.029) =
0.0464 kg
of the draft tube. There is no velocity of whirl at either top or bottom 0.287(300)
of the draft tube and leakage losses are negligible. What is the
" power output of the turbine in kw?
m2 = 413.4(0.029) = 0.0928 kg

II A. 748.8 C. 901.3
0.287(450)

B. 632.9 D. 832.6
I Solving for the final temperature tf :
Solution:
I .'Il
= 38 m Heat loss = Heat gain

h total head
1'I
m2 CYZ(t2-tf ) = m 1Cy , ( tf - t 1 )

tu..-
\
It
-
p
8
+ Z +
y2 + y2
~
2g
2.1 m~/s ! ~ l 0.0928 (0.716) (177-tf ) = 0.0464 (0.716) (tf - 2 7 )
" s: ...-I co i \

tf = 127°C

II
= 38 + (1 + 3) + (5)2 -0.5)2
2(9.81) T, = 127 + 273 = 400 0K

= 43.16 m
~S = m C, In ­
Tf
TJ
Turbine Output = 0 (5 h nt
~S1 = 0.0464 (0.716) In _
400
= 0.00956
= 2.1 (9.81 )(43.16)(0.84) 300
400
~S2 = 0.0928 (0.716) In _
= 746.9 kw = -0.00783
450

10. A vessel of 0.058 m 3 capacity is well insulated and is divided equally ~S of the system:
by a rigid conducting diaphragm. Initially both halves contain air at
pressure of 137.8 kPa and 413.4 kPa and temperature of 27°C and
= 0.00956 - 0.00783 = 0.00173 kJfC
 .~
PB - 58 ME Board Apri/1996 ME Board Apri/1996 PB - 59

11. A refrigeration system operates on an ideal vapor compression Solution:

using R-12 with an evaporator temperature of minus 30°C and a
condenser exit temperature of 49.3°C and requires a 74.6 kw motor
to drive the compressor. What is the capacity of the refrigerator in
tons of refrigeration?

Enthalpy at condenser entrance = 382 kJ/kg, exit = 248.15 kJ/kg;

, Sm

at evaporator entrance = 248.15, exit = 338.14.

A. 43.1
B. 34.5
C. 21.3
D. 18.2
t
,I
60m
I~ . , l..-lOem
Solution:
QR
II
f2l
Q = 151i/s = 0.015 m 3/s

Vs = ~= 0.Ql5
= 1.91 m/s
W = 74.6 kw
As ~(0.10)2
II 4
II QA

v, = ~= 0.Ql5
= 0.85 mls
I W = m(h z-h1 ) Ad
~(O.15)2
74.6= m(382-338.14) 4
• m =1.7 kg/s I'' "
2 2

QA = m(h 1 - h4 ) ',I H = (Zd _Zs) + Vd - Vg

2g
= 1.7(338.14 - 248.15)
" = 153 kw
" 153
= [5-(-60)] + (0.85)2_(1.91)2

2(9.81)

It = 3.516
= 43.5 tons of refrigeration
= 64.85 m
12. Water in the rural areas is often extracted from underground water
source whose free surface is 60 m below ground level. The water is Water Power = Q w H

to be raised 5 m above the ground by a pump. The diameter of the = 0,015(9.81 )(64.85)

pipe is 10 cm at the inlet and 15 cm at the exit. Neglecting any heat = 9.54 kw

interaction with the surroundings and frictional heating effects, what

is the necessary power input to the pump for a steady flow of water (Note: 9.54 kw is the water power; the power input to the pump cannot be
at the rate of 15 liters/s in kw? (Apr 96) solved because no efficiency is given.)
A. 9.54 C. 7.82
B. 534 D. 11.23
PB -60 ME Board April 1996
'l
ME Board Apri/1996 PB·61

13. A mechanical draft dry cooling tower cools the cooling water from 23.5(3195.7 - 610.63)
=

600C to 25°C at the rate of some 149.4 giga grams per hour. 2.75(25,102)

Atmospheric air enters the tower at 20°C and leaves at 35°C. The fan
is driven by a 7460 kw motor. What is the mass flow rate of the air = 88 %
into the cooling tower in kg per second?
A. 105,628 C. 254,168 15. In a gas turbine unit, air enters the combustion chamber at 550 kPa,
B. 541,752 D. 413,919 227°C and 43 m/s. The products of combustion leave the combustor
at 511 kPa, 1004°C and 140 m/s. Liquid fuel enters with a heating
Solution: value of 43,000 kJ/kg. For fuel-air ratio of 0.0229, what is the
9 combustor efficiency of. the unit in percent? (Apr 96)
149.4x10 = 41,500kg/s

mw = 1000(3600)
A. ~ c.n
B. 92 D. 102
Heat loss by water = Heat gain by air
Solution:

(mCp~t)water = (mCp~t)air Fuel ~ " ~ 0.0229

41,500(4.187)(60-25) = ma(1.006)(35-20) 1
I
2
Combustion
Chamber
m, = 403,023 kg/s

14. 23.5 kg of steam per second at 5 MPa and 400°C is produced by a

steam
generator. The feedwater enters the economizer at 145°C and leaves
at 205°C. The steam leaves the boiler drum with a quality of 98%. Heat Supplied by fuel

The unit consumes 2.75 kg of coal per second as received having a = rn, Q h = 0.0229(43,000) = 984.7 kJ/kg air

heating value of 25,102 kJ/kg. What would be the overall efficiency

of the unit in percent? (Apr 96) Heat Absorbed

= Cp(T 2-T1 ) + 'lh. (v/ - v/)

Steam Properties:

At 5 MPa and 400°C: h = 3195.7 kJ/kg

= 1.0(1004 _ 227) + 'lh. [(140)2 -(43)2]

At 5 MPa: hI =
1154.23 hlg 1640.1
= 1000

At 205°C: h, =
875.04
At 145°C: hI =
610.63 = 785.9 kJ/kg air

A. 65 C. 88 23.5 kg/.s
Stearn Combustor Efficiency = 785.9 = 79.8 %
B. 95 D. 78 984.7
i ! I 5 Mpa, 400°C
Solution: I h. Ammonla weighing 22 kgs is confined inside a cylinder equipped
Boiler with a piston has an initial pressure of 413 kPa at 38°C. If 2900 kJ of
HeatAbsorbed heat is added to the ammonia until its final pressure and
Overall Efficiency = Feedwater
HeatSupplied temperature are 413 kPa and 100°C, respectively, what is the

:~I
amount of work done by the fluid in kJ?
2.75kg/' A. 630 C. 420
ffis(h s - h r)
=
ffirQh
o, = 25,102 kJ/kg JOC
14~('
B. 304 D. 502
 ~ PB - 63
ME Board Apri/1996
PB - 62 ME Board Apri/1996

Solution: = 11.5(0.74) + 34.5Io.06-0.08J + 4.3(001)

\ 8
M = molecular weight of NH 3 = 17
= 10.278 kg air per kg coal
R = gas constant = 8.3143 = 0.489
;7 kg N 2 0.825(28) _
0.77

T 1 = 38 + 273 = 311°K

T2 = 100 + 273 = 373°K :~: <=u

,
!
,. kg prod

kg gas
30

15.03 (given)
:::1::: 2900 kJ kg coal
mRT

V = -P- 413 kPa 413 kPa

100°C N 2 supplied
38°C = 15.03 (0.77) = 11.573
kg coal
22(0.489)(311) = 8.101 m
3
V1 = 413
Air sup plied 11.573 = 15.069

22(0.489)(373) = 9.716 m3 kg coal 0.768

V2 =
413
(Note: N 2 is 76.8% by weight in air)
w = P(V 2 - V1) = 413(9.716 - 8.101) = 667kJ
Percent excess air = 15.69-10.278 = 46.61%
17. A test run using this coal showed a dry products of combustion 10.278
analysis by volume of nitrogen equals 82.5%, molecular weight of 30
kg flue gas per mol dry flue g~s, and the weight of this dry flue gas
is 15.03 kg per kg of coal. The actual ash-pit sample was 0.15 kg per
18. A type of water turbine where a jet of water is made to fall on the
blades or buckets and due to the impulse of water, the turbine starts
kg of coal, of which 20% was carbon. What is the percentage excess
to move:
air supplied to the fuel combustion in percent? A. Pelton wheel C. Francis turbine
A.46.11 C.51.12
B. Steam turbine D. reaction turbine
B. 60.86 D. 72.41
19. What condition exists in an adiabatic throttling process?
Solution: A. enthalpy is variable C. entropy is constant
Consider an ultimate analysis the same as that given in Bd. Exam B. enthalpy is constant D. specific volume is constant
April 1995, as follows:
20. The specific gravity of a substance is the ratio of its density to the
C = 74% O 2 = 8% S = 1% density of:
A. mercury C. air
H 2 = 6% N2 = 1.6% Ash = 9.4% B. ~dS D. water

21. Which is used as a moderator in certain types of nuclear reactors?

Theo A/F = 11.5 C + 34.5 (H - ~ J + 4.3 S A. vapor C. hot water
B. heavy water D. cold water
PB - 64 ME Board April 1996
~
-_.­

ME Board April 1996 PB - (,',

22. Yeast as raw material for beer making is added to the equipment 31. What is the main power generating plant that produces the most
called: electricity per unit thermal energy in the fuel input and has the
A. fermenters C. cooler greatest surplus of electricity for most cogeneration systems?
B. brew kettle D. starting tubs A. steam engine C. gas turbine
B. steam turbine D. diesel engine
23. What keeps the moisture fro-n passing through the system?
A. dehydrator C. trap 32. What is the term as the ratio of the volume at the end of heat
B. aerator D. humidifier addition to the volume at the start of heat addition?
A. compression ratio C. VOlumetric ratio
24. What are the main components in a combined cycle power plant? B. air-fuel ratio D. cut-off ratio
A. diesel engine and air compressor
B. gas engines and waste heat boiler 33. What is the ideal cycle for gas turbine work?
C. steam boiler and turbine A. Brayton cycle C. Bottom cycle
D. nuclear reactor and steam boiler B. Stag combined cycle D. Ericson cycle

25. What do you call the changing of an atom of an element into an atom 34. What do you call the passing of heat energy from molecule to
of a different element with a different atomic mass? molecule through a substance?
A. atomization C. atomic pile A. conduction C. conservation
B. atomic transmulation D. atomic energy B. radiation D. convection

26. What do you call the weight of the column of air above the earth's 35. What is the lowest temperature to which water could possibly be
surface? cooled in a cooling tower?
A. air pressure C. wind pressure A. the effective temperature
B. aerostatic pressure D. atmospheric pressure B. the temperature of adiabatic saturation
C. the wet bulb depression
27. Combined process of cooling and humidifying is also known as: D. the dew point temperature of the air
A. heating and humidifying C. evaporative cooling process
B. cooling tower D. moisture removal process 36. The indicator used to determine the anti-knock characteristics of
gasoline:
28. What is the force required to accelerate a mass of 1 gram at a rate of A. aniline point C. Octane No.
1 cm/sec/sec? B. Cetane No. D. Diesel index
A. dyne C. slug
B. poundal D. kg force 37. Dew point is defined as:
A. the temperature to which the air must be cooled at constant
29. What type of turbine has low head and high discharge? pressure to produce saturation
A. Pelton Wheel C. Jonval turbine B. the point where the pressure and temperature lines meet
B. Francis turbine D. Kaplan turbine C. the temperature which dew is formed in the air
D. the pressure which dew is formed in the air
30. What is a Bull Head Tee?
A. a pipe tee with head shaped like a bull 38. What type of lubricating oils are produced entirely form the crudes
B. a welded built-up tee chosen through elimination of undesirable constituents by suitable
C. a pipe tee with its run larger than its branch refining processes?
D. a pipe tee the branch of which is larger than the run A. additives C. straight
B. inert D. premium
 PB - 66 ME Board April 1996
~

ME Board April 1996 ps'.-. 67

39. In a liquid-dominated geothermal plant, what process occurs when A. air temperature leaving air heater decreases
the saturated steam passes through the turbine? B. air temperature entering heater increases
A. isobaric C, isometric
C. furnace pressure approximately constant
B. polytropic D. isentropic
D. economizer gas outlet temperature decreases

40. Gas being heated at constant volume is undergoing the process of: 47. The color of lubricating oil indicates:
A. isotropic C. isometric A. does not indicated contamination
B. adaibatic D. isobaric 1 B. does not indicates qualities
i
C. qualities
41. A receiver in an air compression system is used to: D. viscosity
A. avoid cooling air before using
B. increase the air discharge pressure 48. For design stability, the center of gravity of the total
C. collect the water and grease suspended in the air combined
engine, driven eqUipment and foundation should be kept:
D. reduce the work needed during compression A. anywhere
t~ B. above the foundation top
42. Foundations are preferably built of concrete in the proportion of C. in line with the surface of the foundation
what measures of portland cement: sand: crushed stones? D. below the foundation top
A. 1 : 2 : 5 C. 2: 3 : 4
B. 2: 4 : 6 D. 1 : 2 : 4
49. Most commercially available petroleum lubricating oil deteriorates
starting from operating temperature of:
43. How does the values for work per unit mass flow of air in the A. 150°F C. 3000F
compressor and turbine influenced by the addition of a B. 200°F D. 2500F
regenerator?
A. slightly increased C. greatly decreased (Faires, Design of Machine Elements, 4t h Ed., p. 319)
B. unchanged D. greatly increased
50. What is the suggested maximum permissible dose (MPD) of gamma
44. The work done by a force of R newtons moving in a distance of L ray exposure for general individuals not working in a nuclear
meters is converted entirely into kinetic energy is expressed by the setting, by choice, in rem/year?
•t equation:
A. RL = 2MV 2 C. RL %MV 2=
A. 1
B. 5
C. 1/2
D. 3
B. RL = RL N-m D. RL % MV =
45. What is the total required heating energy in raising the temperature .,
of a given amount of water when the energy applied is 1000 kw-h
with heat losses of 25%?
A. 1000 C. 1333
B. 1500 D. 1250

Solution:

Q - 0.25 Q = 1000

Q = 1333 kw-h

4(). In a steam generator with good combustion control, what occurs if

the load is increased?
 PB -68 ME Board October 1996
, ME Board October 1996
MECHANICAL ENGINEER licensure Examination
Saturday, October 12, 1996 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM 3. There are 20 kg of flue gases formed per kg of fuel oil burned in tho
combustion of a fuel oil e 12 H 26 . What is the excess air in percent?
POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING SET A C. 20.17 C. 26.67
D. 16.56 0.8.21
INSTRUCTION: Select the correct answer for each of the following
questions. Mark only one answer for each item by shading the box Solution:
corresponding to the letter of your choice on the answer sheet provided.
STRICTLY NO ERASURES ALLOWED. Use pencil NO.1 only. Solving for the theoretical air-fuel ratio:

MULTIPLE CHOICE C 12H26 + 18.502 + 18.5(3.76)N 2 = 12C02 + 13H 20 + 18.5(3.76)N

2

1. A room being air conditioned is being held at 25°e dry bulb and 50% Theo AJF = 18.5+18.5(3.76)
3
= 88.06 molsair
relative humidity. A flow rate of 5 m /s of supply air at 15°e dry bulb 1
and 80% relative humidity is being delivered to the room to maintain molfuel
that steady condition, What is the sensible heat absorbed from the
88.06(28,97)
room air in kw? (Oct 96) = = 15 kgair
12(12) + 26(1)
A. 50.8 C. 40.5 kgfuel
B. 60.8 D. 70.9
Actual AJF = 20 kg flue gases - 1 kg fuel = 19 _kgair
_
Solution:
kgfuel
PV = mRT Actual A/F - Thea A/F
% Excess air
100(5) = m(0.287)(15 + 273) ;:_ x 100%
Thea A/F
m = 6.049 kg/s ',:.1
­

"
19 -15
Q s = sensible heat
= x 100%
= mCp(trt 1 )
15
= 6.049(1.003)(25-15)

•t = 60.8 kw = 26.67%

2. A 60 MW turbine generator running at 3600 rpm receives steam at 4. Determine the vacuum efficiency of a surface condenser which
• 4.0 Mpa and 450 0e with a back pressure of 10 kPa. Engine efficiency
is 78% and the combined mechanical and electrical efficiency is
operates at a
vacuum of 635 mm Hg and exhaust steam enters the condenser at
95%. What would be the exhaust enthalpy of the steam in kJ/kg? 45.81°e. The barometric pressure is 760 mm Hg.
A. 28,124.20 C. 20,432.10 A. 80.4% C.92.7%
B. 2400.12 D. 30,101.15 B. 85.2% D. 98.3%

Solution: Solution:

Generator Output = mth, - h2 ) 1']t 1']g From steam table at 45.81 °C: Psat = 0.010 MPa

Since the mass flow rate m and initial enthalpy Q1 are not given, h 2 (760- 635)0.1013
cannot be solved. However, among the given choices, only B has a P cond =
= 0.01666 MPa
760
reasonable value of enthalpy, the other values are not possible,
Therefore, h 2 = 2400.12 kJ/kg
 PB -70 ME Board October 1996 •
ME Board October 1996 PB - 71

P bar - Pcond
Vacuum Efficiency = From Psychrometric Chart, at 15°C db and 50% RH:

P bar - P sat W 1 = W 2 = 0.0054 kg/kg

h1 =28.5 kJ/kg dry air

= 0.1013-0.01666 From steam table, at 69.1 DC: h g = 2625.3 kJ/kg

0.1013-0.010
= 92.7% where: h2 =
Cp t + W hg

=
1.0(69.1) + 0.0054(2625.3)

=
83.3 kJ/kg

5. 3287 kg of moisture per hour is being removed from a material by a

drier and the air leaving it has a humidity ratio of 0.02343 kg From steam table, at 135 kPa:

moisture per kg of dry air. The outside air is initially at 15°C dry bulb hi ::: 453.83 h rg ::: 2235.0 hg ::: 2688.8

and has a relative humidity of 50%. The air is heated to a where: hs = h, + x h rg

temperature of 69.1°C by steam coils and between the heater and the =
453.83 + 0.98(2235)

drier air inlet a drop of 9.1°C occurs in the air temperature. How = 2644.1 kJ/kg

much steam is required in kg/s if the steam supplied is at 135 kPa

and 0.98 quality? Solving for the mass flow rate of air, ma:

A. 1.55 C. 1.26 :" Moisture removed from materials ::: Moisture absorbed by air

B. 1.02 O. 1.66 ::: ma (W 3 -W 2 )

~l 3287 ::: m a(0.02343 - 0.0054)

Solution: :~- rna ::: 182,307 kg/hr

• o Humid Air ::: 50.64 kg/s

• Steaam(135 kPa)
0.98 quality .-,------'~I
A W. = 0.02343 kg/kg
By heat balance in the heater:

• m, I hs ·Ji(i
heat absorbed by air ::: heat rejected by steam

Drying "11 m a(h 2-hd ::: ms(hs-h r)

Outside

Air I

[!)
:>~ I
o Heated Air
Chamber

: ::=:::=­
8]
Wet
Feed ~
i!.'
50.64(83.3 - 28.5) ::: ms(2644.1 - 453.83)

ms = 1.267 kg/s

rna ~
69.1°C 60°C
is'c db '~

• SO%RH
~
)
6. What is the external heating surface area in square feet of a tube
with the following dimensions: tube inside diameter = 5 in, wall
• hr
Dried
Product
thickness
A. 26.5
= % in, length 18 ft.=
C. 19.25
• B. 24.25 O. 28.26

Solution:

00 =5 + 2(1/2) ::: 6 in

I W3
SA ::: 7t 0 L = 7t (1~ J 18 = 28.27 fe
1 -.J.-W,=W2
,
( 7. Air is flowing in a duct with velocity of 7.62
m/s and static pressure
of 2.16 cm water gauge. The duct diameter is 1.22 meters. the
(The values of the air and steam properties should have been given in the barometer pressure 99.4 kPa and the gauge fluid temperature and air
problem) temperature are 30°C. What is the total pressure of air against which
the fan will operate in cm of water?
 .~

ME Board October 1996 ME Board October 1996 PB -73

PB -72

A. 3.25 C. 3.75 13. What is the term used to express the ratio of specific humidities,
B. 2.5 D. 1.25 actual versus saturated?
A. relative humidity C. degree of saturation
Solution: B. absolute humidity D. percent saturation

_ (7.62)2 14. What is the process whereby a fissionable species is utilized as a

hv = velocity head = 2.959 meters of air source of neutrons to produce more nuclei of its own kind than are
- 2(9.81)
used up?
P 99.4 = 1.143 kg/m
3
A. developing C. multiplying
d, = density of air = RT 0.287(30 + 273) B. culturing D. breeding

15. A process of heat transfer due to motion of matter caused by a

h - 2.959(1.143) = 0.0034 meters of water
v­ change in density:
1000 A. absorption C. conduction
.(
,;1 B. radiation D. convection
= 0.34 cm of water
16. What is the most efficient thermodynamics cycle?
Total Pressure = 2.16 + 0.34 = 2.5 cm of water A. carnot . C. rankine
B. diesel D. brayton
8. There are two broad types in the classification of lubricating oils,
• they are: straight and
A. active C. crocked
17. How do you treat a statement that is considered a scientific law?
I
D. additives A. We postulate to be true
B. inactive B. Accept as a summary of experimental observation
C. We generally observed to be true
•, 9. Amount of air required in the low by-pass factor
A. does not change C. lesser
D. Believe to be derived from mathematical theorem

B. greater D. indeterminate
18. The transmission of heat from one place to another by fluid
circulation between spots of different temperature is called:
10. What is the function of the compression joint of pipes or tubes? A. convection C. conservation
•~ A. it is used to connect two pipes by welding
B. it is used to connect two pipes by pressing both ends
B. radiation D. conduction
C. when tightened, compress tapered sleeves so that they form
a tight joint on the periphery of the tubings they connect
19. What is referred by volume control?
• D. it connects two pipes with the use of threaded cuoplings
A. an isolated system
B. closed system
C. fixed region in space
D. reversible process only

11. The component of a rotary pump:
A. gears C. impeller
B. piston D. screw
20. Which of the following types of flow meters is most accurate?
A. venturi tube C. flow nozzle
B. pitot tube D. foam type

12. An instrument commonly used in most Research and Engineering

21. Pneumatic tools are powered by:
Laboratories because it is small and fast among the other
A. steam C. natural gas
thermometers: B. water D. air
A. mercury thermometer C. gas thermometer
B. liquid-in-gas thermometer D. thermocouple
22. A graphical representation between discharge and time is known as:
A. hectograph C. hydrograph

R monograph D. topograph

 PB -74 ME Board October 1996

23. In a diesel engine, what elements in the fuel that make the work of
"
ME Board October 1996 PB - 75

32. What is the prime purpose of providing the lubricating 011 pro-hunter
in an emergency stand-by diesel genset?
the lubricant more difficult? A. to keep the lube oil viscosity down under cold condition and
A. water and ash content C. high cetane number enhance the starting of the cold engine
B. high octane number D. sulphur and asphaltene content B. to avoid moisture condensation in the engine
C. to avoid corrosion to engine parts
24. What is the function of a radiation pyrometer? D. to see to it that the lubrication system is functioning properly
A. boiler water weight C. furnace temperature
B. boiler pressure D. boiler drum pressure 33. Which of the following refrigerants is most highly toxic?
A. ammonia C. sulfur dioxide
25. The specific measurement of moisture content in air: ~
­
.•1
B. freon 12 D. methyl chloride
A. relative humidity C. degree of saturation
B. percent saturation D. specific humudity 34. Water turbine converts:
A. mechanical energy into electrical energy
26. Highest pressure drop in refrigeration cycle: B. hydraulic energy into electrical energy
I
A. compressor C. expansion valve C. mechanical energy into hydraulic energy
B. condenser D. evaporator D. hydraulic energy into mechanical energy

35. How do you differentiate surge from water hammer?

27. What is an expansion loop?
A. a double long radius elbow to minimize friction losses A. time for a pressure to traverse the pipe
I
B. a pipe bent to a loop to change direction B. the pressure of reservoir at the end of the pipe

I
C. a pipe expander fitting Crate 01 deceleration of flow

D. a large radius bend in a pipe line to absorb longitudinal D. relative compressibility of liquid to expansion
I expansion in the pipe line due to heat
36. Throttling of the refrigerant through the expansion valve in a vapor
• 28. What is the color code of steam pipe lines? refrigeration cycle is:
A. reversible adiabatic process C. irreversible adiabatic process
A. silver gray C. red
B. green D. yellow B. constant entropy process D. isometric process

•~ 29. What is absorbed by sulphites in boiler water treatment? 37. Assuming real process, the net entropy change in the universe is:

, A. oxygen
B. carbon dioxide
C. impurities settled in mud drums
D. carbon dioxide and oxygen
A. must be calculated
B. equal to zero
C. negative
D. positive

38. What characterizes a reaction turbine?

30. What is meant by choking in pipe flow?
A. the specified mass flow rate cannot accur A. steam losses velocity as it leaves the diaphragm
B. steam strikes the blades at right angles
B. shock waves always occur
C. steam will react with a force in the diaphragm
C. a valve is closed in a line
D. a restriction in flow area occurs D. steam is deflected

'19. The work done in an adiabatic process in a system:

31. What is a check valve?
A. a valve designed to allow a fluid to pass through in one
direction only
B. a valve designed to release the excess pressure
C a valve which allows flow of fluid in either direction
D. a valve used for checking the pressure of fluid
A. is equal to the change in total energy in a closed system
B. is equal to the net heat transfer plus the entropy change
C is equal to the change in total energy of closed system plus
entropy change
o is equal to the change in total energy of closed system plus
net heat transfer
 ..,

PB -76 ME Board October 1996

40. How do you increase the output of a centrifuqalpump?

A. speed up rotation
"
ME Board October 1996

49. When droplets of water are carried by steam in the boiler:

A. priming C. carryover
PB - 77
I

B. install circulation line

B. foaming D. embrittlement
C. increase the suction pipe area
D. increase the discharge pipe area
50. Mechanical energy of pressure transformed into energy of haat.
A. kinetic energy C. heat exchanger
41. Based on the first law of thermodynamics, which of the following is
B. enthalpy D. heat of compression
wrong?
A. the heat transfer equals the work plus energy change
B. the heat transfer cannot exceed the work done

C.' the net heat transfer equals the net work of the cycle

D. the net heat transfer equals the energy change if no work is done

42. The main cause of air pollution as a result of burning fuel oil is:
A. sulfur dioxide C. hydrogen dioxide
B. silicon dioxide D. nitrogen dioxide

43. What takes place in a uniflow scavenging?

A. turbo blower in exhaust header to create vacuum in cylinders
B. air reversing direction in cylinders
C. uses two blowers to purge cylinders
D. air travelling in one direction

44. The diagonal lines in the Psychrometric Chart represent:

A. Effective temperature C. Wet-bulb temperature
B. dry-bulb temperature D. dew-point temperature

45. An ideal gas is compressed isothermally. The enthalpy change is:

A. sometimes negative C. sometimes positives
B. zero D. indeterminate

46. A system with paddle wheel work is irreversible, therefore, the

change in its entropy:
A. is zero C. maybe negative
B. greater than zero D. maybe positive, negative or zero
j
47. What is meant by brake horsepower?
A. power developed in the engine cylinder
B.
C.
final horsepower delivered to the equipment
actual horsepower delivered to the engine drive shaft
"I
D. work required to raise a weight of 33,000 pounds at a height of
one foot in one minute time
4!

48. Enthalpy of an ideal gas is a function only of:

A. entropy C. temperature
B. internal energy D. pressure
 ~

PB -78 ME BOARD April 1997

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _... ME BOARD Apri/1997 PB - 7!1
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Licensure Examination Solution:
Saturday, April 12, 1997 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM
F ::: rna

POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING SETA

::: 0.05(0.3)

= 0.015 N

MULTIPLE CHOiCE:

1. A Carnot engine receives 130 Btu of heat from a hot reservoir at 4. An ideal gas at 45 psig and 80°F is heated in a closed container to
130°F. What is the final pressure?
700°F and rejects 49 Btu of heat. Calculate the temperature of the
cold reservoir. . A. 54 psia C. 75 psia
D
A. -21.9 F C. -20.a DF B. 65 psia D. 43 psia
DF
B. -24.2 D. -22.7°F

Solution:
Solution:

P 1 ::: 45 + 14.7 ::: 59.7 psia

DR

TH ::: 700 +460 ::: 1160

T 1 ::: 80 + 460 = 540 0F
Efficiency::: W
QA-QR TH -TL
~ T2 130 + 460 = 590 DR

~
QA QA TH
:::

130-49 1160- Tc

130 1160 <:1

!i. "= P2
T] To
0R \t
Tc = 437.23 If< 59.7
- =
P2
o 540 590
tc ::: 437.23 - 460 = -22.77 F
P 2 = 65.23 psia
2. The maximum thermal efficiency possible for a power cycle
0F
operating between 1200 and'2250F is:
A. 58% C. 57.54% :t. 5. A six cylinder, four stroke diesel engine with 76 mm bore x 89 mm
B. 58.n% D. 57.40% ~
stroke was run in the laboratory at 2000 rpm, when it was found that
the engine torque was 153.5 N-m with all cylinders firing 1:':..It 123 N-m
Solution:
when one cylinder was out. The engine consumed 12.2 kg of fuel
per oC
hour with a heating value of 54,120 kJ/kg and 252.2 kg of air Ai
TH ::: 1200 + 460 ::: 1160
0R
15.6 per hour. Determine the indicated power.
A. 32.1 kw C. 23.3 kw
0R
B. 38.4 kw D. 48.3 kw
Tc = 225 + 460 ::: 685
Solution:
_ TH -Tc
Efficiency
TH Brake Power = 2nTN
1660- 685 (60
2000)
:::
1660
::: 58.73% ::: 2n(0.1535)
l = 32.15 kw

3. Determine the force in Newtons required to produce an acceleration

2
of 0.3 m/s on a 0.05 kg mass.
Friction Power Per Cylinder ::: 32.15 (i) _ 2n(0.123) (2000 1
()()J
A. 0.018 N C. 0.015 N
B. 0.025 N D 0.200 N ::: 1.031 kw
 PB·80 ME BOARD April 1997 '"
Air Power = Qdah
ME BOARD Aprl/ 1997 PH . Hl

Friction Power (Total) = 1.031 (6) = 6.19 kw

Indicated Power ::: 32.15 + 6.19 = 38.34 kw

2dJ 15.6)

6. In a test laboratory, it was found out that of the 8q Bhp developed by = \, d a

= 0.0567 hp
an engine on test, 45 Hp are absorbed by the cooling water that is
pumped through the water jacket and the radiator. The water enters
the top of the radiator at 200 DF. At that temperature, enthalpy of the
water is 168.07 Btu/lbm. Water leaves the bottom of the radiator at
190DF and with an enthalpy of 158.03 Btullbm. What is the water flow
rate for a steady-state operation?
550
8. A pump delivers SOO gpm of water against a total head of 200 ft and
operating at 1770 rpm. Changes have increased the total head to
375 ft. At what rpm should the pump be operated to achieve the new
head at the same efficiency?

A. 25 gal/min C. 23 gal/min A 2800 rpm C. 3434 rpm

B. 20 gal/min D. 24 gal/min B. 3600 rpm D. 2424 rpm

Solution:
Solution:

Q = m w(h 1 - h2 )
~=(~r
H N 2 /
= mw(168.07 - 158.03) 2

r
45(42.4)

rn, = 190.04Ib/min 200 =Cno

.- 375 1\ 2

-
V w 190.04 = 3.0455
= _~ ft
3/min

• 62.4 N2 = 2424 rpm

= 3.0455(7.481) = 22.8 gal/min
9. A Carnot engine requires 35 kJ/sec from the hot source. The engine
7. What is Hp supplied to air moving at 20 fpm through a 2 x 3 duct DC.
produces 15 kw of power and the temperature of the sink ;5 26
, under a pressure of 3 in water gage?
A. 0.786 hp C. 0.642 hp
What is the temperature of the hot source in DC?
A 245.57 C. 250.18
B. 0.741 hp D. 0.0566 hp B. 210.10 D. 260.68

1 Solution: Solution:

Q = capacity of fan = AV Tc :: 26 + 273 = 299 oK

= (2 x 3)(20/60) = 2 fe/s W T H -TL
Efficiency = QA
TH
h = head = hwd w
da
~ = T H -299
3
where: c, = density of air in Ib/ft 35 . TH
TH :: 523.25 OK

h = (K2~2.4 1~ ft of air t H = 523.25 - 273 :: 250.2S

DC

da dJ
 PB - 82 ME BOARD April 1997 '"
ME BOARD April 1997 PB ·83

10. At an average temperature of 100°C, hot air flows through a 2.5 m
long tube with an inside diameter of 50 mm. The temperature of the
tube is 20°C along its entire length. Convective film coefficient is
20.1 W/m 2 • 0 K. Determine the convective heat transfer from air to the
tube.
12. A 1 : 2 : 3 mix of concrete with a six gallons of water per bag cement
is being prepared. Determine the weight of one cubic foot of
finished concrete of this mixture. The materials to be used have the
following characteristics:
1 bag cement (1 cu. ft) weighs 941bs

A. 900 W C. 624 W 1 cu. ft sand weighs 1051bs

B. 909 W D. 632W specific gravity of cement 3.1

specific gravity of sand 2.7

Solution: specific gravity of broken stone 2.7

A. 164Ib/cu.ft C. 162 Ib/cu. ft

A = heat trasnter area = nDL B. 172 Ib/cu. ft D. 152 Ib/cu. ft

2 Solution:
= n(0.050)(2.5) = 0.3927 m
Item Weight Compact Volume
Q eon = heA(t2 - t.)
= 20.1 (0.3927)(1 00 - 20) 94
Cement 1 x 94 = 941bs = 0.486 ft3
3.1(62.4)
= 631.5W
] 1. A hydro-electric plant having 50 sq. krn reservoir area and 100 m

"I
210
head is used to generate power. The energy utilized by the Sand 2 x 105 = 210lbs :: 1.246 ft3

consumers whose load is connected to the power plant during a 2.7(62.4)

five-hour period is 13.5 x 10 to the 6th power kw-hr. The overall l' I
generation efficiency is 75%. Find the fall in the height of water in 315
the reservoir after the 5-hour period.
Stone 3 x 105 = 315 Ibs :: 1.870 fe
2.7( 62.4)
A.2.13m C.3.21m
B. 1.32 m D. 0.53 m

, Solution:
Water
6
--(62.4) = 50lbs
7.481
-
50
62.4
= 0.801 ft3

, Q = flow in m
3/sec .. I
6691bs 4.403 fe

Energy Output = Q(p)H x nT x Time Weight Per Ft 3 :: 669 = 1521b/ftJ

4.403
13.5 X 106 = Q(9.81)(100)(0.75)(5)
3/sec ~ 13. Steam is admitted to the cylinder of an engine in such a manner that
Q = 3669.725 m the average pressure is 120 psi. The diameter of the piston is 10"
and the length of the stroke is 12". What is the hp of the engine
In 5 hours, the volume of water consumed: when it is making 300 rpm?
3 A. 171.5 C. 173.2
v = 3669.725(5 x 3600) = 66,055,050 m B. 175 D. 174.4

Volume = Area x Height Solution:

66,055,050 = (50 x 10 ) h

h = 1.321 m
VD = piston displacement
 PB - 84 ME BOARD April 1997
..
ME BOARD April 1997 PB - 85
1
0e
A. 4.8°C e. 0.50
= (rc/4)02LNXe 0e
B. 0.48°e o. 0.84

= (rc/4) (210)2(12/2)(300) x 2 = 327.25 fe/min Solution:

1 kw 2
Q = -)- (I m) = 1 kw = 1000 w
Indicated Power = P ml V D m­

(120)(144)(327.25) = 171.4 hp
3 Ii 1 kg min
= 33,000 m = --x--x-- 0.05 kg / sec

nun Ii 60 sec

14. A fan whose static efficiency is 40% has a capacity of 60,000 fe/hr
at 60°F and barometer of 30 in Hg and gives s static pressure of 2 in Q = mep~t
of water column on full delivery. What size electric motor should be
1000 = 0.05(4200)(~t)
used to drive this fan?
A. 1/2 HP e. 2 HP
B. 1 HP O. 1 1/2 HP ~t = 4.76°C

Solution:
i 16. A steam boiler on a test generates 885,000 Ib of steam in a 4-hour
period. The avera~e steam pressure is 400 psia, the average steam
d, = density of air in Ib/ft
3

hwd w (;{2~2.4 10.4 ft of air

hs = static pressure head
• Static Air Power = Qdahs
60,00~(d \~IO'~J
, _ 3600 \
1 temperature is 700 F, and the average temperature of the feedwater
supplied to the boiler is 280°F. If the boiler efficiency for the period
= da da J is 82.5 percent, and if the coal has a heating value of 13,850 Btu per
Ib as fired, find the average amount of coal burned in short tons per
d a I'~
hour.
A. 9.84 short tons per hour e. 12.05 short tons per hour
B. 10.75 short tons per hour O. 11.45 short tons per hour
550
a da
,)
Solution:

The following enthalpies have been given in the problem. From

I = 0.315hp

Static Air Power

S
~
Steam table:

At 400 psia and 700°F, h 2 = 1362.7 Btu/lb

Brake (Input) Power =
Static Fan Efficiency At 280°F, h 1 = 249.1 Btu/lb

- 0.315
- = 0.79 hp rn, = 885,000
4 = 221,250 Ib/hr
- 0.40
ms(h 2 -hd
Boiler Efficiency =

Use 1-hp motor. mfQh

I ~ The sun generates 1 KW/m 2 when used as a source for solar

2 221,250(1,362.7 - 249.1)
collectors. A collector with an area of 1 m heat water. The flow rate 0.825 =
is 3.0 liters/min. What is the temperature rise in the water? The mrC 13,850)
specific heat of water is 4200 J/kg_oC.
 ~
ME BOARD April 1997 PB -87
PB·86 ME BOARD April 1997

A. white C. dark red

21563
rn, = 21,563 Ib/hr = - '- = 10.78 short tons/hr B. orange D. yellow
2000
26. Mathematically, a thermodynamic property is which of the
17. The ratio between the actual power and the apparent power in any following?
circuit is known as the of that circuit. A. a point function C. a path function
A. Measured Power C. Power Factor B. discontinuous D. exact differential
B. Capacity D. KVAR
27. A device whose function is to pass an information in an unchanged
18. The products of complete combustion of gaseous hydrocarbons. form or in some modified form:
A. Carbon dioxide and water A. relay C. transmitter
B. Carbon monoxide B. sensor D. transducer
C. Carbon monoxide, water and ammonia
D. Water, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide 28. A device whose primary function is to meter the flow of refrigerant
to the evaporator:
19. The part that directs the flow of the refrigerant through the A. sniffer valve C. thermostatic expansion valve
compressor: B. equalizers D. crossover valves
A. wrist pin C. piston
B. valve D. connecting rod 29. The volume remaining when the piston reaches the end of the
compression stroke:
20. An odorless refrigerant, its bolling point varies over a wide range of A. air cell C. turbulence chamber
temperatures:
A. Freon 22 C. Freon refrigerants
D. Ammonia
.
t

I
.}
B. combustion chamber D. pre-combustion chamber

30. Specific heat capacity is an SI derived unit described as as:

B. Freon 12
3
A. J/kg C. J/m
• 2J. The boiling point of Freon 22 is: B. W/moK D. J/kgOK
oF
A. -41.04°F C. -38.40 31. The fundamental difference between pipe and tubing is:
oF oF
B. 40.60 D. -31.40 A. The dimensional standard to which each is manufactured
B. Compression joints
22. Medium pressure when applied to valves and fittings, implies they
• are suitable for a working pressure of from:
C. The smoothness of the surface
D. Bell and spigot joint

~
A. 862 to 1200 kPa C. 500 to 1000 kPa
B. 758t01000kPa D.658t01050kPa 32. One of the most popular types of compressor utilized for
supercharging engine is the:
23. A general term for a device that receives information in the form of A. Roots type blower C. Constant pressure turbocharger
one or more physical quantities, modifies the information and/or its B. Pulse turbocharger D. Turbo compressor
form, if required, and produces a resultant output signal:
A. Converter C. Sensor 33. Crankshaft of reciprocating type compressor is basically made of:
B. Transducer D. Scanner A. semi-steel C. cast iron
B. aluminum alloy D. steel forging
24. In the process of pair formation, a pair cannot be formed unless the
quantum has an energy greater than: 34. A chemical method of feedwater treatment which uses calcium
A. 2m sub 0 C2 C. 0.5MeV hydroxide and sodium carbonate as reagents:
Il. 1/2 mV 2 D. hv/C A. thermal theatment C. demineralization process
B. lime soda treatment D. ion exchange treatment
.'~ The temperature of hot metals can be estimated by their color. For
0F
steel or iron, the color scale at 2200 is roughly:
J
 PB - 88 ME BOARD April 1997

35. Engines using heavy fuels require heating of the fuel so that the
•
ME BOARD October 1997 PB·89

MECHANICAL ENGINEER Licensure Examination

viscosity at the injector is: October 1997

A. around 200 SSU C. 200 SSU±50 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM

B. 100 SSU or less D. 150 SSU or slightly higher POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING
36. The temperature of the fluid flowing under pressure through a pipe
1. In a water tuba boiler, where is heat and gases of combustion
is usually measured by: passed?
A. glass thermometer C. thermocouple
A. through the combustion chamber only
B. electric-resistance thermometer D. all of the above B. through the tubes
C. away from the tubes
37. An increase in the deposition of slag and ash on the surface for D. aroundthetubes
i' heating of oil-fired boilers in both marine and stationary service has
affected boiler efficiency. The following are the causes except: 2. A pneumatic tool is generally powered by:
A. Low temperature corrosion of the cold section of air heaters and
A. water C. steam
duct works B. electricity D. air
B. Siagging of high temperature superheater surfaces
C High temperature corrosion steel 3.
"t The instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure is:
D. Increase of heat transfer in the boiler
A. rotameter C. venturi

, 38. The type of filter where the filtering element is replaceable:

A. paper edge filter C. pressure filter 4.
B. manometer D. barometer

Determine the average Cp value in kJ/kg.oK of a gas if 522 kJ of heat

• B. metal edge filter D. filter with element
'f
is necessary to raise the temperature from 300 degree K to 800
degree K making the pressure constant:

• 39. Which does not belong to the group?

A. air injection system
B. mechanical injection system
C. time injection system
D. gas admission system
A. 1.440
B. 1.044
C. 1.038
D. 1.026

Solution:
40. Cooling water system consists of equipment to dissipate heat
absorbed by the engine jacket water, lub oil and the heat to be Q = mCpL'iT
• removed from air intercooler is measurable to keep the engine outlet
water temperature constant and the differential of the cooling water 522 = 1(C p)(800 - 300)

t at a minimum preferably not to exceed:

A. 10 to 30°F
B. 10 to 50°F
C. 10 to 20°F
D. 10 to 40°F
C p = 1.044 kJ/kg.oK
~
5. A refrigeration system in which only part of the refrigerant passes

I
iI over the heat transfer surface is evaporated and the balance is
separated from the vapor and recirculated:
i
A. direct expansion system C. flooded system
13. chilled water system D. multiple system
!
"
6. When four events take place in one revolution of a crankshaft of an
engine, the engine is called:
A. rotary engine C. two-stroke engine
B. steam engine D. four-stroke engine
 PB - 90 ME BOARD October 1997
,
ME BOARD October 1997 PB - 91

7. The thermal efficiency of a particular engine operating on an ideal 9. How much work is necessary to compress air in all IIlSlllo1tncl
cycle is 35%. Calculate the heat supplied per 1200 watt-hr of work cylinder from 0.20 cu. m to 0.01 cu. m. Use T = 20 degree C and P 1
developed in kJ. = 100 kPa.
A. 12,343 C. 14,218 A.113.4kJ C.110.1kJ
B. 10,216 D. 11,108 B. 121.4kJ D.115.6kJ

Solution: Solution:

w = 1200 watt-hr

= 1.2 kw-hr
2
P = (~r
r
= 1.2(3600) = 4320 kw-sec or kJ
PI V 2
4

W
P z = 100 (0
- '2- = 6628.9 kPa
Efficiency = Q A
0.01
PlV2 -PlVl (6628.9)0.01- (I 00)0.2
0.35 =
4320 W = = = 115.7 kJ/kg
k -1 1.4 -1
Q"

10. An Otto engine has clearance volume of 7%. It produces 300 kw

Q A = 12,342 kJ (
power. What is the amount of heat rejected in kw?
8. A large mining company was provided with a 3 cu. meters of
A. 170 C. 152
• compressed air tank. Air pressure in the tank drops from 700 kPa to
180 kPa while the temperature remains unchanged at 28 degree C.
B. 160 D. 145

, What percentage has the mass of air in the tank been reduced?
A. 74 C. 76
Solution:
l+c 1+0.07
B. 72 D. 78 r = compression ratio = - - --- = 15.286
c 0.07
Solution:
e = 1 - ~ = 1 -
(15.286)14-1
= 0.664
r
Solving for the mass of air at 700 kPa:

PV = mRT
e =

~
--

700(3) = m1(0.287)(28 + 273)

QA

rn. = 24.31 kg
300
0.664 =
Solving for the mass of air at 180 kPa:
QA

PV
180(3)
= mRT

= mz(0.287)(28 + 273)

QA
.= 452 kw

mz = 625 kg
w = OA - OR
300 =452 -OR
Percentage mass reduced: OR = 152 kw
24.31- 6.25
= 24.31
11. What occurs in a reversible polytropic process?
= 74.29% A. enthalpy remains constant C. some heat transfer occurs
B. internal energy does not change D. Entropy remains constant
 PB -92 ME BOARD October 1997
...
ME BOARD October 1997 PB - 93

12. In a deepwell installation or operation, the difference between static Solution:

water level and operating water level is called:
A. suction lift C. priming level From R-22 Table: At T cond = 40 °C: h3 = hI = 249.686 kJ/kg
B. drawdown D. clogging At T evap = -10°C: hI = 188.426 kJ/kg
hg = 401.555 kJ/kg
13. An ideal single-stage air compressor without clearance takes in air
at 100 kPa with a temperature of 16 degree C and delivered it at 413 For throttling process: h3 =h 4

kPa after isentropic compression. What is the discharge work done h3 = (h, + xhlg )4

by the compressor in kJ/kg? 249.686 = 188.426 + x(401.555 - 188.426)

A. -59.22 C. -54.75 x = 0.287
B. -52.43 D. -56.13
17. A gas which will not be found in the flue gases produced by the
Solution: complete combustion of fuel oil is:
A. carbon dioxide C. oxygen

W= -kmRTl(~: f -I] B. hydrogen

18. Scale in boiler can:

D. nitrogen

A. create low steam quality C. overheat blow-off line

w
ill
_1.4(0.287)(l6+273)1(4131114~1
1.4-1 llOO)
_ JJ B. cause foaming D. inhibit circulation and heat
transfer

19. In a double-acting, 2 stroke compression ignition engine, 8-cylinder,

I the diameter of the cylinder is 700 mm, stroke is 1350 mm and the
= -145 kJ/kg
piston rod diameter is 250 mm. When running at 108 rpm, the

• 14. What characteristics an impulse turbine?

A. steam striking blades on angle
indicated mean effective pressures above and below the pistons are
5.80 bar and 4.90 bar respectively. Calculate the brake power of the
engine with a mechanical efficiency of 80% in kilowatts.
B. no steam reaction to velocity
A. 6050 C. 6010
C. steam striking blades at zero angle
B. 6030 D. 6070
D. steam reversing direction

,
15. Air receives in a compressed air plant must be:

A. without pressure gauges

B. vented to the atmosphere
C. rectangular in shape
D. installed with safety valve and
drain valve
Solution:

Solving for the Indicated Power at Head End:

V 0 1
= (~J D
2LNC

16. A refrigeration system using R-22 has a capacity of 320 kw of

refrigeration. The evaporating temperature is minus 10 degree C f = (~) (0.70)2(1.35)C;;) (8)
and the condensing temperature is 40 degree C. Calculate the ~
3/s
fraction of vapor in the mixture before the evaporator. = 7.481 m
Properties of R-22 are:
At -10 degree C Indicated Power (1) = Pmi X V0 1
h g = 401.60 kJ/kg = 5.80(100)(7.481) = 4,339 kw
hI =
188.426 kJ/kg
At 40 degree C Solving for the Indicated Power at Crank End:
hI =
249.686 kJ/kg Te l 2 2
A. 0.287 C. 0.245 V 0 2 = ( 4) [D - d ]LNC
B 0.315 D. 0.227
PB -94 ME BOARD October 1997
,
~
ME BOARD October 1997 PB -95
II11
1.
1

Ii,
== (~) [(0.7)2 - (0.25)2](1.35) C~~ }8) 28. In a refrigeration system, the heat absorbed in the evaporator per kg
mass of refrigerant passing through is: 'I'i, I

:1
== 6.527 m
3/sec A. equals the increase in enthalpy
B. does not depend on the refrigerant used li[1!

Indicated Power (2) == Pm; X VD2 C. is decreased if pre-cooler is used (f

= 4.9(100)(6.527) == 3,198 m3/sec D. equals the increase in volume I'
I
liii
Total Indicated Power = 4,339 + 3,198 = 7,537 kw 29. Air that controls the rate of combustion in the combustion chamber
is known as:
:il

~.I
A. secondary air
Brake Power = 7,537 x 0.80 == 6,030 kw
B. excess air
C. control air
D. primary air
20. The effectiveness of a body as a thermal radiator at a given
temperature. 30. A fan draws 1.42 cu. meters per second of air at a static pressure of
2.54 cm of water through a duct 300 mm diameter and discharges it IiI:
A. absorptivity
B. emissivity
C. conductivity
D. reflectivity through a duct of 275 mm diameter. Determine the static fan II:
efficiency if total fan mechanical is 70% and air is measured at 25
degree C and 760 mm Hg.
21. In a cooling tower, the water is cooled mainly by:
A. 60% C.30%
A. condensation C. convection
B. 50% 0.40%
B. evaporation D. conduction
Solution:
22. Where is lithium bromide used in a refrigeration system?
A. condensate return lines C. centrifugal compressors P
B. absorbers D. ion exchangers
d, = density of air = 101.325
--- = 1.18 kg/m 3
il
II
RT (0.2871(25 + 273) I
",1
I
23. Amount of heat liberated by the complete combustion of a unit eT == Total efficiency = Total air power Pr
weight or volume of fuel is: = 'I;JI!'
Brake power PB
A. heating value C. sensible heat

ilil
B. latent heat D. work or compression es == Static efficiency == Static power Ps
=
Brake power PB
24. A temperature above which a given gas cannot be liquified: j!llj'
A. cryogenic temperature C. absolute temperature PT = Ps i

eT e s 'I
B. vaporization temperature D. critical temperature I'
I

PSe T Qdahse T hSeT

25. The ratio of the sum of individual maximum demands of the system es == == =
1

to the overall maximum demand of the whole system is: PT oe,u, h T 1

1
11)

A. diversity factor C. power factor 1:1

B. utilization factor D. demand factor
11

where:

26. When fuel oil has a high viscosity, we mean that the fuel oil will:
A. evaporate easily C. bum without smoke hs = static head
hwd w
(0.0254)(1000) == 21.52 meters of air I
B. have a low specific gravity D. flow slowly through pipes d. 1.18

27. Percentage of excess air is the difference between the air actually Solvinq for the velocity head:
supplied and the theoretically required divided by: V == Q
A. actual air supplied C. theoretical less actual supplied A
B. theoretical air supplied D. deficiency air supplied
I
Ii
PB - 96

VS
1.42
= (%1/--, = 20.09 m/s
ME BOARD October 1997
"
Solution:
ME BOARD October 1997 PB·97

rs 14· 01,)"
" T, = 22 + 273 = 295 0K
1.42
= (n/}
5' 4 0.275)2 = 23.9 rn/s
Vd
Pressure ratio = .!2.=.!J.. = 9
PI P4
2
=
v/ -V S = (23.9)2 -(20.09)2 _
hv
2g 2(9.81)­
8.54 meters of air T3 = 10noC + 273 = 13500K

k ->I
= total = h s + hv = 21.52 = 30.06 meters of air
~=[.!2.Jk
hT head + 8.54
r, PI
es = 21.52(07) = 0.50 = 50%
30.06 T 2 = 295(9)'4-XA == 552.665 0K

31. A centrifugal pump delivers 80 liters per second of water on test. kJ

Suction gauge reads 10 mm Hg vacuum and 1.2 meters below pump
We = compressor work = 1.0 (552.665
0K)
= 257.665 kJ/kg
kg_ O K
centerline. Power input is 70 kw. Find the total dynamic head in
k-I

T)T
meters.
A. 66 C 62
4
= (~Jk
p)
B. 60 D. 64
14-1
Solution: T4 = 1350 (~JIA == 720.598°K
Power = Od HT kJ
Q A == 1.0 (1350 - 552.665) oK == 797.335 kJ/kg
kg_ O K
lm'
Q = 80~- x --- 0.08 m 3 ! sec

W T ==
kJ
sec 1000lit
1.0 (1350 - 720.598)OK :::: 629.402 kJ/kg
kg_ O K
Since no pump efficiency is given, use the usual pump efficiency
used which is 74%. _ W T -We
Cycle Efficiency 629.402-257.665 x 100 == 46.6%

,
P{JUlput QdH QA
Pump Efficiency = T 'l< 797.335
P iJ1 [1111 Pill ;]
~ .
33. An aftercooler on a reciprocating air compressor is used primarily
0.74(70) = (9.81 )(0.08)H T to:
I
A. cool the lubricatinq oil

HT = 66 m
B. condense the moisture in the compressed air
C. improve compressor efficiency
32. A gas turbine working on an air standard Brayton cycle has air enter D. increase compressor capacity
into the compressor at atmospheric condition and 22 degree C. The

pressure ratio is 9 and the maximum temperature in the cycle is

34. In a hydro-electric plant using a Francis turbine with medium head,
1077 degree C. Compute for the cycle efficiency per kg of air in the speed can be regulated by using the:

percent.
A. deflector gate C. wicket gate
A. 44.85% C. 41.65% B. nozzle D. weir
B. 43.92% D. 46.67%
 PB - 98 ME BOARD October 1997
.
ME BOARD October 1997 PB .Ijl)
1

35. Ton of refrigeration is a unit equivalent to: From Bernoulli's Equation:

A. 50.4 kcal/sec C. 3413 kw-hr
2
13 12660 kN-m/hr 0.2545 Btu/hr Pj V Po V 2
- + 21 + - l- + H T - + 2 + 2
d 2g 2
d 2g
Solution'
Po Vl_V~
HT ::: -- + 2 I
+
1 Ton Ref = 3.516 kJ/sec d 2g
2 7

3.516 kJ
= 3600 sec = 12,660 kJ/hr or kN-m/hr 280
= -- +
(1.697)2 _(1.178)2
sec x hr + 5

9.81 2(9.81)
HT ::: 33.62 m

36. To protect adequately the engine bearings, what type and better
arrangement of lubricating oil filter is most practical? 3/sec)(9.81kN/m 3)(33.62
A. full-flow type filter installed between the lubricating oil pump Water Power = (0.0833 m m) ::: 27.473 kw
and the bearings
27.473
B. duplex filter installed before the lubricating pump Input Power = - -= 38.16 kw
C. by pass filter with cleanable and replaceable elements 0.72
D. splash lubricating system in the crankcase
38. A pump with a 400 m diameter suction pipe and a 350 mm diameter
37. A centrifugal pump delivers 300,000 liters per hour of water to a discharge pipe is to deliver 20,000 liters per minute of 15.6 degree C
pressurized tank whose pressure is 280 kPa. The source of water is water. Calculate the pump head in meters if suction gage is 7.5 cm
5 meter below the pump. The diameter of the suction pipe is 300 ". below pump centerline and reads 127 mm Hg vacuum and discharge
mm and the discharge pipe is 250 mm. Calculate the KW rating of , gage is 45 cm above the pump centerline and reads 75 kPa.
the driving motor assuming the pump efficiency to be 72%. .'• A. 15 m C. 20 m
A. 41.75 kw C. 43.28 kw B. 5m D.10m
B. 35.75 kw D. 38.16 kw
Solution:
Solution:
3 Q ::: 20,000 ~ x 1 m'
x -- -
1min _
0.33 m 3/sec
= 300,000 ~ x
1 m 1 hr rrun
Q X ----- 0.0833 111 1000 lit 60 sec
hr 1000 lit .3600 sec sec
PI ::: 101.325 kPa
127 mm Hg vacuum x 760 mmHg ::: '16.93 kPa
l Pump Efficiency =
Water Power
Brake Input Power
+ V2
2 _ V l
2

Total Dynamic Head (TDH) ::: P2 -PI

+ 2 2 -2 1
Water Power = Q x density x H T d 2g

Q 0.0833 111' /sec V 1 Q 0.33

V 1 ------ ­ 1.178 m/sec :::
= 2.626 m/sec
( !! ID ~
("4 j<o3)-m"
\
A
n " ~ (0.4)2
!\:I ) 4
, V 2 = ~ = 3.429 m/sec
V;, = 0.0833 m'/sec
= 1.697 m/sec
~(0.35)2
\ ' )

4
IT I(O.25)-m­
l 4 ) 75 - (-16) (3.429) 2 _ (2.626) 2
TDH +
9.81 + 0.45 + 0.075
2(9.81)
::: 10.05 m
PB -100

39. In radiation, the heat transfer depends on:

A. temperature C heat flow from cold to hot
"
ME BOARD October 1997 PB -101

150 degree C to 80 degree C. Water is available at the rate of 0.30 kg

per second and at a temperature of 12 degree C. Calculate the exit
13. heat rays D. humidity temperature of the water in degree C.
A. 48 C. 46
40. Air at 29 degree C db and 23.5 degree C wb enters a cooling tower at
B. 42 D. 44
a rate of 102 kg per minute. It leaves the cooling tower at 38 degree
C db and humidity ratio of 0.0436 kg moisture per kg dry air. Hot
.'
Solution:

water enters the tower at 46.5 degree C and a flow rate of 142.2 kg

per minute. Determine the cooling tower efficiency in percent.

Heat balance:

Air Properties: Heat loss ::: Heat gain

At 29 degree C db and 23.5 degree C wb,

mwCpw(t b - ta ) ::: mgCpg(t, - t2 )

h ::: 70.02 kJ/kg dry air I'

w ::: 0.016 kg moisture per kg dry air where: Cp ::: specific heat of the gas = kR
At 38 degree c db and w ::: 0.0436 kg moisture per kg dry air
~ k-1
h ::: 149.24 kJ/kg dry air
R ::: -R- -
8.3143
--- ::: 0.2969
A. 56% C.60% MW 28
B. 43% D.48% 1.32(0.2669)
C p = ::: 1.2247
1.32-I
Solution:
Actual Range la - I h (030)(4.18 7J(tb - 12)::: (0.5)(1.2247)(150-80)
Ccolinq Tower Efficiency = "-~----
tb ::: 46.125 C
Theoretical Range II] - I"h
Heat Balance:
43. A heat engine is operated between temperature limits of 1370 degree
C and 260 degree C. Engine supplied with 14,142 kJ per KWH. Find
Heat loss = Heat gain the carnot cycle efficiency in percent.
A. 70.10 C. 67.56
mwCpw(L] - tn) = ma(h z - h.)
B. 65.05 D. 69.32
(142.2)(4187)(46.5 - tb) =; 102 (149.24 - 70.02)

27,685.7 - 595.4 tb = 8080.4

Solution:

th ::: 32.90C

" T ower Erfictency

C 00 IIng . >
46 ..5- 32.9 X 1OO'}o
--
)/ = 59 .1 3/0

0/ T, ::: 1370 + 273 ::: 1643 oK

46 ..5-23.5
T 2 ::: 260 + 273 ::: 533 0 K
Eft ::: 1 - -T 2 ::: 1 - _533 ::: 67.56%
41. The main purpose of a subcooler in a refrigerating system especially T) 1643
a 2-stage system is to:
A. increase the heat rejection per ton and avoid system shutdown
B. improve the flow of evaporator gas per ton and increase the 44. The performance of a reciprocating compressor can be expressed
by:
temperature
C. reduce the total power requirements and return oil to the
A. adiabatic work divided by adiabatic input
B. adiabatic work divided by indicated work
compressor
D. reduce the total power requirements and heat rejection to the C. isothermal work divided by indicated work
2nd stage D. isothermal work divided by adiabatic work

12 A heat exchanger was installed purposely to cool 0.50 kg of gas per 45. A reciprocating pump is considered positive displacement pump
because:
second. Molecular weight is 28 and k::: 1.32. The gas is cooled from
 ....

PB ·102 ME BOARD October 1997

ME BOARD October 1997 PB 111 I

A. displacement of the liquid is affected by the displacement of

48. Steam enters the turbine of a cogeneration plant at 7.0 MPa and 500
the piston
degree C. Steam at a flow rate of 7.6 kg per second is extracted
B. positive pressure is given to the liquid
from the turbine at 600 kPa pressure for process heating. The
C. liquid is discharge with positive pressure
remaining steam continues to expand to 10 kPa. The recovered
D. liquid is lifted due to the vacuum created inside the cylinder
condensates are pumped back to the boiler. The mass flow rate of
steam that enters the turbine is 30 kg per second. Calculate the
46. Steam expands adiabatically in a turbine from 2000 kPa, 400 degree
cogeneration efficiency in percent.
C to 400 kPa, 250 degree C. What is the effectiveness of the process Steam Properties are:
in percent assuming an atmospheric pressure of 15 degree C. At 7.0 MPa and 500 degree C: I"
Neglect changes in kinetic and potential energy. II
h = 3410.3 kJ/kg
Steam PropertiesAre:
At 2000 kPa and 400 degree C.
s =
6.7975 kJ/kgOK
At 600 kPa:
h = 3247.6 kJ/kg
hf =670.56 kJ/kg
s = 7.1271 kJ/kgOK
hfg = 2086.3 kJ/k~
At 400 kPa and 250 degree C

h = 2964.2 kJ/kg

sf =
1.9312 kJ/kg K
s = 7.3789 kJ/kgOK

sfg =4.8288 kJ/kgOK

At 10 kPa:
A. 82 C. 80
13. 84 D. 86
hf =191.83 kJ/kg
hfg = 2392.8 kJ/k~
Solution:
sf =
0.6493 kJ/kg K
sfg = 7.5009 kJ/kgOK
A. 60 C. 65
Q = i\.h =
3247.6 - 2964.2 =
283.4 kJ/kg
B. 50 D. 55
Qu = T(lIS) =
(15 + 273)(7.3789 - 7.1271) = 72.5

Solution:
Effec tiiveness = 283.4 = 79 .6%
283.4 + 72.5 _ W T + QR
Cogeneration Efficiency
- Q
47. Steam enters the superheaters of a boiler at a pressure of 25 bar and A
dryness of 0.98 and leaves at the same pressure at a temperature of
370 degree C. Calculate the heat energy supplied per kg of steam WT = m1(h 1 ­ h2) + (rn, - m2)(h 2 - h3)
supplied in the superheaters.
Steam Properties are:
S1 = S2
At 25 bar and 370°C:
6.7975 = sf 2 + X2 sfg 2
h = 3171.8 kJ/kg
6.7976= 1.9312 + x2(4.8288)
At 25 bar and 0.98 dryness:
X2 =1.0 (sat. vapor)
hf = 962.11 kJ/kg

hfg =1841.0 kJ/kg

h2 = hf2 + X2 hfg 2 = 676.56 + 1.0(2086.3) = 2756.86 kJ/kg
A. 407.46 C. 405.51
B. 408.57 D. 406.54 S1 = S3
6.7975 = sf 3 + X3 sfg 3
Solution: 6.7976 = 0.6493 + x3(7.50146)
X3 = 0.8196
h =hf + x hfg

h 1 = 962.11 + 0.98(1841.0) = 2766.3

h3 = hf 3 + X3 hfg 3 = 191.83 + 0.8196(2392.8) = 2152.96 kJ/kg

q = h2 - h1 = 3171.8 - 2766.3 = 405.5 kJ/kg WT = 30(3410.3 - 2756.86) + (30 - 7.6)(2756.86 - 215312)

= 33,126.976 kw
 PB -104
,

ME BOARD October 1997

- -ME
- Board Apri/199B

OR = m2(h2 - hf4 ) MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Licensure Examination

but hf 4 = hf 3 so, Saturday, April 4, 1998 08:00 a.m. _ 04:00 p.m
OR = 7.6(2756.86 - 191.83) = 19,494.228 kw --------------------------------------------------------------- .. _-----------------------------------­
POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING
OA = m1(h1 - hf 4 ) = 30(3410,3 - 191.83) = 96,554.1 kw SET A
INSTRUCTION: Select the correct answer for each of the following
Cogeneration Efficiency = 33,126.979 + 19,494.228 questions. Mark only one answer for each item by shading the box
96,554.1 x 100 corresponding to the letter of your choice on the answer sheet provided.
= 54.5% STRICTLY NO ERASURES ALLOWED. Use pencil No.1 only.

49, A change in the efficiency of combustion in a boiler can usually be
determined by comparing the previously recorded readings with the
current readings of the:
A. stack temperature and CO C. Ringelman chart and CO 2
B. over-the-fire draft and CO D. stack temperature and CO 2
50. A boiler steam gauge should have a range of at least:
A. one-half the working steam pressure
B. 1 1/2 times the maximum allowable working pressure
C the working steam pressure
D. twice the maximum allowable working pressure.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. A 140 mm x 140 mm single effect, tWin-cylinder, single acting Freon
12 compressor with a refrigeration capacity of 40 kw operates
between a discharge pressure of 1300 kPa and a suction pressure of
350 kPa. The speed of the compressor is 600 rpm. If the discharge
pressure shall be raised to 1400 kPa, at what speed (rpm) should the
compressor be run to produce the same refrigeration capacity and
assuming the volumetric efficiency to remain the same?
Freon 12 Properties:.
At 350 kPa.

h = 189.023 kJ/kg

\I v = 0.04923 cu. m/kg

At 1300 kPa.

h =
211.314 kJ/kg

hf =
87.796 kJ/kg

At 1400 kPa.

h = 213.692 kJ/kg

~ hf =
91.355 kJ/kg

A. 610 C. 620
B. 615 D. 630

Solution:

Solving for the volumetric efficiency, discharge pressure

I
of 1300 kPa and Speed of 600 rpm:

Refrigerating Effect = m(h 1 - h4 )

40 = m(189.023 - 87.796)

m = 0.39515 kg/sec

j V1 = mV1 = 0.39515(0.04933)
= 0.01949 m 3/sec
 ."

ME Board Apri/1998 PB ·107

PB -106 ME Board Apri/1998

P2 ::: 287 kPa abs

VD ::: ( %j 02 LN x C P2::: 287 - 101.2::: 185.8kPag

: : (%) (0.140)2(0.140{ 6~~) x 2 (No exact answer in the choices)

3/sec
::: 0.04310 m 3. A manometer is an instrument that is used to measure:
A. air pressure C. condensate water level
nv ::: -~ 0= 0.01949 ::: 0.45217 B. heat radiation D. air volume
VD 0.04310
(KENT'S p. 18-15)
Solving the new speed N' when the discharge pressure is raised to 1400 kPa:
4. Pres. F. V. Ramos approved on February 12, 1998 a Republic Act,
Refrigerating Effect ::: rn'(h­ - h,') which is an act to regulate the practice of Mechanical Engineering in
40 ::: m'(189.023 - 91.355) the Philippines, otherwise known as the new M.E. Law. What is this
m' ::: 0.40955 kg/sec t! act?
. ~I A. RA No. 9845 C. RA No. 8594
V1' ::: rn'v, ::: 0.40951(0.04933) B. RA No. 8495 D. RA No. 8945
~
3/sec
::: 0.02020 m
V' 5. The relationship of water vapor in the air at the dew point
nv ::: _I
V'
o
temperature to the amount that would be in the air if the air were
. saturated at the dry bulb temperature is:
0.45217 :::0.02020 .·1'f'···• A. partial pressure actual at dew point
V'o
3/sec
"['. B. percentage humidity
I' V D' ::: 0.04467 m ft C. relative humidity
D. partial pressure of water
0.04467::: (~\0.140)2 (0.140)l(N'1 x 2
l4) 60) (KENT'S p. 12-74)
N' ::: 621 rpm 6. The evaporative condenser of an ammonia refrigeration plant has a
2 water flowrate of 126 kgs per second and enters a natural draft
2. A closed vessel contains air at a pressure of 160 kN/m gauge and DC. DC
cooling tower at 40 The water is cooled to 29 by air entering at

~
temperature of 30 degree C. The air is heated at constant volume to 60 DC DC DC
j 38 db and 24 wb. The air leaves the tower as saturated at 40
degree C with the atmospheric pressure as 759 mm Hg. What is the final
db. Calculate the make-up water required in kgs. per hour.
gauge pressure?
C. 167
1 Water properties:
~~
A. 174 At 40
DC,
hf = 167.48 kJ/kg
B. 169 O. 172 DC,
At 29 hg = 121.43 kJ/kg
. I
Air Properties:
,~ DC DC
kPa) : :
i

Solution: (101.325 At 38 db and 24 wb:

101.2 kPa h = 72.5 kJ/kg
Patm ::: 759 mm Hg x l760 mmHg w = 0.013 kg water vapor per kg dry air

~
1'1
0= P1
T1
t ,;
DC
At 40 db saturated:
h = 166 kJ/kg
w = 0.0488 kg water vapor per kg dry air

(I oo + 101.2) P1 A. 8977 C. 8055

(10 I 273) (60+273) B. 8699 D. 8388
 PB -108 ME Board Apri/199Q
...

ME Board Apri/1998 PB - 109

Solution:
12. A pump discharges 150 liters per second of water to a height of 75
meters. If the efficiency is 75% and the speed of the pump is 1800
Heat balance in the cooling tower'
rpm, what is the torque in N-m to which the drive shaft is SUbjected?
A. 771 C. 791
Heat absorbed by air = Heat rejected by water
B. 781 D. 681
mih 2-h 1) = mwCpwL'lT w

m a(166- 72.5) = 126(4.187)(40-29)

Solution:
m, = 62.1 kg/sec

rn, = mass flow rate of make-up water

Pump Work = Qwh

miW 2 - W,)
= (0.150)(9.81)(75) = 110.4 kw

= 62.1 (.0488 - 0.013) Brake Power (Pump) = PumpWork I lOA

= 2.22318 kg/sec Eff
= 147.2 kw
0.75
= 8003.45 kglhr make-up water Brake Power = 2rrTN
7. What is the color code of air pipelines? 147,200 Watts = 2rrT 601800)
(

A. light blue C. brown

B. red D. violet T = 781 N-m

8. The CO 2 (carbon dioxide) percentage in the flue gas of an efficiently 13. What should be the temperature of both the water and steam
fired boiler should be approximately: Whenever they are present together?
A. 1% C. 18% A. saturation temperature for the eXisting pressure
" B. 12%
(Morse p. 137)
D. 20% B. boiling point of water at 101.325 kPa
C. superheated temperature

" 9. An unloader is used on air compressor to:

D. one hundred degree centigrade

A. to relief air pressure C. stop easier (Van Wylen p.34)

B. start easier D. run faster
14. An air standard engine has a compression ratio of 20 and a cut-off
10. How many pounds of air are theoretically needed to burn one pound ratio of 5. If the intake air pressure and temperature are 100 kPa and
of diesel fuel oil? 27°C, find the work in kJ per kg.

~
A. 28 C. 18 A. 2976 C. 2437
B. 14 D. 22 B. 2166 D. 2751
(Morse p. 159).
Solution:
11. Which of the following is a great advantage of a fire-tube boiler?
A. steam pressure is not steady
eT = 1 _ _I_[_r..::...k_-_I_J
c
rk k-l k(rc - I)
B. contains a large volume of water and requires long interval
of time to raise steam and not so flexible as to changes in \
steam demand. d eT = _I_((5)14_ 1) = 0.541 = 54.1%

C. can not use impure water (20(H 1.4(5 - I) )

D. radiation losses are higher because fire is on the inside of the

boiler and is surrounded by water T2 = T1[~~r-J = 300(20)14-1 = 994.34 oK
(Morse p. 297/KENT'S p. 7-07).
T3 = T2 (~: J = 994.34 (5) = 4971.7 oK
 ,.

PB·110 ME Board Apri/1998 ME Board Apri/1998 I'll 111

Q
A
= mC p(T3-T z) = (1.006)(4971.7-994.34) = 4001.3kJ/kg 19. A pump receives 8 kg/s of water at 220 kPa and 110 degree C and
discharges it at 1100 kPa. Compute for the power required in
kilowatts.
w
e =
A. 8.126 C. 7.041
Q"
B. 5.082 D. 6.104
W = (0.541)(4001.3) = 2165kJ/kg

Solution:
15. What is the temperature in degree C of 2 liters of water at 30 degree
C after 500 calories of heat have been added to? Pump Work = mV1(P2 - Pd
A. 35.70 C. 38.00
8~(
3
B. 30.25 D. 39.75 = m ](1100-nO)kN -m
II sec 1000kg ill Z

Solution = 7.04 kw

Q =
mCp(Tz - Td 20. In an open feedwater heater for a steam power plant, saturated
II 0.500 kcal ( 4187 kJfkcal)
T2 = 30.25 DC
2 lit (1 kgflit)(4.187 kJfkg_oC)(T 2 - 30°C)
.
~
steam at 7 bar is mixed with subcooled liquid at 7 bar and 25 degree
C. Just enough steam is supplied to ensure that the mixed steam

.~
leaving the heater will be saturated liquid at 7 bar when heater
efficiency is 90%. Calculate the mass flow rate of subcooled liquid if
steam flowrate is 0.865 kg per second.

Steam Properties are:

" At 7 bar, saturated vapor:

hg =
2763.5 kJ/kg

II At 7 bar and 25 degree C:

hf = 105.5 kJ/kg

At 7 bar, saturated liquid:

C. velocity gradient
hf = 697.22 kJ/kg

D. draft
A. 2.725 C. 2.286
(Morse p. 484). B. 3.356 D. 3.948

~
18. A fuel pump is delivering 10 gallons per minute of oil with a specific Solution:
gravity of 0.83. The total head is 9.14 meters, find how much energy
does the pump consumes in kJ per hour. Heat Absorbed m L (h 3 - h Z )
Efficiency =
A. 169 C. 189 Heat Supplied mS(h 1 -h 3 )
B. 199 D. 179
ffi L (697.22 -105.5)
0.90 =
Solution: 0.865(2763.5 - 697.22)

mL = 2.725 kg/sec

Pump Work = Qwh

3
min lit x -m- -) 21. A volume of 450 cc of air is measured at a pressure of 740 mm Hg
10 Gal x 60-- x 37854- x DC.
hr Gal 1000ht absolute and a temperature of 20 What is the volume in cc at 760
[ mm
mm Hg absolute and DoC?
A. 516.12
:~}9.14 m)
C. 620.76
(0.83 x 9.81 B. 408.25 D. 375.85

= 169 kJ/hr
 PB -112 ME Board Apri/1998
..
ME Board Apri/1998 PB -113

Solution: Assume 80% efficiency of the motors, 95% for line transmission
efficiency and 92% for generator. Find the rated capacity of the
PIv! P2V2 generator in kw assuming that all motors deliver their rated power
- ==­
T1 T2 simultaneously.
760V2
A. 204 C. 196
(740)(450)
B. 192 D. 200
20+ 273 0+273

Solution:
V2 = 408.25 cc
= [2(50)+5(20)] x 0.746
Rated Capacity of Generator = 196 kw
22. What kind of a heat exchanger where water is heated to a point that 0.80xO.95
It dissolved gases are liberated?
A. evaporator C. intercooler 28. A goose neck is installed in the line connecting a steam gauge to a
B. condenser D. deaerator boiler to:
A. maintain constant steam flow
(Potter p. 377) B. protect the gauge element
II
23. What is the function of steam separators? C. prevent steam knocking
A. trapping the steam and letting water through D. maintain steam pressure
B. throttling
29. The law that states entropy of all perfect crystalline solids is zero at
1 C. changing direction of the steam flow
D. steam metering
~
t
1
absolute at absolute zero temperature.
A. Newton Law
II (Morse p. 612). B. Third Law of Thermodynamics
C. First Law of Thermodynamics
II 24. Which of the following is not a main part of a typical coal burner? D. Second Law of Thermodynamics
A. air registers C. an atomizer
B. a nozzle D. an ignitor (Van Wylem pA88).

(Mark's p. 19-34). 30. What is the percent theoretical air for a combustion process to
which the fuel and combustion gas analysis are known as follows:
25. Which of the following types of air dryers works by absorbing Fuel: % by volume
moisture on a solid dessicant or drying material such as activated COz = 12.4% = 2.2%
Hz
= 27% = 58.4%
~ alumina, silicon gel, or molecular sieve?
CO N2
A. Regenerative dryer C. Spray dryer
Combustion gas: % by volume

B. Deliquescent dryer D. Refrigerated dryer t, COz = 24.6% Nz = 74.4%

j\
Oz = 1.0%

(Ref & Aircon by Jordan & Priester p. 319). t,

c A. 111 C. 116
26. A heat-transfer device that reduces a thermodynamic fluid from its B. 121 D. 126
vapor phase to its liquid phase such as in vapor-compression
refrigeration plant or in a condensing steam power plant. Solution:
A. flash vessel C. condenser
B. cooling tower D. steam separator Combustion Reaction with Theoretical Air Air

0.124C02 + O.27CO + 0.022H 2 + 0.584N 2 + 0.1460 2 + 0.146(3.76)N 2

(Mark's p. 9 - 75).

27. A metal fabrication company has two 50 hp motors for stamping and c:: 0.394C0 2 + 0.22H 20 + 0.584N 2 + O.146(3.76)N 2
shearing operations and five 20 hp motors for other operations.
 PB -114 ME Board Apri/1998

Combustion Reaction with Excess Air Air

"
ME Board Apri/1998 PB -

32. In the processing section, there is an instrument frequently used to

11~)

measure the flow rate of fluids. What is the instrument consisting of

0.124C0 2 + 0.27CO + 0.022H 2 + 0.584N 2 + (1 + x)0.1460 2 + a vertical passage with variable cross-sectional area, a float and a
calibrated scale?
(1 + x)(0.146)(3.76)N 2 A. rotameter C. rota-aire
B. pitot-tube D. manometer
<= 0.394C0 2 + 0.22H 20 + 0.584N 2 + 0.146(3.76)(1 + x)N 2 + x(0.146)02
(PSME Code p. 228).
Expressing the percentage of oxygen in the products excluding the water:
33. How much heat, kJ must be transferred to 20 kgs of air to increase
0.01 = 0.146x the temperature from 20 degree C to 280 degree C if the pressure is
maintained constant:
" 0.394 + 0.584 + 0.146(3.76)(l+x) + 0.146x
A. 2500 C. 5200
B. 2050 D. 5500
x = 0.11
II - Solution:
Percent Theoretical Air = 1 + 0.11 = 1.11 = 111 %
Q = mCp(T 2 - T 1 )
31. A steam boiler plant consumes 9,000 kgs. of coal per hour and = 20(1.0)(280 - 20) = 5200 kJ
1 produces 20 kgs. of dry flue gases per kg. of coal fired. Outside air
temperature is 32 degree C. , average temperature of flue gas \
'f 34. How do you describe a non-flow process where in the volume
I' entering the chimney is 343 degree C, and average temperature of
the dry flue gas in the chimney is 260 degree C. The gage fluid ,·t remains constant?
A. isometric C. isobaric
density is 994.78 kg per cu. meter and the theoretical draft of 2.286
Ii cm of H 2 0 at the chimney base is needed when the barometric
B. isentropic D. isenthalpic
pressure is 760 mm Hg. Determine the height of the chimney in
meters.
35. Assuming compression is according to the law pV = constant.
Calculate the initial volume of gas at a pressure of 2 bar which will
A. 46 C.40
occupy a volume of 6 cubic meters when it is compressed to a
B. 50 D. 56 pressure of 42 bar.
A. 126 cu. meters C. 130 cu. meters
Solution: B. 120 cu. meters D. 136 cu. meters
~ hw = rn kg
2.286 em x - - x 994.78-
100em rn 3
= 22.74 kg/m
2
Solution:
p 101.325
d, = - - == = 1.157 kg/m
3 P 1V1 = P2V2

RaTa (0.287)(32 + 273) 2(V 1 ) = 42(6)

V 1 = 126m 3

P 101.325
. dg = - - == = 0.662 kg/m
3

RgTg (0.287)(260 + 273)

36. A 2 -stage air compressor operates between constant pressure
limits of 98.6 kPa and 1.103 MPa. The swept volume of the low
hw = H(da - dg) pressure piston is 0.142 cu. meter. Due to failure of the cooling
water supply to the intercooler, air is passed to the high pressure
22.74 = H(1.157 - 0.662) cylinder without reduction in temperature. Using PV 1 .2 = C,
determine the percentage increase in power.
H = 46 m A. 26 C. 11
B. 21 D. 16

PB -116

Solution:

Px = .JP:P: =
ME Board April 1998

.j98.6(1103) = 329.8 kPa

•
ME Board April 1998 PB -11.7

39. A pump lifts water at a rate of 283 Ips from a lake and force it into a
tank 8 meters above the level of the water at a pressure of 137 kPa.
What is the power required in kilowatts?
A. 71 C. 61
Po = Compressor Power by Double Staging B. 41 D. 51
t
" ,np'V'l(:; f' -11 t
Solution:

H = total head = z +
p

• w

= 2(1.2)(98.6)(0.142)
1.2 -1
Il329.8)\2~1
l 98.6
_ JJ Power
= 8 +

=
-
137
9.81
QwH
= 21.96 m

= (0.283)(9.81 )(21.96)
= 37.45 kJ = 61 kw

Ps = Compressor Power by Single Staging 40. Measure of ability of a boiler to transfer the heat given by the
furnace to the water and steam is:
= 1.2(98.6)(0142)1(1103)112~1
l
_ JJ ~;:' A. grate efficiency
B. stoker efficiency
C. furnace efficiency
D. boiler efficiency

i
1.2-1 98.6
41. A major cause of air pollution resulting from the burning of fuel oils
= 41.63 kJ is:
A. nitrous C. sulfur dioxide
~'

B. hydrogen
Increase = 41.63-37.45 = 111601 ',. D. silicon
01 . "
10 . 10
37.45
42. A hydro-electric plant discharges water at the rate of 0.75 cubic
37. A hydraulic turbine receives water from a reservoir at an elevation of meter per second and enters the turbine at 0.35 mps with a pressure
100 meters above it. What is the minimum water flow in kgs per of 275 kPa. Runner inside diameter is 550 mm, speed is 520 rpm and
second to produce a steady turbine output of 50 MW? the turbine efficiency is 88%. Find the turbine speed factor.
A. 50,247 C. 50,672 A. 0.638 C. 0.368
B. 50,968 D. 50,465 B. 0.386 D. 0.836
I I
Solution: " Solution:
I

~ I p y2

Power = QwH h = - + ­
w 2g
50,000 =
Q(9.81)(100)

Q =
50.968 m
3/sec
=
275
- +
(0.35) 2

= 28.039 m
Q =
50.968(1000) =
50,968 kg/sec 9.81 2(9.81)
nDN
38. A branched system of pipes to carry waste emissions away from the <!> = speed factor
piston chambers of an internal combustion engine is called: .J2gh
A. exhaust nozzle C. exhaust pipes
B. exhaust deflection pipe D. exhaust manifold t \ _
_
n(0.550{ 520
60
J
<!> = 0.628
.J2(9.81)(28.039)

PB -118 ME Board April 1998

43. An engine indicator is generally used to measure:

"
Solution:
ME Board April 1998 PB ·119

A. steam temperature C. steam cylinder pressure

B. heat losses D. errors in gauge reading
By Heat Balance in the Condenser:
(Morse p. 365).

Heat rejected by steam = Heat absorbed by water

44. The power required to deliver a given quantity of fluid against a
ms(h 1 - h 2 ) = mwCpllT w
given head with no losses in the pump is called:
10(2570 -160) = mw(4.187)(24 -13)
A. wheel power C. hydraulic power
mw = 523.2 kg/sec
B. brake power D. indicated power
50. Peak load for a period of time divided by installed capacity is:
45. A liquid whose temperature is lower than the saturation temperature
A. capacity factor C. utilization factor
corresponding to the existing pressure.
B. demand factor D. load factor
A. subcooled liquid C. pure liquid
B. saturated liquid D. compressed liquid

46. The function of an un loader on an electric motor-driven compressor

is to:
A. reduce the speed of the motor when the maximum pressure is
reached.
B. drain the condensate from the cylinder
C. release the pressure in the cylinders in order to reduce the
starting load.
D. prevent excess pressure in the receiver.
I
./
,.{
.,
47. Fluids that are pumped in processing work are frequently more
viscous than water. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. Reynolds number varies directly as the viscosity
B. Efficiency of a pump increases as the viscosity increases
C. Increased fluid friction between the pump parts and the
passing fluid increases useful work
D. Working head increases as the viscosity increases.

48. The size of a steam reciprocating pump is generally designated by a

three-digit number size as 646. What would the be the first number
deslqnate?
A. stroke of the pump in inches .v
B. inside diameter of the steam cylinder measured in inches
C. percent clearance
D. number of cylinders

49. A steam condenser receives 10 kgs per second of steam with an

enthalpy of 2570 kJ/kg. Steam condenses into a liquid and leaves
with an 'enthalpy of 160 kJ/kg. Cooling water passes through the
condenser with temperature increases from 13 degree C to 24
degree C. Calculate the cooling water flowrate in kgs per second.
A. 533 C. 523
13. 518 D. 528
 PB -120 ME BOARD APRIL 1999
.~

ME BOARD APRIL 1999 PB . 1 L 1

, I

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Licensure Examination A. 201.02 kN/m z C. 304.56 kN/m z

I
April 1999 08:00 a.m. - 04:00 p.m B. 462.78 kN/m 2 D. 104.04 kN/m 2 (ans) I

POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING SET A Solution: I

Ii
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Bernoulli's Principle:
Pj y2 2
1. For negative slip, the coefficient of discharged for a positive displacement ZI + - + _I = Z 2 + -P2 + _2
y
w 2g w 2g
reciprocating compressor is :
A. Cd = 1 C. Cd < 1 L\P = PI -P2
B. Cd> 1 (ans) D. Cd = 0
(Z2 - ZI ) + Yi
- -- y2
I
w w 2g
2. The temperature measurement in an ordinary thermometer which has 15.912 - 3.97 2
constant specific humidity. = (0-1.5) +
A. critical point C. dry bulb
2(9.81) [1
B. dew point temp (ans) D. wet bulb
= 10.6 m .:,

3. Fish weighing 5000 kg with a temperature of 6 deg C is brought to a cold

L\P = 10.6(9.81) = 103.986kN/m2
storage and which shall be cooled to -14 deg C in 24 hours. Find the
cooling load required if the specific of fish if 0.7 kcal per kg per deg C 6. At what temperature wherein an oil at any grade becomes cloudy and it

,, freezes, thus its application is limited.

above freezing and 0.3 kcal per kg per deg C below freezing which is -2.2
, A. cold point C. pour point (ans)
deg C. The latent heat of freezing is 55.5 kcal per kg.
A. 4.46 tons of refrigeration (ans) C. 15.7 tons of refrigeration B. flash point D. freeze point

• B. 6.44 tons of refrigeration D. 19.8 tons of refrigeration

7. For positive slip, the coefficient of discharge of a positive displacement

reciprocating compressor is:

Solution:
A. Cd = 1 C. Cd < 1 (ans)
B. Cd > 1 D. Cd = 0
Cooling Load = m[Cp1(t1 - tf ) + h L + Cpz(tf - tz)]

8. When the number of reheat stages in a reheat cycle is increased, the

= [ 5000 J[0.7(4.187)(6--2.2) + 55.5(4.187) + 0.3(4.187)(-2.2-14] average temperature:
_24(3600) A. increases C. constant (ans)
B. decreases D. zero
= 15.7 kw
9. When the boiler pressure increases or when the exhaust pressure
. tonof ref
Cooling Load = 15.7 kw x = 4.46 tons of ref decreases, the amount of moisture:
3.516 kw A. Increases (ans) C. constant
B. decreases D. zero
4. The sensible heat ratio is 0.8. That is:
A. 80 latent heat and 20 sensible heat 10. The purpose of the nozzle in a combustor of a gas turbine plant is to:
B. 80 sensible heat and 20 sensible and latent A. increase the velocity(ans) C. decrease the velocity
C. 80 sensible heat and 20 latent heat (ans) B. increase the power D. decrease the power
D. 20 latent heat and 80 sensible and latent
11. During sensible heating, the absolute humidity remains constant but the
3/s relative humidity:
5. A cylindrical pipe with water flowing downward at 0.02 m having a top
diameter of 0.08 m, a bottom diameter of 0.04 m and a height of 1.5 m. A. increases C. remains constant
Find the pressure between the two ends of the pipe. B. decreases (ans) D. zero
 PB -122 ME BOARD APRIL 1999
...
ME BOARD APRIL 1999 PB -123

12. Compute the amount of condensate formed during 10 minutes warm-up 16. The amount of sensible heat for a sensible heat ratio of 0.8 and a total
of 150 m pipe conveys the saturated steam with enthalpy of vaporization cooling load of 100:
hfg = 1947.8kJ/kg. The minimum external temperature of pipe is 2 DC, A. 80 (ans) C. 100
the final temperature of the pipe is 95 DC. The specific heat of the pipe B. 20 D. 60
material is 0.6 kJ/kg-DC. The specific weight is 28 kg/meter.
A. 0.20 kg/s (ans) C. 2 kg/s Solution:
B. 0.4 kg/s D. 12 kg/s Sensible heat ratio, SHR = Qs
QT
Solution:
0.8 = Qs
Heat balance: 100
Qs = 80
Heat gain by pipe = Heat loss by steam
17. The hydraulic efficiency of hydro-electric turbine is 85%, find the
rL~8kg
m
x 150m
] Omin
x min 1
60secJ
[0.6 kJ
kg _0 C
) (95 - 2)OC ms (1947.S~~j discharge Q in liters per second. Power developed is 10,500 kwand
operating under a head of 320 m.
A. 3935 Us (ans) C. 9533 LIs
B. 3395 LIs D. 5933 LIs

I ms

meters.
= 0.2 kg/s
13. Water flowing at a velocity of 18 m/s. Determine the velocity head in

A. 16.5 m (ans)
B. 18.5 m
C. 20.1 m
D. 25.2 m
Solution:

Brake Power, = Q w H x eff

10,500 = Q (9.81) (320) x 0.85

• Solution: Q
m3
= 3.935­
s

y2 (IS?
velocity head, h = 3
2g 2(9.81) 1000 lit
Q = 3.935 m x
h = 16.5 m s m
3
Q = 3935 LIs

14. A turbine pipe determined its nominal size refers to:

A. outside diameter C. thickness 18. The relative humidity becomes 100% and where the water vapor starts to
B. inside diameter (ans) D. approximate size condensate.
t A. critical temperature C. dew point (ans)
15. In a gas turbine plant, the mass flow rate is 6.2 kg/s, the enthalpy at the .\
,/
B. saturated point D. steam point
combustor entrance is 250 kJ/kg and the enthalpy at the exit is 980 kJ/kg.
What is the capacity of the combustor in kw? i 19. A Reversed Carnot refrigeration used to produce ice at OOC, water is
A. 4526 (ans) C. 5426 i available at 301 DK, brine mixture is -16°C, find the coefficient of
B. 4625 D. 6425 .i performance.
A. 5.84 (ans) C.8.54
I
Solution: B. 4.85 D. 5.48

Heat added in the combustor, QA = m (h 2 ­ h.) I Solution:

Q A = 6.2 (980 - 250) TL
QA 4526 kw = COP =
TH -TL

J
 ~

ME BOARD APRIL 1999 ME BOARD APRIL 1999 PB - 125

PB -124

Solution:
(-16+ 273)
COP =
301- (-16+ 273)

nv = 1 + c - c ( pP~ JX
COP = 5.84

nv = 1 + 0.05 - 0.05 (5)1/1.304 = 0.8782

20. Determine the power per kw of refrigeration if the COP is 4.2786.
A..·{).3372 C. 0.7332
B. "0.2337 (ans) D. 0.3732 nv = 87.82%

Solution: 23. Water at 55°C is cooled in a cooling tower which has an efficiency of
65%. The ambient air is at 32°C dry bulb and 27°C wet bulb. The heat
_ We 1 1

Power per kw of ref

rejected in the condenser is n640 kJ/sec. Find the capacity in liters per
- QA COP 4.2786 second of the pump used in the cooling tower if the specific volume of
water is 1.0067/iters per kg.
= 0.2337 kw power . A. 6.5 C. 8.5 (ans)
kw ref B. 7.5 D. 9.5

21. A refrigeration system operates in a reversed Carnot cycle with Solution:

refrigerant higher temperature of 50°C, COP of 5 and capacity of 50
tons. Determine the change of entropy in kJ/min-°K. Note: The capacity of the pump is the volume flow of water in the
A. 39.2 (ans) C. 23.9 condenser and in the cooling tower.
B. 32.9 D. 29.3 t - _
tb

Cooling tower Eff = _a_

t a - twb

Solution:
0,65 = 55 - tb
Ref Capacity. OA = 50 tons = 175.8 kw 55-27

tb = 36.8°C
COP
= QA
We

175.8
OR = heat rejected in the condenser
5 =
We
OR = m Cp i1T
We = 35.16 kw

» 640 = m (4.187) (55 - 36.8)

OR = We + OA = 35.16 + 175.8 = 210.96 kw
i
OR = i1S T 2 t' m = 8.3985 ~
sec
210.96~X 60sec J = ~
i1S = QR = sec min = 39.2 ~

O
Capacity of pump 8.3985
sec
x 1.0067 liters

kg

T2 (50 + 273)OK min- K

= 8.455 liters/sec
.~

22. An ammonia compressor has a clearance of 5% and a pressure ratio of 5.

24. What is the resulting pressure when 1 kilogram of airat t 05 kPaa and
Determine the volumetric efficiency if k for ammonia is 1.304.
94°C is heated at constant volume to 425°C?
A. 82.82% C. 87.82% (ans) A. 199.7 kPaa (ans) C. 179.7 kPaa
B. 89.82% D. 85.82% B. 189.7 kPaa D. 169.7 kPaa
 PB -126

Solution:
ME BOARD APRIL 1999 .'
ME BOARD APRIL 1999 PB - 127

32, The bUilding code of the Philippines:

A. RA 1096 (ans) C. RA 1030
Constant Volume Process:
B. RA 1609 D. RA 1960
.!1.- = Pz

T] Tz
33. A vapor compression refrigeration system is designed to have a capacity
of 100 tons. Its actual COP is 5.86 and 35% of the power supplied to the
~=~ compressor is lost in the form of friction and cylinder cooling losses.
94 + 273 425 + 273
Determine the motor power in kw.
'P 2 =
199.7 kPaa
A. 72.3 C. 92.3(ans)
B. 82.3 D. 62.3
25. When vane control is used for mechanical draft fan and where a wide
load range is required it is advisable to use a: Solution:
A. two speed drive motor(ans) C, single speed drive motor
B. four speed drive motor D triple speed drive motor QA = 100 tons of ref = 351.6 kw
26. The system of refrigeration which uses heat energy to change the
COP = QA

We

I
condition required in the refrigeration cycle:
C. Absorption Refrigeration (ans) 351.6
A. ICE Refrigeration 5.86 =

B, Vapor Compression D. steam jet Refrigeration We

27. The temperature of air that has gone through an adiabatic saturation We = 60 kw
process: 60
A. dew point temp C. dry bulb temp Motor Power = = 92.3 kw
1- 0.35
B. wet bulb temp (ans) D. boiling point

28. The pressure of fluid resistance when acted upon by external forces is 34. An air conditioning system has a capacity of 300 kw refrigeration and
called: uses R-12 with evaporating temperature of OOC (hf = 200 kJ/kg, hg =
A. density C. flash point 351.48 kJ/kg). The mass of flash gas per kilogram of refrigerant
B. viscosity (ans) D. pour point circulated is 0.2212. Determine the COP if the work of compression is 42
kw.
A. 5.14 C. 7.14 (ans)
29. In a refrigeration system, the following are the results of increasing the
v B. 6.14 D. 8.14
evaporator temperature, except: .l
A. the refrigerating effect per unit mass increases
B. the mass flow rate per ton increases (ans)
C. the COP increases
t Solution:

D. the heat rejected in the condenser increases 4

I>
COP = QA
W
== 300
42

= 7.14

30. A ton of refrigeration is a heat unit equivalent to: * 35. Air at 20°C flows at the rate of 0.5 cubic meter per second through a
A. 2545 Btu/hr C. 12660 kJ/hr(ans)
B. 3413 kw-hrs D. 12243 kcalls i.. straight circular sheet metal duct 300 mm in diameter. Determine the
pressure drop for a 15 meter duct length if friction factor is 0.0195 .
A. 29.4 piJ (ans) C. 25.4 Pa
31. An ideal reversible Carnot Cycle involves 4 basic processes. What type B. 27.4 Pa D. 23.4 Pa
of processes are they?
A. all isothermal Solution:
B. two adiabatic and two isentropic
hf = fLyz _ 0.0195(15)(7.073)2

C. all adiabatic

D, two isothermal and two isentropic (ans)

2gD 2(9.81)(0.3)
= 2.486 m

 PB -128 ME BOARD APRIL 1999

..
ME BOARD APRIL 1999 PB -129
Pressure Drop = density of air x friction head
temperature. The enthalpy of the refrigerant after the compression is
_ kg m 1657 kJ/kg. Determine the power per ton of refrigeration.
- 1.2 - 3 x 9.812 x 2.486m
m s A. 0.4772 kw/ton C. 0.6772 kw/ton (ans)
= 29.3 Pa B. 0.5772 kw/ton D. 0.7772 kw/ton

36. One thousand kilograms of dressed chicken enter a chiller at 100C are Solution:

0C
frozen and chilled to a final temperature of -15 for storage in 24 hours.
Compute the product load. h, = hg = 1439.94

Specific heat above freezing --------------------­ 3.2 kJ/kg-K

Specific heat below freezing---------------------- 1.6 kJ/kg-K h2 = 1657

Latent heat ------------------------------------------ 250 kJ/kg

Freezing Tem perature ----------------------------­ _5 0C h3 = h4 = 312.87

A. 3.67 kw (ans) C. 5.67 kw QA = 20 tons of ref = 70.32 kw

B. 4.67 kw D. 6.67 kw
QA = m (h, - h4 )

I
Solution:
70.32 = m ( 1439.94 - 312.87)

Product load = m[Cp1(t1 - tF ) + h L + Cp2(tF - t2)]

m = 0.0624 kg/s

= 1000
( 24(3600)
j'I [ 3.2(10--5) + 250 + 1.6(-5--15) ]
Comp Work, We = m (h2 - h.)

= 3.63 kw We = 0.0624 (1657 - 1439.94) = 13.54 kw

W 13.54
37. A pump operating at 1800 rpm delivers 600 gpm against a total head of Power per Ton =~ = - - = 0.677 kw/ton
QA 20
200 ft. Changes in the piping system have increased the total head to
260 feet. At what rpm should the pump be operated to achieve this new
39. A R-12 compressor operates operates between evaporating temp of 4 0C
head at the same efficiency.
(hg = 353.18 kJ/kg, vg = 0.04895) and condensing temperature of 43 0C
A. 2052 (ans) C. 2072
(hf = 241.6 kJ/kg). Determine the bore diameter of the 4 cylinder, 1000
B. 2062 D. 2082
rpm compressor if the piston speed is 200 meters per minute and actual
volumetric efficiency is 82% and refrigeration load is 25 tons.
Solution:
( ,2 A. 7.5 cm C. 9.5 em (ans)

~ l~l
B. 8.5 em D. 10.5 cm
=
h 2 N ) 2
Solution:

200 = (1800J2
260 N2
QA = 25 tons = 87.9 kw

QA = m (h, - h4 )

N 2 = 2052 rpm
87.9 = m (353.18-241.6)

38. A simple vapor compression cycle develops 20 tons of refrigeration

which uses ammonia and operates at 24 (hf = 312.87 kJ/kg)
0C
m = 0.7877 kg/s

condensing temperature and -18°C (hg = 1439.94 kJ/kg) evaporating

Density, d = 1 = 20.42 kg/m 3

v 0.04895

 PB ·130 ME BOARD APRIL 1999

...
ME BOARD APRIL 1999 PB - 131

mass _ 0.7877 3 1.32Cv - Cv = 0.297

V l' = density - -- = 0.03857 ~
20.42 sec Cv = 0.928

Piston Speed = 2LN

Cp = 1.32 (0.928) = 1.225 ~
kg_OK
200 ~ = 2 L (1000) Heat Balance:

min
Heat gain by water = Heat loss by gas

L = 0.1 m = 10 cm
I' mwCpw ~Tw = m g Cpg~Tg
nv = volumetric efficiency
0.3(4.187)(t-12) = 0.5 (1.225)(150-80)
nv = ­ Y; t = 46.1°C
Yo
II
0.82 = 0.03857
41. Determine the average Cp value in kJ/kg- oK of a gas if 522 kJ of heat is
Yo

I
necessary to raise the temperature from 3000K to 800 0K making the
3 pressure constant.
V D = 0.047036 m A. 1.440 C.1.144
sec
B. 1.044 (ens) D. 1.414
1t 2
II V D = -D LNC
4 Solution:
II 0.047036 = "::D 2(0.1)(1000) (4) Q=mCp~T
4 60
522 = 1 Cp (800 - 300)
o = 0.0947 m = 9.47 em kJ
Cp = 1.044­
40. A heat exchanger was installed purposely to cool 0.50 kg of gas per kg-OK

second. Molecular weight is 28 and k = 1.32. the gas is cooled from

150 to 80oC. Water is available at the rate of 0.30 kg/sec and at a
0C
42. Determine the barometric pressure if saturated air at 300C has a humidity
temperature of 12°C. Calculate the exit temperature of the water in deg ratio of 0.029 kg water per kg dry air. Saturation pressure at 300C is
centigrade. 4.241 kPa.
A. 48 C.44 A. 92.5 kPa C. 93.5 kPa
B. 46 (ans) D.42 ~
/
B. 95.2 kPa (ans) D. 94.2 kPa
;.
Solution: Solution:
Gas Constant, R = 8.3143 = 0.297 ~
28 kg-OK Saturated air is 100% RH.

Pv = RH x P sat

Cp
k = 1.32

Cv
Pv = 1 x 4.241 = 4.241 kPa
W = 0.622 ~
Cp = 1.32 Cv P-Py

Cp - Cv = R
j P = total pressure and the barometric pressure of air
 'F
ME BOARD APRIL 1999 PB -133
PB -132 ME BOARD APRIL 1999
45. What is the efficiency of an Otto cycle with a compression ratio of 6:1.
0.029 = 0.622 4.241 The gas used is air.
P -4.241 A. 41.2% C. 61.2%
P = 95.2 kPa B. 51.2% (ans) D. 71.2%

43. In an air conditioning unit 3.5 cubic meters per second of air at 27°C dry Solution:

bulb and 50% RH. (v =0.85 cu. m/kg\ h =

55.2 kJ/kg. w 0.0112 = Eff =1 - ­
1
= 1 _ 1
kg/kg) and standard atmospheric pressure enters the unit. The leaving k-l (6Y4-1

rk
condition of air is 13°C dry bulb and 90% RH. (h = 34 kJ/kg. w =

0.0083 kg/kg). Calculate the refrigerating effect in kw and the rate of Eft = 0.512 = 51.2%
,. water removal kg/sec.
C. 87.3 and 0.012 (ans) 46. An engine burns a liter of fuel each 12 minutes. The fuel has specific
A. 83.7 and 0.021
D. 73.8 and 0.120 gravity of 0.8, and a heating value of 45 MJ/kg. The engine has an
B. 78.3 and 0.102 efficiency of 25%. What is the brake horsepower of the engine?
A. 16.7 (ans) C. 14.7
Solution: B. 15.7 D. 13.7
It v
RE = m (h 1 - h 2 ) = - (h, - h 2)
VI Solution:

I RE
= ~
=
0.85
(55.2 - 34)

87.3 kw
Moisture Removal = m (W 1 - W 2) = :!.- (W 1 - W2)
Brake Thermal Eff

Brake Power = mf
= Brake Power
mf Qh
x Q h x Brake thermal eff

" VI
mf = 1 liter
12 min utes
min
x -- x
60s
lkg x 0.80
liter
It :: ~ (0.0112 - 0.0083) mf = 1.11 X 10- 3 kg/sec
0.85
= 0.012 kg/sec
Brake Power = (1.11 x 10-3 ) (45 x 106 ) (0.25) = 12487.5 watts
44. A cooling tower receives 30 cu. m per minute of air at 32°C db and 34°C Brake Power = 12487.5 w x -HP­
wb and leaves saturated at 29°C. The entering are has the following 746 w
properties (h = 72.5 kJ/kg, v = 0.884 cu. m/kg and w =
0.0156 kg/kg). Brake Power = 16.7 HP
Water enters the tower at 38°C (hf = 159.21 kJ/kg) with a mass flow rate
of 35 kg/min. Determine the enthalpy of the leaving water in kJ/kg. 47. A device produces 37.5 kJ per cycle. There is one power stroke per
Properties of the leaving air are (h = 95 kJ/kg, w = 0.025 kg/kg). cycle. Calculate the power output if the device is run at 45 rpm.
A. 128.4 C.118.74 A. 28.2 kw (ans) C. 24.2 kw
B. 148.74 D. 137.4 (ans) B. 26.2 kw D. 22.2 kw

Solution: SOlution:
Power Output = 37.5 ~ x 45 rev X min X cycle
Heat Balance in the Cooling Tower; cycle min 60s rev

Heat Rejected by water = Heat Gain by Air = 28.125 kw

48. The equilibrium temperature that an ordinary thermometer measures if

mw (h, - h4 ) = ma (h2 - h.)
exposed to atmosphere:

j
30
35 (159.21 - h4 ) = - - (95 - 72.5) A. dry bulb temperature (ans) C. dew point
0.884 B. wet bulb temperature D. critical temperature
h 4 = 137.4 kJ/kg
 ..,
l
PB -134 ME BOARD APRIL 1999 ME BOARD APRIL 1999

49. A horizontal tube supplies 280 liters per second of water to a hydraulic 54. In a rigid tank contains air at initial pressure and temperature of 450 kPa
turbine. The net head is 46.50 m. Determine the power supplied to the and 135 deg C. The temperature and pressure in the tank was drop to 55
turbine. deg C and 380 kPa. There's a heat transfer in the tank done by the
A. 117.7 kw C. 137.7 kw surrounding. What is work done at the boundary of the system?
B. 127.7 kw (ans) D. 157.7 kw A. Zero (ans) C. 5,600 kJ/kg
B. 24,750 kJ/kg D. 6,400 kJ/kg
Solution:
Solution:
Water Power = QwH
Rigid container, the work done is zero. (Constant Volume)
II
= (0.280~3)(9.81~)(46.5 m)
55. Water is extracted from underground water source whose free surface is
= 127.73 kw 20 m below the ground level. The diameter of the pipe is 10 cm inlet and
30 cm at the exit. What is the necessary power of the pump for a staedy
50. In a rankine cycle when the no. of stages in reheat stages is increased, flow of water at the rate of 80 ~.g/sec in kw?
It
the average temperature of the reheat process is: A. 11.6kw(ans) C. 21.1 kw
A. Constant (ans) C. increased B. 16.1 kw D. 26.7 kw

I
It
B. zero

51. If C 2H 6
air-fuel
A.
ratio.
19.3 (ans)
D. decreased

fuel for air combustion and using 20% excess air. Determine the

C. 25.9
Solution:

Q
kg
= 80-
sec
li m3
x 1-x-­
kg 1000 Ii
0.08~
3

sec

B. 21.3 D. 30.3
0.08

IJ Vs = 5l = 10.18 m/s
Solution: As 7[

4(0.10)2

Theoretical Combustion of air and fuel: 0.08

VD = = 1.13 m/s

C2H 6 + 3.5 O2 + 3.5(3.76) N2 = 2C0 2 + 3H 20 + 3.5 (3.76) N2 2:(0.3)2

V D 2 -Vs 2

Theo F
A 3.5 + 3.5(3.76) = 16.66 mols air H = (Zo - Zs) +

1 2g
mol fuel
(1.13)2 - (10.18)2
H = (0 - - 20) + = 20-5.21 = 14.8 m
A
Actual -
16.66(1.20)(28.97) = kg air 2(81)
19.3
F 2(12) + 6(1) kg fuel
Power = QwH = (0.08) (9.81) (14.8) = 11.6 kw
52. A type of condenser that is water cooled:
A. evaporative condenser C. shell and tube (ans) 56. For a vacuum pressure, absolute pressure is nearest to:
A. vacuum gage
B. tube condensers D. finned tube
B. zero absolute
C. 1 atmospheric pressure (ans)
53. For practical solution, frequent used method for decreasing and
D. 100 atmospheric pressure
preventing excessive the amount of moisture content in the turbine.
A. Reheating (ans) C. subcooling
B. intercooling D. heating
57. The barometer reads 88 kPa. What is the absolute pressure of a 127.5
cm liquid with a specific gravity of 0.32 ?
PB -136 ME BOARD APRIL 1999
,.
ME BOARD OCTOBER 1999 PB -137

A. 90 kPa C. 95 kPa MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Licensure Examination

B. 92 kPa (ans) D. 101 kPa October 1999 08:00 a.m. - 04:00 p.m

Solution: POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING SET A

Pg = wh = 0.32(9.81 )(1.275) = 4 kPa g MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Pabs = Palm + Pg 1. What is the temperature where the water and vapor are in equilibrium to
the atmospheric pressure?
= 88 + 4 = 92 kPa A. ice point C. critical point (ans)
B. steam point D. freezing point
58. An engineer use to design an air conditioning system to a building. An
economical design is by using a duct for several rooms. Which of the 2. Given the velocity of 10 m/s. Compute the velocity head.
following units is suitable? A. 5.1 m (ans) C. 7.9 m
A. unit air conditioner B. 6.8 m D. 9.4 m
B. Package air conditioner
C. central air conditioner (ans) Solution:
D. window type air conditioner
y2
59. Control and direct the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator coils: :, h =
A. suction line valve C. discharge line valve 2g
I
B. solenoid valve D. expansion valve (ans) I
(10)2
• =
h = 2(9.81)
5.1 m
60. A diesel generating set consumes 235 lit~rs of fuel during one hour
operation and produces 900 kw power. The density of fuel used is 0.8955
kg per liter. Determine the specific fuel consumption of the diesel 3. The length of a pipe is 168 m. If the pressure drop is 50 kPa for every 30
generating set in kg per kw-hr . m, what is the total pressure drop?
A. 0.234 (ans) C. 0.254 A. 220 kPa C. 350 kPa
B. 0.243 D. 0.245
B. 280 kPa (ans) D. 410 kPa
Solution:

Solution:
235Ii
Over-all spec. fuel consumption = x 0.8955 kg
u 50 kPa
900 kw-hr Pressure drop = 168 m x = 280 kPa
30 ill
= 0.234 ~ "
kw-hr
4. A 30 kg iron was put in a container with water. The 30 kg water is at 10
deg C and the iron has an initial temperature of 493 deg K. Until the iron
was in thermal equilibrium with water. Find the change in entropy. (Cp
for iron = 0.4 kJ per kg per deg K).
t
,. A. 7.6 kJ per deg K (ans) C. 5.5 kJ per deg K
~; B. 6.5 kJ per deg K D. 0

Solution:

Heat Balance:

mw Cpw AT w = rn, CPt ~TI

 T'

PB -138 ME BOARD OCTOBER 1999

ME BOARD OCTOBER 1999 PB - 139

9. In a Rankine Cycle steam enters the turbine at 2.5 Mpa (enthalpy and
30(4.187)(T-10) = 30(0.4)(220-T)
entropy given) and condenser pressure of 50 kPa (properties given),
what is the thermal efficiency of the cycle?
T = 28.3 0C At 2.5 Mpa:

Change in entropy = Q hg ::: 2803.1 sq > 6.2575

T
At 50 kPa:
vf ::: 1.03 x 10.3
i1S = 30(0.4)(220 - 28.3) =
7.6~ hf ::: 340.49
hfg::: 2305.4
sf::: 1.091
sfg::: 6.5029
28.3+ 273 oK

A. 18,9% C. 25.6% (ans)

5. In pipe specification, schedule is used, when the pipe specified as

B, 21.4% D. 26.5%

"schedule 80" the pipe corresponds to the:

A. extra standard weight (extra strong) (ans)
B. internal pressure Solution:
C. allowable stress Cycle Efficiency ::: Wr-~i
D. old standard weight QA

h, ::: 2803,1

(PSME Code p. 187) h2 ::: (hf + xhfgh

6. The entropy of a pure substance at a temperature of absolute zero is: S1 ::: S2 ::: (Sf + x Sfgh

A. unity C. infinity 6.2575 ::: 1,091 + x2(6.5029)

B. zero (ans) D. 100 X2 ::: 0.7945

h2 = 340.49 + 0.7945(2305.4)

7. Find the air -fuel ratio for a combustion process to which the fuel is CaH 1a . h2 == 2172.13 kJ/kg

A. 20 C. 17
B. 19 D.15(ans) W T == h1 - h 2 == 2803.1 - 2172.1 ::: 631 kJ/kg

Solution: W p == V3(P 4 - P3) ::: (1.03 x 10'3) (2500 - 50) ::: 2.5235 kJ/kg

Theoretical Combustion Reaction: W p == h4 - h 3

2.5235 = h, - 340.49

CaH 1a + 12.5 O 2 + 12.5(3.76) N2 ::: 8C0 2 + 9H 20 + 12.5(3.76)N 2 h, = 343.01 kJ/kg

_ [12.5 + 12.5(3.76)]28.97 Q A h 1 - h, ::: 2803.1 - 343,01 == 2460.09 kJ/kg

FA
:::
Theo
8(12) + 18(1)
h~1_'J "'J~"

Cycle Efficiency == V-'" ~.-'~-'-' ::: 25.55%

A ::: 15.12 kg air 2460.09

Theo F kg fuel
10. The absolute zero in celcius scale:
8. The effect of superheating the refrigerant is : A. 100 C. -273 (ans)
A. increase the COP (ans) C. low COP B. zero D. +273
B. decrease the COP D. increase the compressor power
11. The property of fuel oil in which how liquid is the fuel?
A. cloud point C. pour point

B, viscosity (ans) D. velocity

PB -140 ME BOARD OCTOBER 1999 ""

ME BOARD OCTOBER 1999 PB - 141

12. The water in the products of combustion is in its vapor state: A. 5.8 kw C. 6.2 kw
A. lower heating value (ans) C. higher heating value B. 3.6 kw D. 2.2 kw (ans)
B. calorific value D. higher calorific value
Solution:
13. The actual head, neglecting the kinetic energy, in which the pump work
kAAt 1.8(0.7)(25 -13)
against. Q =
A. delivery head C. suction Head x 0.007

B. pressure head (ans) D. velocity head Q = 2.16 kw

14. The ice making capacity is always: 19. What is the coefficient of a vapor compression refrigeration system having
A. directly proportional to the refrigerating effect the following data. Enthalpy entering the compressor is 181.79 kJ/kg;
B. less than the refrigerating effect enthalpy after compression work is 207.3 kJ/kg; after condensation the
C. greater than the refrigerating effect enthalpy is 58.2 kJ/kg and throttled from 0.19 Mpa to 0.18 Mpa.
D. equal to the refrigerating effect (ans) A. 5.84 C. 4.84 (ans)
B. 3.2 D. 5.6
15. When the air is saturated, the wet bulb depression is :
A. Zero (ans) C. 100% Solution:
B. unity D. positive
COP
= QA = hI -h 4
W h z -h]

16. A 4m x 4m x 4m room has a relative humidity of 80%. The pressure in

the room is 120 kPa and temperature is 35 deg C (Ps = 5.628 kPa ). 181.79-58.2
What is the mass of vapor in the room? (Rv = 0.4615 kPa-m
3/kg-deg COP =
207.3 -·181.79
= 4.84
K).
A. 2.03 kg (ans) C. 0.80 kg 20. The refrigerating capacity of a R-12 system is 22 kw. Compressor power
B. 1.50 kg D. 4.80 kg is 7.8 hp. Determine the COP of the refrigeration system.
A. 3.78 (ans) C. 2.22
Solution: B. 2.82 D. 1.85

Py = RH x Psat = 0.80 x 5.628 = 4.5024 kPa Solution:

<j~
Py V =my Ry T COP = QA = 22
~.
;, W 7.8(0.746)

kJ
R for water vapor = 0.461 - ~
kg-K :~
1,(
COP = 3.78

4.5024( 4 x 4 x 4)

my = 2.029 kg
= my (0.461) (35 + 273)
,
1

1
21. Find the power of the (rotating) shaft 188 N-m and 1350 rpm.
A. 101.54 hp
B. 35.6 hp (ans)
C. 45.7 hp
D. 52.3 hp
17. The process in which the heat energy ·is transferred to a thermal energy ( Solution:
storage device. It is known as:
A. adiabatic C. intercooling (ans) ~
B. regenerator D. isentropic
Power = 27t T N = 27t (188) 1350)
- - xhp
( 60
­
746

18. What is the heat transfer in the glass surface area of 0.7 m 2 having an
Power = 35.6 hp
inside temperature (room) of 25 deg C and 13 deg C outside temperature
22. An instrument that indicates records and integrates the steam flow from
(surrounding). The thickness of glass surface is 0.007 m. The thermal
the steam generator and also records the rate of flow of air for
conductivity is 1.8 W per m per deg K. combustion to the furnace is known as:

J
PH -142 ME BOARD OCTOBER 1999 ME BOARD OCTOBER 1999 PB -143

A. fluid flow meter (ans) C. venturi tube A. magnitude (ans) C. cohesion

B. manometer D. boiler meter B. adhesion D. intensity

23. A 4m x 411' x 3m office room contains air at 27 .deg C. If the pressure of 28. The thermal efficiency of a gas-vapor cycle as compared to steam turbine

dry air is 95 kPa, calculate the mass of air if the air fills completely the or gas turbine.

room. A. equal to C. greater than (ans)

A. 25.46 kg C. 45.85 kg B. none of these D. lower than
B. 32.45 kg D. 52.96 kg (ans) '.,
29. The ratio of cross-sectional area of flow to the wetted perimeter.
Solution: ~ A. hydraulic head C. hydraulic energy
.~ B. hydraulic radius (ans) D. hydraulic gradient
PV = mRT

(95)(4 x 4 x 3) = m (0.287) (27 + 273)

30. The critical temperature where water and vapor are in equilibrium:
m = 52.96 kg
A. steam point (ans) C. ice point
B. freezing point D. load point
24. If water is present in lubricant then it may cause the valve seat of the "
,I

expansion device to freeze and may clog the refrigerant flow, the lubricant ~ 31. It is an abrupt reduction in flow velocity due to sudden increase of water
•
must be: it depth in the downstream direction:
A. average water content C. low solubility to water A. hydraulic energy \ C. weirs
f
B. high water content (ans) D. high solubility to water B. hydraulic gradient D. hydraulic jump (ans)
:4
25. A power plant operates on an ideal Brayton Cycle. The gas temperature
t 32. Property of lubricating oil that responds at very low temperature, the oil is
at the turbine inlet is 14000K (1515.2 kJ/kg) and the gas temperature at f
,.= known as:
the turbine exit is 8000K (821.95 kJ/kg). Assume a turbine efficiency of ,~
A. cloud C. viscous (ans)
80%, what is the actual turbine work in kJ/kg ? f~ B. pour
"
,',
D. solid
A. 421.6 C. 554.6 (ans)
B. 750.8 D. 522.4
.
,>

33. Is a valve that regulates the flow of refrigerants:

iI
A. direct expansion valve C. thermostatic expansion valve (ans)
Solution: B. throttle valve D. control valve

I
:1
Turbine work = 1515.2 - 821.95 = 693.25 kJ/kg 34. In a cooling tower the temperature of water is lower than the wet bulb "l
Actual turbine work = 693.25 x 0.80 = 554.6 kJ/kg temperature of entering air and it is found that air cannot cool. What is
I,II
III
the temperature of water in cooling water:
26. The ratio of the input work necessary to bring the pressure of a gas to a A. lower C. constant
speed value in an isentropic process to the actual work input is known as: B. above (ans) D. none of these
A. thermal efficiency of the compressor
B. compressor efficiency 35. A turbine in which all available energy of the flow is converted by a nozzle
C. adiabatic efficiency of the compressor (ans) into kinetic energy before in contact to moving blades.
D. volumetric efficiency A. Kaplan C. Propeller
B. Impulse (ans) D. Francis
Solution:
isentropic work 36. A certain company manager want to used comfort air, what is the most
Adiabatic Efficiency of comp = efficient setting of the conditioning unit:
actual fluid work A. most attainable value C. maximum value (ans)
B. moderate value D. minimum value

27. The liquid pressure in the surface per area to the surface at the bottom is:
PB -144
...
PB -145
ME BOARD OCTOBER 1999 ME BOARD APRIL 2000

37. A type of throttle of air fuel ratio is constant charging. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Licensure Examination

A. quantitative C. qualitative April 2000 08:00 a.m. - 04:00 p.m

B. hit and miss D. none of these (ans)

POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING SET A
38. A valve that senses the loss of ignition in a diesel engine.
A. combustion control C. fire extinguisher MULTIPLE CHOICE: 11111
B. fire control D. flame detector (ans) I
I
1. How many tons of ice can a 20 ton ice plant produce in 24 hours at 5 deg
39. If oil clogs in the evaporator, it cause: F from raw water at 80 deg F ?
A. increase in heat transfer C. vaporized oil A. 0.59 C. 19.8
B. low suction pressure (ans) D. high pressure B. 14 (ans) D. 23

40. In cooling process, if humidity ratio remains unchanged: SOlution:

A. sensible cooling (ans) C. pre-cooling
B. sensible heating D. latent cooling Cooling Load = m[Cp1(t 1 - t f ) + h L + CP2(tf - t2)]

41. A system of a refrigeration in which the wet bulb temperature is not more
than the temperature of air: 12'000 B tu i
Btu
A. evaporator load system C. indirect system(ans) 20 tons x . hr
[ ton of ref
J= m[1.0(80-32) + 144 + 0.5(32-5)] ­
Ib
B. direct system D. chilling system

42. A system which use two or more refrigerant cycles, where the evaporator Ib ton
of one cools the condenser of the other. m = 1167.88 hr x 2000 lb x 24 hrs
A. cascade system (ans) C. direct system
B. flooded system D. multiple system
m = 14tons
43. A form of green or black, slimy plant life that grows in water system.
2. The most economical and low maintenance cost condenser:
A. Algae (ans) C. fungi
A. water-cooled C. evaporative
B. Allen D. bellows
B. air-cooled (ans) D. sub-cooled
44. Air distribution outlet designed to direct airflow into desired forms.
A. air diffuser (ans) C. air cycle
3. A pump is delivering 160 liters per sec of water using an impeller diameter III'
of 254 mm and operating at a speed of 1800 rpm. If the speed is held I ,
B. air blocks D. air coil
constant and the impeller diameter is changed to 203.2 mm, what is the
new discharged of the pump in liters per second?
45. 180 grams of saturated water of temperature 95°C undergoes
A. 130 C. 180
evaporation process until all vapor completely vaporized. Determine the
B. 128 (ans) D. 145
changed in volume in m",
Steam Properties:
Solution:
At 95°C. vf 0.0010397 m 3/kg, vg
= =
1.9819 m
3/kg
I
A. 0.3565 (ans) C. 0.4566
2L=~
B. 0.4085

Solution:

D. 0.6047 Q2
160
-
02
254
=-­
II "

Volume = Sp. Volume x mass

Q2 203.2
Volume = (Vg - Vf) x mass
1

'11
= (1.9819-0.0010397)(0.18 ~
1

Volume kg)
O 2 = 128 lit/sec ! I

Volume = 0.3565 m 3

J I ~.i
 PB -146 ME BOARD APRIL 2000 ME BOARD APRIL 2000 PB -147

4. What is the area of the diagram from the relation of temperature and 8. The fuel has a chemical formula of CH 4 with 15 % excess air. Find the
entropy plane? actual mass of air in kg per mass of kg fuel.
A. entropy C. heat (ans) A. 17.2 C. 22.3
B. energy D. work B. 19.8 (ans) D. 25,9

5. A reversed carnot cycle is operating under the temperature limits -8 deg Solution:
C and 18 deg C. Find the COP.
A. 10.2 (ans) C. 16.8 Theoretical Combustion Reaction:
B. 14 D. 19.2
CH 4 + 2 O2 + 2(3.76)N 2 = CO 2 + 2 H2 0 + 2(3.76) N 2
Solution: Theo A co 2 + 2(3.76) = 9.52 mol air
COP = ----.:!i F 1 mol fuel
TH -TL
-8 + 273 Actual air - fuel ratio with 15% excess air:
I­ = (18 + 273) - (-8 + 273) A 9.52(28.97)(1.15) = 19.8 kg air
Actual ­

COP = 10.2 F 1(12) + 4(1) kg fuel

6. 150 grams of water at 75 deg C is heated at constant pressure. The 9. In order to avoid cavitation the NPSH of an installation should be atleast
water is completely vaporized. What is the heat added? _-----,---_ _-----,--- than the NPSH of the pump.
A. 355 kJ (ans) C. 144 kJ A. equal or greater (ans) C. greater
B. 335 kJ D. 120 kJ B. equal or lower D. lower

./
(PSME Code 1984 Ed. p. 173)

I' Solution:
10. Mr. De la Cruz wanted to buy a pump for his farm. What is the suitable
Q = mCp~T + mhg for deepwell installation?
A. reciprocating C. hand lift
hg = 2257 latent heat of vaporization of water B. air lift D. centrifugal (ans)

Q = (0.150)(4.187)(100-75) + 6.15(2257) 11. Which of the following hydraulic turbines is a high head turbine?
A. Impulse (ans) C. Reaction
Q = 354.2 kJ B. Francis D. Propeller

7. If 120 kg of air has a dry bulb temperature of 18 deg C. What is the 12. In a two phase system, 30% moisture means:
standard air volume in cu.meter ? A. 70% liquid and 30% vapor
A. 0.31 C. 98.9 (ans) B. 70% vapor and 30% steam
B. 12.0 D. 210 C. 70% vapor and 30% liquid (ans)
D. 70% liquid and 30% steam
Solution:
13. An engine is required to produce 4500 kg of dry steam per hour. The
PV = mRT quality if steam in it is 90%. What must be the weight of the wet steam?
A. 4778 kg/hr C. 5258 kg/hr
(101.325) V = (120)(0.287)(18 + 273) B. 5000 kg/hr (ans) D. 6000 kg/hr

V = 98.9 m 3
 Y'

PB -148 ME BOARD APRIL 2000 ME BOARD APRIL 2000 PB - 149

Solution: Solution:

_ my Coounq Load = m .:\H

quality, x
mT kJ
630 ~"~
111'
=:. )
m ') kJ
_,,-0-­
kg
j

4500
0.90 =
mT
m :::: 2.86 kg/hr
mT = 5000 kg/hr

18, ThE: [,f::'ssure and temperature entering the turbine is 1800 kPa and 380
14. The first law of thermodynamics states about: deg c: The pressure leaving the turbine is 20 kPa. The quality of steam
A. conservation of velocity entf"[i'I) the condenser is 90%. What is the turbine work in kJ per kg.
SIB;""] Properties:
B. conservation of energy (ifns)
l'.~ j(J Mpa and 380 deg C:
C. conservation of enthalpy
~l = 3207.2
D. conservation of mass
Al 002 Mpa
II
15. Air at atmospheric pressure of 760 mm Hg at sea level with a temperature
hf =: 2514 hfg = 2358.3
of 22 deg K, what is the specific weight in kN per cu. meter?

A. 0.651 C. 0.371 /\. 833.3 (ans) C 633.3

B. rs199 D. 423.2
B. 0.516 D. 0.157 (ans)
A
Solution:
~~.'; cl!(jl.ion:

PV = mRT
I' h ::. (hf + x hfgh
m P tl· =: 251.4 + 0.9(2358.3)
Specific Weight, (5 = - -­
V RT h;,=: 2373.87

(5 =
101.325
= 16 ~3 Turbine work = h 1 ­ h2
0.287(22 + 273) m
3207.2 - 2373.87
(5 = 16 k~ x 9.81 m/s 2 = 156.96 ~3 _. 833.33 kJ/kg
m m
leN 1D. The heart of the vapor-compression system,
s = 0.15696-
3 A. condenser C. compressor(ans)
m B evaporator D. expander

16. In two revolutions of a four stroke engine, has how many cycle? 20. What is the basis of continuity flow?
A. three C. 4 times A. mass balance (ans) C. heat balance
B. twice D. once (ans) 13 f'II!':rgy balance D diameter balance

17. The refrigeration system has a refrigeration cycle per kg of 220 kJ. The ?1. A type of condenser which can operate with a lower condensing
heat required to remove is 630 kJ/hr. Calculate the mass circulated per te: :LJer;?!ljrc and conserve energy compared to other refrigeration
hour. condensers :
A. 3.186 kg C.8 A. Evaporative (ans) C water' tube
B. 10 'D. 2.86 kg (ans) ,
E3 shell and tube D. air cooled

j (Ref and Air-Con by Stoecker and Jones p. 377)

 PB ·150 ME BOARD APRIL 2000 ME BOARD APRIL 2000 PB -151

22. The length of the pipe is 168 meters. If the pressure drop is 50 kPa for 29. The removal of molasses from sugarcane is done by the process of:
every 30 meters length, what is the total pressure drop? A. filtration(ans) C. condensation
A. 260 kPa C. 280 kPa (ans) B. absorption D. separation
B.300kPa D.500kPa
30. A pump is delivering 100 lilsec of water at a total head of 50 meters. Find
23. Determine the velocity
head of water flowing through a pipe with a the water power.
velocity of 10 m/s.
A. 19 kw C. 39kw
A. 5.1 m (ans) C. 100 m B. 29 kw D. 49lcw(ans)
B. 50.1 m D. 151 m
Solution:
Solution:
Water Power = QwH
V2 (10)2
= 5.1 m
= (0.100)(9.81 )(50)
h =­ = 49 kw
2g 2(9.81)

II 31. In a gas turbine unit, the temperature will depend on its:

24. A steam turbine has an inlet enthalpy of 2800 kJ/kg with a velocity of 40
m/s. The exit steam condition is 2650 kJ/kg. Find the exit velocity. A. allowable maximum C. allowable minimum
A. 549 m/s (ans) C. 456 mls B. maximum value(ans) D. minimum value
B. 233 mls D. 784 mls
32. Average boiling temperature of liquid water is:
A. 273 deg C C. 212 deg K
Solution:
B. 100 deg Crans) D. 32 deg F
h, + 1/2 mV/ = hz + 112 mV/
33. An engineer found that the fluid flowing in the pipe is low. What diameter
2 '
2800 + 40 = 2650 + vi
of pipe should be recommended?
2(1000) 2(1000)
A. increase the diameter C. reduce the diameter(ans)
V z = 549 mls B. constant diameter D. no diameter

25. A mechanical engineer is assigned in a steam power plant. He noticed 34. Number that is used to determine the type of flow in any system:
that a boiler feed pump has enough capacity to deliver feedwater in the I A. Froude number C. Mach number
,f

boiler. If you are the engineer of such power plant, how many pumps of B. Average number D. Reynolds number (ans)
the same capacity would you recommend?
A. 1 C. 3 .' 35. Atmospheric air with 30 deg C dry bulb and 20 deg C wet bulb. What is
B. 2(ans) D. 4 the relative humidity?
A. 20% C. 40%(ans)
26. When there is a reduction in humidity ratio, it means: B. 30% D. 50%
A. humidifying C. dehumidifying(ans)
} B. subcooling D. reheating Solution:

27. Leads the exit water of the turbine is: Using the Psychrometric Chart:
A. tailrace (ans) C. spillway
B. dam D. none of these At 30°C db and 20°C wb: RH = 40%

28. The exit pressure of impulse turbine casing is:

A. above atm (ans) C. below atm
B. vacuum D. none of these

J
 PB -152 ME BOARD APRIL 2000 ME BOARD APRIL 2000 PB -153

36. An ammonia refrigerator operates between 30 deg C condensing mass of steam is kg/s, find the heat loss between the boiler: exit and
temperature and -6 deg C evaporator temperature. Find the quality after turbine entrance.
expansion. A. 10 kw C. 30 kw
At -6 deg C hf = 172.371 kJ/kg hg = 1455.00 kJ/kg B. 15 kw D. 50 kw (ans)
At 30 deg C hf = 341.769 kJ/kg hg = 1486.14 kJ/kg
Solution:
A. 9.51% C. 13.2% (ans)
B. 11.2% D. 15.4% Q = m (h. - h2 )

Q = 1 (3000 - 2950)

Solution: Q = 50 kw

h 3 = h,
40. The initial pressure of the system during isometric process is 100 kPa. If
h3 = hf + xhfg
the heat during the process is 10 kw, find the enthalpy change.
341.769 = 172.371 + x(1455 - 172.371) A. 5 kw C. 15 kw
II x = 13.2% B. 10 kw (ans) D. 20 kw

37. Air is flowing through a 20 cm diameter pipe with a velocity of 5 m/s. If Solution:
the temperature of air is 25 deg C and 120 kPa pressure, find the rate of
air in the pipe. Q = ~U = mCp(T 2 - T 1 )

A. 0.11 kg/s C. 0.33 kg/s ~u = 10 kw

B. 0.22 kg/s (ans) D. 0.44 kg/s

41. Find the degree superheat of steam at 0.89 Mpa and 180 deg C. At 0.89
Solution: Mpa: t (sat) = 174.90 oC
A. 4.4 deg C C. 5.1 deg C (ans)
Q = A x Vel B. 4.9 deg C D. 7.4 deg C

Q = Solution:

Q = Degree Superheat = t(actual) - t(sat)

= 180 -o174.90

Q = 0.157m 3/s =5.10 C

r
PV = mRT
42. A turbine has an available enthalpy of 3000 kJ/kg in a Rankine Cycle.
120(0.157) = m(0.287)(25 + 273)
The pump work is 20 kJ/kg. For a flow of 2 kg/s, find the system output.
m =0.22 kg/s
A. 5960 kw (ans) C. 6343 kw
B. 6008 kw D. 7522 kw
38. The pressure at the bottom of an 8 m column of water is:
A. 33.5 kPa C. 66.2 kPa Solution:
B. 45.5 kPa D. 78.5 kPa (ans)
System Output = W T - W p

Solution: System Output = 2(3000 - 20) = 5960 kw

P = w h
43. Swamps gas (or vegetable decay) is:
P = 9.81 (8) = 78.5 kPa
A. propane C. methane (ans)
B. octane D. ethane
39. The available enthalpy of steam at the exit of boiler in a Rankine Cycle is
3000 kJ/kg and enthalpy at the entrance of turbine is 2950 kJ/kg. If the
 0,
..

ME BOARD APRIL 2000 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2000 PB ·155

PB ·154

44. How many tons of ice can a 20-ton ice plant produce in 24 hours? MECHANICAL ENGINEERING Licensure Examination
A. 20 (ans) C. 60 Monday, October 9, 2000 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM
B. 30 D. 240
POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING SET A
Solution:
INSTRUCTION: Select the correct answer for each of the following
One (1) ton of refrigeration can produce approximately one (1) ton of questions. Mark only one answer for each item by shading the box
ice in 24 hours (or 1 day).
corresponding to the letter of your choice on the answer sheet provided.
Therefore, 20-ton ice plant (means 20 tons of refrigeration) can
STRICTLY NO ERASURES ALLOWED. Use Pencil NO.1 only.
produce 20 tons of ice in 24 hours.

MULTIPLE CHOICE
45. A 30 cm x 40 cm reciprocating pump running at 250 rpm discharges 210
Ii/s of water. Find the percentage slippage of the pump. 1. The property of liquid in which they extend resistance to angular or shear
A. 3.4% C. 6.7% deformation is
B. 8.2% D. 10.7%(ans) A. Specific gravity C. viscosity (ans)
It B. Specific weight D. Density
Solution:
2. After checking on the properties and Phase descriptions of water, the
2LN quality is found to be x = 0.70. How many % of the mass is in the liquid
V o = 2(1-)D phase?
3/s A. 70% C. 100%
Vo = 2 (1-)(0.3)2(0.4)( 2: J = 0.2356 m D. 30% (ans)
00 B. 0.70%

% slip = Yo-Q Solution:

Yo my

0.2356 - 0.21 0
Quality, x =
% slip = = 10.8% mt- +my

0.2356
x = 70
30+70 = 70% =0.70

3. The volumetric efficiency of an engine normally decreases wi

A. Higher fuel-viscosity C. A decrease in speed
B. an increase in speed (ans) D. A decrease in jet velocity

4. In order to increase the gas velocity, gas turbines generally have fixed
nozzles. This is to allow the:
A. Compression of gasses C. expansion of gases (ans)
B. condensation of gasses D. evaporation of gasses

5. What does the area under the curve on a temp. entropy diagram
indicates?
A. volume C. work
B. heat (ans) D. entropy

6 The diameter of a pipe at the larger end is 0.5 cm., and at the smaller end
is 0.2 cm., the larger and smaller ends are located 7 meters and 3 meters,
respectively, datum line. If at the larger end, the velocity is 12 meters per
PB - 156 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2000 "
ME BOARD OCTOBER 2000 PB -157

2 9. The high pressure of refrigeration system consist of the line to expansion

second and the pressure is 5200 kN/m , compute pressure at the
valve, the receiver, the uppermost half of the compressor and the
smaller end.
A. 6501.84 kN/sq.m C. 7815.99 kN/sq.m.
B. 4800.92 kN/sq.m. D. 5211.82 kN/sq.m. (ans) A. line after the expansion valve C. Condenser (ans)
B. over most half of compressor D. evaporator
Solution:
10. What is the pressure at the exit of a draft tube in a turbine?
A. below atmospheric C. atmospheric (ans)
o = AN, B. Vacuum D. Gauge

= ~(0.5Xl 0- 2) (1.2)

4 11. A property of lubricating oil that measures the thickness of the oil and will
3/sec
= 0.000023561 m help determine how long oil will flow at a given temp. is known as.
A. viscosity (ans) C. cloud pt.
0, = O 2 = A2V2 7m B. flash pt. D. fire pt.

0.000023561 = ~(0.2xl0-2 )V2

4 12. What is the result when the fluid's kinetic energy during a stagnation
V 2 = 7.5 m/s

Bernoulli's Equation:

. 3m
datum
process is transformed to enthalpy?
A. decrease in fluid's volume

B. rise in the temperature and pressure of fluid (ans)

C. rise in fluids volume
P V12 Po V?; D. Decrease in the temperature and pressure of fluid
-.1...+_ +ZI = -=--+-- +Z2
5 2g 0 2g 13. What is the value of the Mach no. at the throat of a converging- diverging
520~.+ (1.2)l +7 = ~+ (7.5~ +3 nozzle?
9.81 2(9.81) 9.81 2(9.81) A. zero C. One (ans)
B. Two D. Ten

P2 = 5211.83 kN/m 2 14. For a double acting reciprocating pump, there are two suction stroked for
every revolution if the crank wheel. How many delivery strokes does it I
7. How can the average temperature during heat rejection process of a
have?
rankine cycle be decreased? A. 4 C. 2 (ans)
A. increase boiler pressure D. 1
B. 3 II
B. Bring condenser pressure
!I
C increase turbine pressure 15. Which of the following materials is suitable for tubing in refrigeration
D. reduce turbine exit pressure (ans)
application where refrigerant ammonia is employed? I,ll
A. plastic C. steel
8. Convert a vacuum pressure of 110 mm of mercury into absolute pressure
B. Brass D. Copper (ans) III
if atmospheric pressure is 10.5 meters H 20.
A. 3.7 m of H20 C. 9. 01 m of H20 (ans)
16. A tank contains H20. What is the intensity of pressure at a depth of 6 III

B. 45.6m of H20 D. 99.5 m of H20

meters?
A. 68 kPa C. 78.0 kPa III
Solution: B. 58.8 kPa (ans) D. 48.7 kPa I,
I
101.325kPa x m H 20 = 1.49 m H20 (vacuum)
Pg = 110 mm Hg x 760mmHg Solution:
9.81 leN
3
m
P(abs) = P(gage) + P(atm) Pressure = Spec. weight x height
= -1.49 + 10.5 = 9.01 m H 20 = 9.81 (6) = 58.86 kPa
PB -158 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2000 "
ME BOARD OCTOBER 2000 PB -159

17. What do you call a conversation technology that yields electricity straight 22. The minimum amount of air required for a complete combustion of fuel is
from sunlight without the aid of a working substance like gas or steam called
without the use of any mechanical cycle? A. 90% air C. theoretical air (ans)
A. Power conversion C. Solar thermal conversion (ans) B. excess air D.110%air
B. Sterling cycle conversion D. photoVoltaic-energy conversion
23. For pipes extending more than 1000 times the diameter what are the
18. If the composition of hydrocarbon fuel is known, the ratio between the major losses of hydraulic head due to ? .
nitrogen and oxygen that is supplied in air is A. cross-sectional change C. velocity
A. equal C. intensity B. friction (ans) D. pressure
B. constant (ans) D. fixed
24. Three tons of fish is to be stored at a temp. of -10 degree C for 24 hours.
19. Which of the following is a reason for a motor head loss in long pipeline? The product enters the chiller at a temp. are 0.41 kcal/kg-degree C and
A. pressure C. friction (ans) 0.76 kcal/ kg-degree C, respectively, and its latent heat of fusion is 51
B. velocity D. elevation kcal/kg. If the freezing temp of the product is -2.2 degree C and initially
enters at 7.3 degree C. Determine the product load in Kcal/24/hrs.
20. Water flow through a pipe at 15 Ii/sec and operating under a head of B.2 A. 153,000 C. 158.019
m. The inlet diameter of pipe is 12 em and its exit diameter is 15 ern. If B. 167,120(ans) D. 10,000
H20 is to be pumped from H20 source and heat losses is 2 kw, determine
the power input to the pump.. Solution:
A. 2.2 Kw C. 1.2 Kw
B. 3.2 Kw (ans) D. 4.2 Kw Q = m[Cp1(t 1 - tf ) + hL + CP2(tf - t2)]

Solution: 3tons(907 kg)

~ ]h~
= --'--------"--[0.76(7.3 - -2.2) + 51 + 0.41(-2.2 - -10)-­
Q = 15 Ii/sec = 0.015 m
3/sec 24 hrs kg
Q = 167, 118 kcal/24 hrs
V = ~ == 0.015 = 1.32 m/sec
1
Al ~(12xlO-2)2
25. When changes in kinetic energy of a compress gas are negligible or
4

insignificant, the work input to an adiabatic compressor is _

V = ~ == 0.015 = 0.848 m/sec A. negligible C. equal zero
2
A 2 ~(15xl0-2)2
B. equal to change in enthalpy (ans) D. infinity
4

2 2
26. A boiler has a bursting pressure, BP of 600 Kpa and a factor of safety,
H = 8.2 0.828 -1.32
+ 8.15 m
= FS, of 8 is employed in design. As an engineer, would you advice to have
2(9.81)

a working pressure, WP, of 500 Kpa?

Power Input = QwH + losses
A. No, WP must be higher than 500 Kpa
= (0.015)(9.81)(8.15) + 2
B. No, WP is only 75 Kpa at a FS of 8
= 3.2 kw
C. Yes, since BP is 600 kPa (ans)
D. Yes, to attain better efficiency
21. The engineer was tested to design the air-conditioning system, for a
ballroom Dance Hall. Considering that this involve a lot of activity from its 27. The analysis of a products of combustion on a dry basis, when C 8 H 18
users, the engineer would design that will require was burned with atmospheric air, is as follows: CO2 = 12%, CO =
0.75%, O2 = 3.01 %, N 2 = 84.24%. Compute the % theoretical air
A. maximum attainable effective used for combustion,
B. Constant effective temperature (ans) A. 100% C. 121%
C. Higher effective temp B. 113% (ans) D. 112%
D. Lower

 rF
PB -160 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2000 MJE BOARD OCTOBER 2000 PB - 161

Solution: 31. The temperature at which oil gives off vapor that burns temporarily when
ignited:
Combustion Reaction with Theoretical Air: A. dew point C. wet bulb
B. drop point D. flash point (ans)

'I

CSH 1S + 4.650 2 + 4.65(3.76)N z ~

0.12C0 2 + 0.0075CO + 0.03010 2 + 0.8424N 2 + ~Hz6 + 4.65(3.76)N z

i
32. In a Rankine Cycle, when the no. of stages in reheat stages is increased,
the average temperature of the reheat process is:

Balancing hydrogen, H: 18 = 2a

Balancing Oxygen, 0:
a = 9
I

2(b) = 2(0.12) + 1(0.0075) + 2(0.0301) 1(9)

I
A. constant (ans)
B. zero
C. increased

D. decreased

33. The process in which heat energy is transferred to a thermal energy

storage device. It is known as:
b = 4.65 A. adiabatic C. intercooling (ans)
B. regenerator D. isentropic

Combustion Reaction with Excess Air:

34. The length of pipe is 168 m. If the pressure drop is 50 kPa for every 30
CSH 1S + 4.65(1 + X)02 + 4.65(1 + x)(3.76)N 2 ~ m, what is the total pressure drop?
A. 220 kPa C. 350 kPa
0.12C0 2 + 0.0075CO + 0.03010 2 + 0.8424N 2 + J!HzO +
B. 280 kPa (ans) D. 410 kPa
4.65(1 + x)(3.76)N 2 + 4.65x02

Solution:

Expressing the percentage of oxygen in the products excluding water: 50kPa

Pressure Drop = 168 m x - - = 280 kPa

0.0301 + 4.65x 30m
".0.301 = .'~
1 + 4.65(3.76)(1 + x) + 4.65x
35. Without having excessive moisture in the final stage of the turbine, an
x = 0.132
engineer took advantage to increase the efficiency of the boiler by:
A. subcooling the steam C. Reheating the steam (ans)
Percent Theoretical Air = 1 + 0.132 = 1.132 = 113.2%
B. superheating to low temp D. heating the steam
28. If the actual kinetic energy of a nozzle is Ka and Ki in the max. value that
36. The ratio of compressor to the turbine pressure of a gas turbine unit is:
can be attained by an isentropic expansion from initial to final state, then
A. back work ratio C. cut-off ratio
efficiency ofa nozzle is
B. pressure ratio (ans) D. compressor ratio
A. KalKi (ans) C. KaxKi
B. Ki=Ka D. KilKa
37. The quantity of heat from the outside to be cooled at desired temperature
which can be used to determine in air-condition unit:
Solution:
A. specific heat C. latent heat
Eff = Output _ K, B. sensible heat D. cooling load (ans)
Input - IZ1
38. Which of the following has a minimal effect on the penetration of the
29. A device which converts heat energy directly to electrical energy: air in the combustion chamber?
A. Thermoionic converter (ans) C. Fuel Cell A. jet velocity C. fuel viscosity
B. Turbine D. Magneto B. orifice size (ans) D. air density

30. The temperature at which oil will no longer pour freely or oil will solidify: 39. Which of the following components of a pump converts mechanical
A. pour point (ans) C. flash point energy to pressure energy?
B. cloud point D. dew point A. impeller (ans) C. shaft
B. valve D. delivery pipe
PB -162 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2000
.
ME BOARD OCTOBER 2000 PB -163

40. The convergent section of a nozzle increases the velocity of the flow gas. 46. The temperature of a solution is 31 degree C. Convert the equivalent
What does it do in its pressure? Fahrenheit reading to absolute Fahrenheit temperature.
A. pressure becomes constant A. 560.8 degree R C. 520.2 degree R
B. decrease the pressure B. 575.5 degree R D. 547.8 degree R (ans)
C. increase the pressure (ans)
D. pressure is equal to velocity Solution:

41. What is the relative humidity of dry air?

F = 2.(oC) + 32 = 2.(31) + 32 = 87.8°F
5 5

A. 150 % C. 50 % R = 87.8 + 460 = 547.8 oR

B. 100 % D. 0 % (ans)
47. One kilogram of air is compressed adiabatically and in steady flow. The
42. Water enters the cooling tower at 45 degree C. The approximate leaving compression efficiency is 80% and work done is 265kJ/kg. Determine the
water temperature is 30 degree C. If the atmospheric condition is 25 heat added to the air.
degree C wet-bulb, determine the cooling effectiveness of the cooling A. 212 kJ/kg C. 0 (ans)
tower. B. 1 kJ/kg D. 331.25 kJ/kg
A. 95% C. 75% (ans)

B.25% D.50%
48. Heat transfer processes which include a change of phase of a fluid are
considered.
Solution: A. convection (ans) C. conduction
actual B. thermal radiation D. radiation
Effectiveness =
theoretical
t - t 49. In a closed vessel, when vaporization takes place, the temperature rises.
Effectiveness = _a_ _b
Due to the rising temperature, the pressure increases until an equilibrium
t a - t wb

is established between the temperature and pressure. The temperature

. 45 -30 of equilibrium is called
Effectiveness = = 75%
45 -25 A. dew point C. superheated temperature (ans)
B. ice point D. boiling point
43. Flow of fluids wherein its particles do not have definite paths and the
paths of the individual and distinct particles cross one another is 50. What is the ton of refrigeration required to cool 15,000 Ib of fresh pork
A. non-uniform flow C. laminar flow from a temperature of 89 degree F to 32 degree F in 24 hours? Specific
B. unsteady flow D. turbulent flow (ans) heat above freezing of fresh pork is 0.68 BTU/lb-degree F.
A. 2.01 tons (ans) C. 4.1 tons
44. When hot soup was served in a cup during dinner, an engineer was so B. 5.1 tons D. 4.2 tons
eager to drink it. Since it was hot, he added cubes of ice to cool the soup
and stirred it. He noticed that dew starts to form on the outermost surface Solution:
of the cup. He wanted to check the temperature of the outmost surface of
the cup. What is this temperature equal to? Q = mCpLlT
A. superheated temperature
B. equal to zero
Q = 15,000 (0.68X89-32) = 24225 Btu/hr

24

C. standard temperature
D. equal to air's dew point temperature (ans) Btu ton of ref
Q = 24225 - x = 2.01 tons of ref
hr 12,000 Btu/hr
45. Both Sterling and Ericson engines are

j
A. internal combustion engines (ans) C. Carnot engines 51. A room is 10 feet long,' 11 feet wide and 8 feet high. The inside and
B. external combustion engines D. Brayton engines outside temperatures are 8 degree F and 65 degree F, respectively.
Compute the heat transmitted through the walls if the coefficient of heat
 ....
~'
'

PB -164 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2000 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2000 PB -165

transmission is 0.12 BTU/ft-degree F-hour. The wall thickness is 6 (18 + 273) - (-6 + 273) Q A + 33.33

inches. 18 + 273 QA

A. 4596.28 BTUlhr (ans) C. 2407.68 BTU/hr

B. 996.81 BTU/hr D. 1203.84 BTU/hr
Q A = 36.3 kw
Solution:
WN = OA - OR = 36.3 - 33.33 = 3 kw
Area, A = 10(8)(2) + 11(8)(2) = 336 fe

56. In the absence of any irreversibilities, a thermoelectric generator, a device

Q = kA~T = 0.12(336)(65-8) = 4596.48 Btu/hr
that incorporates both thermal and electric effects, will have the efficiency
x 0.5
of a
A. Carnot cycle C. Diesel cycle
52. When H20 in the products of combustion is in liquid form, the heating B. Thermoionic converter (ans) D. Rankine cycle
value is known as
A. higher heating value (ans) C. low and medium heat value 57. A refrigerating machine that is classified as a one-ton machine has the
B. lower heating value D. lower and higher heat value capacity to produce a cooling effect of :
A. 500 kcal I hr C. 300 kcal I hr
53. Nozzles does not involved any work interaction. The fluid through this B. 3000 kcal I hr (ans) D. 40 kcal I hr
device experiences.
A. no change in potential energy Solution:
B. no change in kinetic energy
C. vacuum 3.5161'L x 3600 sec
D. no change in enthalpy (ans) 1 ton of ref x
sec hr kcal = 3023 kcal
ton of ref hr
54. A refrigerator is maintained at 5 degree C. Heat is removed from the
stored food at a rate of 330 kJ/min. What is the refrigerator's Coefficient 58. At steam point, the temperatures of water and its vapor at standard
of Performance if the necessary power input to the refrigerator is 3.5 kW? pressure are
A. 0.45 C. 8.95 A. in its maximum C. in equilibrium (ans)
B. 1.57 (ans) D. 94.28 B. unity D. zero

Solution: 59. When can a Francis turbine obtain a correct disposition of the moving

COP = QA =
330~x~ = 1.57
blades and the guide?
A. at half the load C. at any load
W 3.5kw

B. at full load only (ans) D. at all loads

55. A building has to be maintained at 18 degree C at all times. A heat pump
60. A rapid increase in boiler pressure occurs when there is
is required for this. When the temperature outside the building drops to­
A. moderate drop in steam load
6 degree C, the building loses heat at a rate of 120,000 kJ/hr. Compute
B. abrupt drop in steam load (ans)
the least power necessary to drive the heat pumps.
C. constant drop in steam load
A. 48.15 kW C. 25.06 kW
D. gradual drop in steam load
B. 0.16 kW D.3.0kW(ans)
61. Using the Psychrometric Chart, what is the wet-bulb temperature of air
Solution: contained in a room at a temperature of 308 degree K, relative humidity of
QR = 120,000 kJ x~ = 33.33 kJ/sec 40% and a pressure of 1 atmosphere?
hr 3600sec A. 350 degree K C. 297 degree K (ans)
Q A -QR B. 294 degree K D. 290 degree K
Carnot Cycle Eff = TH - TL
TH QA

 .....
/ PB-166 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2000
----.,,-._. -------,~-_._--

ME BOARD OCTOBER 2000----PB -167­

, Solution.

Using the Psychrometric Chart, at 308 deg K (35°C) and 40% RH:
",-_. --'---', - --_...- --_._. ------,- --- --'--

68. 300 k,1 of heat flow by conduction from the outside to the inside a cold
storage in one hour. If the temperature and all other conditions are the
same what is the heat flowing through the cold storage in two hours?
._--_._--~_._._--., - ----"---------­

A. 600 kJ (ans) C. 300 kJ

Wet bulb temperature = 24°C (297 0K) B. 900 k,J D. 1,200 kJ

62. Which of the following ascertains the eftectiveru ss and the size of the Solution:
condenser?
A. ru llber of passes C. tube sizes () - \00 kJ x )~ 'IT
L) = 600 k.J
8. th kness of the shell D. heat transfer fans) II!

63. What do bo 'es at a temperature above absolute zero emit? 69. Drrt dnd foreign mator.als no-rnally bUl!d-~Jp on the side of the condenser
A. enerq, C. thermal radfatio '1 (ans) lL;t'cs To ensure adequate condenser capacity. a certain factor is used
B. heat ot convection D. heat of compress.on if, calculating the over-all heal transfer through the walls of the tubes
!pc1udl/!g the heat transfer rate of the layers of dirt and foreign materials.
64 A refrigerant control in a refrigeration system that is used to prevent the v,n-lal is this factor called?

flow of refrigerant gas from the condenser back to the corrrressor during /, booster G factor of safety

off cycles is 8. foulin[i tector (ans) D. compression factor

A. check valve C hold-back valve
8. solenoid valve (ans) D. safety valve 70 Dry air can be approximated as .._ % oxygen and _ t}~
n.troqon by mole numbers.
65. A device used in steam power plant which is required on engine and A. 30'Yo I 70% C. 21% / 79% (ans)
turbine exhaust casings, on condensers and heater shells or on area B. 70% ! 30% D, 79% I 21%
where it is possible to have pressures hir:-h(;r than the design pressure of
the casings, is a 7'1. \/\/hich of the followil1g is the preferred criterion for a high-speed engine?
A. steam hold-back valve A higher internal stresses C. High RPM (ans)
B. pressure-operated check valve U IO"J piston speed D high mean piston speed
C. steam-generator safety valve
D. relief valve (ans) ~'2 in order that cavitation will not take place in the suction line of a pump,
what should be the sum of the velocity head and pressure head at suction
66. A body that is hot compared to its surroundings illuminates more energy compared to the vapor pressure of the liquid?
than it receives, while its surroundings absorbs more energy than they A. sufficiently lower C. adequately greater (ans)
give. The heat is transferred from one body to another by energy wave B. constant D. equal
motion. What is this mode of heat transfer?
A. radiation (ans) C. convection 73. Using the Psychorrnetric Chart, find the dew point temperature of air
B. conduction D. condensation contained in a room at a temperature of 308 degree f<. relative nurmdit, of
'~O(/, ano a pressure j 1 atmosphere
67. An engineer inspected an air-conditioning unit. He found out that the unit ::\ 292;) <Jegre:;; K (ans) C 290.5 degree t(
does not produce any cooling effect, however, the air-conditioning unit is B. 2885 degree )< D. 2945 degree K

running. He checked the temperatures of the condenser and evaporator Solutron .

and had the unit run. He found out that there was no change in the
temperature What should he do? Using the Psychrometric Chart: at 308°K (3S°C) and 40% RH
A. replace fuse C. replace relay Dew Point Ternperature > 19.5°C (292,SoK)
B. charge with new refrigerant (ans) D. adjust door seal

j
 ,

PB -168 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2000

ME BOARD OCTOBER 2001 PB -169
74. What is the part of an oil pressure governor that is used to continuously
MECHANICAL ENGINEER Licensure Examination
draw oil for as long as the turbine is working?
Monday, October 8, 2001 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM
A. speed governor C. governing device
B. servomotor D. gear pump (ans)
POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING SET A
75. A hot block is cooled by blowing cool air over its top surface. The heat
that is first transferred to the air layer close to the block is by conduction.
MULTIPLE CHOICE
It is eventually carried away from the surface by

A. convection (ans) C. conduction 1. If a liquid is heated in a container, then it expands and becomes less
B. radiation D. thermal radiation dense and lighter. It rises upward to the container because of its reduced
density and replaced by colder fluid. If the process continues, heat is
76. The heating value obtained when the water in the products of combustion transferred and distributed throughout. What is this mode of heat
transfer?
is in the liquid state:
A. higher heating value (ans) C. lower heating value A. radiation C. conduction
B. calorific value D. average heat value B. condensation D. convection (ans)

77. In order to avoid cavitation the NPSH of an installation should be at least 2. If the bypass factor of the cooling tower for one row is 0.7. What is the
_ _ _ _ than the NPSH of the pump. bypass factor of 10 coils in one row?
A. equal or greater (ans) C. greater A. 0.7 (ans) C. 0.028
B. equal or lower D. lower B. 7 D. 0.49

78. Ice produces what poisonous substance: 3. A steam boiler on a test generates 885,000 Ib of steam in a 4-hr period.
A. SUlphur dioxide (ans) C. Hydrogen The average steam pressure is 400 psia, the average steam temperature
B. Carbon dioxide D. f'litrogen is 700°F (h = 1362.7 Btu/lb) and the average temperature of the
feedwater supplied to the boiler is 280°F (h = 249.1 Btu/lb). If the boiler
efficiency for the period is 82.5%, and if the coal has a heating value of
13,850 Btu per Ib as fired, find the average amount of coal burned in
short tons per hour.
(ME Bd. Apr 97)
A. 8.85 C. 11.80
B. 9.85 D. 10.75 (ans)

Solution:

ms = 885.000 Ib == 221,250 Ib/hr

4 hr
BoilerEff = ills(h 2-h 1)
illfQh
0.825 = 221,250(1362.7--249.1)
illf(13,850)
rn, = 21,563 Ib/hr
Ib short ton
rn, = 21563 -x = 10.78shorttonsperhr
hr 2000 Ib

 :,.,.
PB -170 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2001 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2001 PB - 171

4. In steady flow of fluids, velocity at a section at the stream lines remains Solution:
COP = QA
A. uniform (ans) C. equal We
B. unsteady D. constant 22kw
COP = = 3.93
5. An equipment used to cool the back pressure in the steam turbine 7.5hpx()·71 6.j<\v.
hp
generating steam and convert steam to water.
A. cooling tower C. separator
B. condenser (ans) D. gas engine 13. The relative humidity become 100% and where the water vapor starts to
condense.
6. In thermodynamic law PV raised to n is constant:
A. dew point (ans) C. dry bulb
B. wet bulb D. saturated
A. adiabatic C. isobaric
B. isentropic D. polytropic (ans)
14. A 45 HP motor runs at 74% efficiency, what is the watts per hp rate?
7. If the combustion chamber is concern. What will happen if the power A. 746 C. 1008.1(ans)
output is increase? B. 552 D. 486
A. decrease the combustion time (ans)
Solution:
B. increase the combustion chamber volume
C. decrease the combustion chamber volume Motor Eff = Power Output
D. increase the combustion time Power Input

8. Amount of heat surface to cooled, is the amount of heat absorbed by the 0.74 =~
cooling coils. Pin
A. enthalpy C. refrigerating effect (ans) Pin = 60.81 HP
B. compression D. flow work
Rate = 60.81 HPx 746W
HP = 1008.1 ~
9. What is the head develop if the pump that has a capacity of 0 1 and head 45HP HP
H1 connected in series with another pump with a capacity of O 2 and H 2 ,
if O 2 is less than 0 1 ? 15. What is that one main part of an equipment, through the air movement of
A. H1 + H2 (ans) C. H1 =H 2 the ventilation, heating, refrigerating and also used to discharge to the
B. H 1- H2 D. H 1/H 2 ventilating outlet?
A. duct C. blower (ans)
10. Which of the following cycle is for a spark-ignition reciprocating engine? B. dehumidifier D. strainer
A. Diesel cycle C. Dual cycle
B. Rankine cycle D. Otto cycle (ans) 16. Where thus the percentage of moisture and refrigerant-vapor in the
absorption last rejected?
11. Room air-conditioning needs abundant supply of air, beca use it uses what A. analyser C. generator
type of condenser? B. condenser D. rectifier (ans)
A. chilled water system C. shell and tube
B. water cooled D. air cooled (ans) (KENT's Handook p. 11-33)

12. A system needs 7.5 HP to compress a liquid, 22 kw was extracted from 17. A 25 cm x 38 cm cylinder, 4-stroke and 4-cylinder engine running at 260
the cooled space. What is the coefficient of performance ? rpm. The engine rate is 150 kw. Determine the engine displacement per
A. 3.63 C. 4.74 brake power.
B. 3.93 (ans) D. 4.55 A. 0.231 C. 0.001 (ans)

B 0.098 D. 0.153

PB -172 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2001 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2001 PB -173

Solution: Solution:

Vo = ~D2LNxC
4
= ~(0.25)2(0.38)(
4
260 J4 = 0.16166 m
2x60
3/sec
We = m(h 2 - h.)

= 0.09(208.65 - 180.8) = 2.5056 kw

m/(
Vo = 0.16166 = 0.001
BP 150 kw OA = m(h 1 - h4 )

10.21 = 0.09( 180.8 - h4 )

18. To obtain equilibrium in the condenser, what should be the range of the h4 = 67.35 kJ/kg

tower, in relation to the temperature difference in the condenser.

.A. should be higher C. should be lesser

OR = m(h 2 - h 3 )

B. indirectly proportional D. it should be equal (ans) = 0.09(208.65 - 67.35)

= 12.717 kw

19. A refrigeration system operates on an ideal vapor compression using R­

12 with a saturated temperature of -UDC,(h g = 351.003 kJ/kg) and a QR _ 12.717 - 5

DC ---- -
liquid R-12 temperature at 30 (hI = 288.54 kJ/kg). What is the We 2.5056

refrigerating capacity in tons of refrigeration if R-12 mass flow rate is 0.1

kg/sec?
23. Heat pump used to control the room temperature. Inside temperature is
A. 21.53 C. 6.20
20°C and outside temperature is -5°C. Room losses of 100,000 kw,
B. 1.78 (ans) D. 3.67
determine the power of the pump needed.
A. 8532.5 kw (ans) C. 9528.1 kw
Solution:
B. 9235.7 kw D. 10,500 kw

Refrigerating Capacity = m(h 1 - h4 ) Solution:

= 0.1(351.003 - 288.54) = 6.2463 kw OR = 100,000 kw

Refrigerating Capacity = 6.2463 kw x ton of ref = 1.776 ton of ref T1 = -5°C = 268°K

3.516 kw
T2 = 20°C = 293 0K
20. An energy conserved device which utilize air and water as a cooling
medium. And used as a cooling tower and condenser as one. OR = T 2f1S

A. shell and tube C. air cooled condenser 100,000 = 293(""S)

B. evaporative (ans) D. water cooled ""S = 341.3 kwfK

21. Water regulating valve should be located or installed in a refrigerating OA = T1 (f1S)

system. = 268 (341.3) = 91,467.58 kw

A. at the suction line to the compressor

B. anywhere in the system We = OR - OA = 100,000 - 91,467.58 = 8532.42 kw
C. at a line to the condenser (ans)
D. at the expansion valve 24. Viscosity is a measure of:
A. volume C. thickness (ans)
22. A refrigeration cycle having 0.18 Mpa (hg = 180.8 kJ/kg) and 0.8 Mpa B. temperatu re D. pressure
(h = 208.65). The mass flow rate in the cycle is 0.09 kg/sec with 10.21 kw
rate of heat removal. Determine the heat rejected per power. 25. When required, the water regulator valve should be on:
A. 5 (ans) C. 7 A. water inlet (ans) C. suction at compressor vessel
B. 6 D.9 B. water outlet D. anywhere
PB -174 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2001 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2001 PB -175

26. The divergent section of the nozzle is subsonic or supersonic, supersonic
is:
A. less than unity
B. unity
(KENT's Handbook p. 15-28)
Supersonic flow when M > 1.0
Subsonic flow when M < 1.0
M - Mach Number
33. The quantity of heat from the outside to be cooled at desired temperature
which can be used to determine in an air condition unit:
C. near unity A. specific heat C. latent heat
D. greater than unity (ans) B. sensible heat D. cooling load (ans)
34. A component used in absorption refrigeration so that the vapor from the
evaporator is coming into contact with the weak liquor is absorbed.
A. Absorber (ans) C. heat exchanger
B. evaporator D. generator

27. Moving air reduces bodies warm temperature and humidity. This process
is a combination of evaporation and '
A. heat transfer C. radiation
B. conduction D. convection (ans)

28. What is the temperature between the hot entering the cooling tower and
leaving at a cold temperature in a cooling tower?
A. cooling range (ans) C. approach
B. net wet bulb temperature D. wet bulb temperature

29. In a flow of fluids through channel wherein the velocity changes along the
length of a channel from point to point on the account of changing its
depth, width and direction of flow is:
A. constant flow C. unsteady flow
B. non uniform flow (ans) D. uniform flow

30. A steady flow device used to increase pressure by slowing down the fluid.
A. turbine C. generator
B. diffuser D. nozzle (ans)

31. The temperature at which oil gives off vapor that burns temporarily when
ignited:
A. dew point C. wet bulb
B. drop point D. flash point (ans)

32. The length of pipe 150 m. If the pressure drop is 40 kPa per 20 m length.
What is the total pressure drop?
A. 300 kPa (ans) C. 280 kPa
B. 240 kPa D. 160 kPa

Solution:
40kPa x 150m = 300 kPa

20m

PB ·176 ME BOARD APRIL 2002 ME BOARD APRIL 2002 PB -177

--_._­

MECHANICAL ENGINEER Licensure Examination Volume displacement per brakepower

Saturday. April 13, 2002 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM
= 5.498
160
= 0.0344 cu.m/min-kw
POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING SETA
7. What cycle is used for vapor cycle in power plant?
INSTRUCTION: Select the correct answer for each of the following
A. Brayton cycle C. Ericson cycle
questions. Mark only one answer for each item by shading the box
B. Diesel cycle D. Rankine cycle (Ans)
corresponding to the letter of your choice on the answer sheet provided.
STRICKLY NO ERASURES ALLOWED. Use pencil NO.1 only.
8. What is the BTU equivalent for one horsepower?
A. 778 C. 746
MULTIPLE CHOICE
B. 2545 (Ans) D, 3.41

(Note: One Hp = 2545 Btu per hr)

1. For supersonic and subsonic divergent nozzle, what 'is the Mach number
for supersonic:
9. If Oa is the actual discharge flow and Ob is the theoretical discharge flow,
A. greater than 1 (Ans) C. 1
what will the coefficient of discharge be equal to during positive
B. less than 1 D.O
displacement slip?
A. Qa x Qb C. Qa/Qb (Ans)
2. In replacement studies, the existing process on piece equipment is known
B. Ob/Qa D. 1 - Oa/Ob
as the:
A. retired equipment (Ans) C. waste material
10. What is the unit of electromagnetic wave frequency?
B. defender D. challenger
A. volts C. hertz (Ans)
B. horsepower D. knot
3. Fluid which exhibits linear stress-strain rate relationship:
A. Newtonian fluid (Ans) C. Mercury
B. semi-solid D. acidic fluids 11. At 101.325 kPa, the boiling point of water is 100"C. If the pressure is
decreased, the boiling temperature will
4. One mode of heat transfer that occurs in a material due to molecular A. increase C. remain the same
B. decrease (Ans) D. greater than
motion in the material where a temperature gradient exists. The mode of
heat transfer is called:
12. The temperature at which lubricating oil will form a cloud.
A. conduction (Ans) C. convection
A. cold point (Ans) C. critical point
B. radiation D. transformation
B. pour point D. boiling point

(Accurate term is cloud point)

5. Two pumps are connected in series, if 0 1 is the discharge of Pump 1 and

O2 is the discharge of Pump 2 where O2 < 0 1 • what is the discharge?
13. What is the pressure above zero?
A. O 2 (Ans) C. 0 1 +0 2
A. gage pressure (Ans) C. vacuum pressure
B. Q 1 D. 0 1/02
B. absolute pressure D. atmospheric pressure
6. A 20 cm x 35cm diesel engine with 4 cylinders and operating on a four
14. Tidal power plant is attractive because it has
stroke, has a rated power of 160 kw and is running at 250 rpm. Find the
A. low head and intermittent power
volume displacement per brakepower developed.
B. cheap energy source (Ans)
A. 0.9 cu.rn/rnin-kw C. 0.06 cu.m/min-kw
C. high head
B. 0.1 cu.m/min-kw D. 0.0344 cu.m/min-kw (Ans)
D. expensive energy source
Solution:
15. A high temperature source at 950 OK provides 580 KJ heat to a heat
engine. The heat engine conver 200 KJ net work and rejects the balance
v, = ~ (0.20)2(0.35)(2;°)4) =5.498 cu.rn/rnin to a temperature sink at 295 OK. Compare the thermal effictency Ft of
 ME BOARD APRIL 2002 PB - 179
PB -178 ME BOARD APRIL 2002

22. Using the Psychometric Chart, what is the enthalpy at dry bulb
this engine to the thermal efficiency Erev of the Carnot cycle reversible
temperature of 308 degrees Kelvin and relative humidity of 40%?
heat engine. A. 70.6 C. 74.6
A. Et = Erev C. Erev < Et
B. 71.6 (Ans) D. 75.6
B. Et < Erev (Ans)
D. Not equal
Solution:
Solution:
From psychometric chart, at 308K(35°C) dry bulb and 40% RH:
h = 71.6 KJ/kg
Et = ~ = 200 = 0.345
Q. 580
23. The ideal cycle based on the concept that the combustion process is both
Erev = T 1-T2 950 - 295 = 0.689
diesel and gasoline in the combination of heat transfer processes that is
T1
950
constant pressure and constant volume.
A. Ericson cycle C. Brayton cycle
Therefore: Et < Erev B. Dual cycle (Ans) D. Rarkine cycle

16. How many tons of refrigeration in Btu/24 hours? 24. What is the value of air stratification in air conditioning design fit for
A. 288,000 (Ans) C. 290,000 human comfort?
B. 28,800 D. 29,000 A. minimum C. less than air temperature (Ans)
B. maximum D. equal to air temperature
Solution:
25. A refrigeration plant stored 8 metric tons of eggs at a temperature of
One ton ref = 12,000 Btu/hr
15°C. To preserve the eggs by not spoiling them, they have to be cooled
= 12,000(24)
at -8°C. What is the refrigerating capacity of the plant in tons, if it is cooled
= 288,000 Btu/24 hrs.
in 12 hours? The specific heat of the eggs above and below freezing is
0.95 kcal/kg-OC and 0.4 kcal/kg-OC respectively. The latent heat of fusion
17. R - 22 is is 68.5 kcallkg. The freezing temperature is -3°C.
A. dichlorodiflouromethane A. 15.5 tons C. 23.4 tons
B. methyl chloride B. 19.3 tons (Ans) D. 29.8 tons
C. monochlorodiflouromethane (Ans)
D. trichlorodiflouromelhane Solution:
18. One N - m is equal to one
A. Joule (Ans) C. Calorie Refrigerating Capacity = 8(1000) [0.95(15 + 3) + 68.5 + 0.4(-3 + 8)]
12
B. Btu D. watt

19. Instrument used to measure fluid velocity

= 58,400 kcallhr
A. Pitot tube (Ans) C. manometer
58,400(4.187) = 67.9 kw
B. Orsat apparatus D. speedometer = 3600

20. It prevents the refrigerant

from the condenser to go back to the = 67.9 = 19.3 tons ref.
compressor
3.516
A. check valve (Ans) C. expansion valve
B. float switch D. low side float 26. A refrigeration plant stored 8 metric tons of eggs at a temperature of
15°C. To preserve the. eggs by not spoiling them, they have to be cooled
21. Gauge cock in the boiler is designed to determine at -8°C. What is the refrigerating capacity of the plant in kcal? The specific
A. level of steam C. level of water (Ans) heat of the eggs above and below freezing 0.95 kcal/kg-OC and 0.4
B. specific heat D. pressure
PB -180 > ME BOARD APRIL 2002
ME BOARD APRIL 2002 PB -181

kcal/kg-OC respectively. The latent heat of fusion is 68.5 kcal/kg. The 33. Which of the following is/are compressed in gasoline engines?
freezing temperature is -3°C. A. only air C. both air and fuel (Ans)
A. 180,000.6 C. 14,000.2 B. only fuel D. neither air nor fuel
B. 700,800 (Ans) D. 142,000
34. Capillarity results from:

Solution:
A. turbulent flow C. low fluid pressure
B. surface tension (Ans) D. inadequate compaction
Refrigerating capacity = 8(1000)[0.95(15 + 3) + 68.5 + 0.4(-3 + 8)]

= 700,800 kcal
35. A fluid flows at a constant velocity in a pipe. The fluid completely fills the
pipe, and the Reynolds number is such that the flow is just subcritical and
27. If PV id the power required for a vapor-compression refrigeration system, laminar. If all other parameters remain unchanged and the viscosity of

then what is the power required for an air refrigeration system, assuming
the fluid is decreased a significant amount, one would generally expect

that they have same capacity? the flow to:

A. 5 PV (Ans) C. PV/10 A. not change C. become more laminar 'i'

B. 2 PV D. 1/PV B. become turbulent (Ans) D. increase

(Power in air-refrigeration system is five times that for a vapor­

compression refrigeration system for the same refrigerating capacity)
n
28. Thermodynamic process following the law PV = constant:
A. isentropic C. adiabatic
B. polytropic (Ans) D. isobaric

29. At which temperature would air be able to hold the most water vapor?
A. 5 DC C. 20 DC
DC
B. 15 D. 40°C (Ans)
, Ii
The highest temperature among the given will give the most water vapor.
Ii
30. Heat absorbed by a liquid in changing it to gas.
A. heat of fusion C. calorie
B. heat of vaporization (Ans) D. heat of condensation I
I

31. Heat added to warm 1 g of water to 1DC.

A. 1DC
B. calorie (Ans)
C. Celsius
D. Joule
I
II I

32. Find the number of calories needed to change 20 g of ice at OD C to steam

D
100 C?
A. 2000 cal C. 20,000 cal
B. 14,400 cal (Ans) D. 25,000 cal I
Solution:
I

Q = 20(80) + 20(1.0)(100)+ 20(540) = 14,400 cal

 ,

PB -182 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2002

linE BOARD OCTOBER 2002

MECHANICAL ENGINEER Licensure Examination

Tuesday, October 8, 2002 8:00 AM - 4:00 PM Q 0.02
V2 = -= = 1.768m/s

A2 *(0.12)2

POWER AND INDUSTRIAL PLANT ENGINEERING SETA o 1

H = 25 + (1.768)~ -(0.9947)~ = 25.1 m
INSTRUCTION: Select the correct answer for each of the following 2(9.81)
questions. Mark only one answer for each item by shading the box Water Power = Q d H = 0.02 (9.81) (25.1) = 4.92 kw
corresponding to the letter of your choice on the answer sheet provided.
STRICKLY NO ERASURES ALLOWED. Use pencil No.1 only. Input Power (Brake Power) = 4.92 + 2 = 6.92 kw

MULTIPLE CHOICE: 5. The latent heat of vaporization decreases as the pressure and temperatun­
of the liquid increases, at the critical point the heat of vaporization _
1. In hydraulics, the length of the channel which has water contact. A. decreases C. becomes zero (ans)
A. wetted perimeter (Ans) C. wet well B. constant D. increases
B. weir D. water table
6. A fluid flowing in a reversible adiabatic deceleration to zero velocity will

2. If E is the efficiency and if K is the maximum kinetic energy attained, what reach a state of:

is the actual kinetic energy? A isentropic expansion

A. KE (ans) C. K+ E B. isentropic stagnation (ans)
C. isentropic compression
B. K D. ! D. adiabatic irreversibility
E K

Solution: Engineering Thermodynamics(4 th Ed) by Burghardt p. 682

Eff > output = K actual

7. One Newton-meter per second is an SI derivation unit known as:

input K (max imum)

A pascal C. watt (ans)

K actual = EK (maximum)
B. joule D. kilojoule

3. What is the temperature range of air in an air conditioning application 8. The helpful consequence of nitrogen, one of the composition of air, it

where in that range dr~ air can be considered as an ideal gases? prevents rapid combustion. This combustion process, nitrogen and the

DC element of fuel will:

A.100-125C C.75-100
B. 50 - 75 DC D. 10 - 50°C (ans) A does not react (ans)
C. mix spontaneously
B. slowly mix D. react
4. Water is to be raised to a height of 25 m at 20 kg/so Inlet diameter is 16
cm, exit diameter is 12 cm and heat loss is 2 kw. Determine the power input 9. What would be the velocity at all points in the pipe?

to the pump. A unity C. steady

A. 6.9 kw (ans) C. 7.5 kw B. constant D. equal (ans)

B. 3.4 kw D. 9.7 kw
Assuming that the pipe is uniform and the fluid is incompressible, the
Solution: velocity at all points are equal.

Q m _~ = 0.02 m 3/s
= -;;--1000 10. What part of the unloader that maintains the pressure?
A suction valve C. discharge valve
Q 0.02 B. manifold D. exhaust pipe
V1 = ~= ~(0.16)2 = 0.9947 m/s
4 11. An DC and rejected
DC engine gains 493 kJ of heat from a heat source at 600
at 30 What is the amount of heat rejected? ­
 ,

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PB -184 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2002 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2002 PB - 185

----------- -----------

A. 171.3 kJ (ans) C. 179.8 kJ A. 415.20 C.319.95

B. 175.4 kJ D. 295.5 kJ B. 124.17 D.645.53

Solution: T Solution:

QA = I1S (T 1 ) T 1 =T 4
QA 1 Vo = piston volume displacement = (2:14) D2LNC
493
I1S

QR
= I1S(600 + 273)
= 0.5647 kJ/kg
= I1S (T 2)
= 0.5647 (30 + 273)
T 2=Tr :02 QR
8
= (~) (0.2159)2(0.2794)(
\. 4
275
2x60
J(4) = 0.09376 m 3/sec

= 171.1 kJ
I

83 = 84 81 = 82
T = Torque = 113.4(0.00981 )(0.9394) = 1.045 KN-m
12. If the load is decreased in a gas power plant, the exhaust temperature: = 275 \
Brake Power 2nTN -= 2n(1.045) ( - I = 30 kw
A. increases (ans) C. constant 60 )
B. decreases D. unity BrakePower

I
Pm b = = 30 = 319.97 kPa
YD 0.09376
Solution:

WT = mCp(t 3 - t4 ) t 15. A steam reciprocating pump has a nameplate df 8 in x 6 in x 10 in. What

is the steam bore equal to:
t, - exhaust temperature A. 6 in C. 48 in
B. 8 in (ans) D. 10 in
Therefore, if the load is decreased the exhaust temperature (t4 )
increases. 16. In a gas, which flow into an expansion control and without doing any
work. This process is called:
13. The available energy of a turbine is 1140.9 kJ/kg, efficiency of the engine A. condensing C. priming
is 70% and power output at full load is 4500 kw. What is the turbine flow rate B. throttling (ans) D. knocking
at full load in kg/kw-hr?
A. 4.09 C. 4.501 (ans) 17. What is the refrigeration control use to protect the compressor from
B. 5.185 D. 3.975 overloading due to the loads from warm and defrosting in the evaporator.
A. overload relay
B. condenser

I
Solution:
C. expansion valve
W T = m(h 1 - h2) nT D. thermostatic expansion valve (ans)

4500 =
m(1140.9) 0.70

m = 5.63 kg/s 1; 18. In a gas turbine unit, energy entering is 600 kJ/kg at 250 m/sec and a
~
mass of 4 kg. Energy leaving the turbine is 486 kJ/kg at 170 m/sec. Heat
5.63465~x 3600 sec loss is 10 kJ. What is the turbine work?
sec hr kg
Turbine flow rate = = 4.5 kw-hr A. 171.2 kJ C. 356.2 kJ
4500 kw B. 258.2 kJ D. 513.2 kJ

14. A single-acting, four cylinder, 4-stroke cycle diesel engine with a bore to Solution:
stroke of 21.59 x 27.94 em, operating at 275 rpm, consumes 8.189 kg/hr of
fuel whose heating value is 43,961.4 kJ/kg. The indicated mean effective WT = m(h 3 - h4 ) + m(Y}-Yl)
2 - QL
pressure is 475.7 kPa. The load on the brake arm, which is 93.98 cm is 113.4
kg. What is the brake arm mean effective pressure in kPa?
PB -186 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2002
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ME BOARD OCTOBER 2002 PB -187

= 4(600 - 486) + ~1(250)2 - (170)2 J _ 10 A. E = Q

C. E = QmD (ans)
2(1000) md
= 456 + 67.2 - 10 = 513.2 kJ B. E
D
D. E = mOlD
Qm
19. What is the minimum piping size of bottom blow down line?
A. % in (ans) C. 2 % in 27. In a compression-ignition engine what is being compressed is:
B. 3/8 in D. 1 in A. fuel C. combustible material
B. air (ans) D. fuel & air
From PSME Code (1983) p. 124
I 28. In thermodynamics cycle, a process which represented by an equation
20. In a uniform steady flow, the velocity at all points is :-- _ PV to the n is constant, if n = O.
A. constant C. equal (ans) A. adiabatic process C. isobaric process (ans)
B. increasing D. decreasing B. volume is constant D. isentropic process

21. Vapor passing through the compressor is superheated by heat: 29. What would be the result if there is shortage of refrigerant in the
A. from the condenser C. due to compression (ans) refrigerating system?
B. from the evaporator D. by the lubrication A. high head and back pressure(ans) C. high head
B. low head and back pressure D. high back pressure
22. The heat required to change a substance from solid to liquid state without
change the temperature is latent heat of: 30. Expansion valve used to regulate the refrigerant flow to the evaporator in
A. vaporization C. fusion (ans) order to:
B. condensation D. evaporization A. reduce refrigerant vapor C. reduce liquid refrigerant (ans)
B. increase liquid refrigerant D. decrease refrigerant vapor
23. If A is the cross section of the flow and Pw is the wetted perimeter, then
the hydraulic head, Hd, is equal to: 31. Which of the following units of energy is mainly used by reaction turbine?
Pw A A. heat C. potential energy
A. Hd =
A
C. Hd =-
Pw
(ans)
B. work D. kinetic energy (ans)
B. Hd = PwxA D. Hd =
Pw-A
32. The pressure of air in the air receiver is 1035 kPa and has a 4450 N
24. In a francis turbine, power is controlled by actuating the movable wicket force. Determine the piston diameter that can support this force.
gates and the runner vanes are not. What load obtained a high efficiency? A. 7.39 cm (ans) C. 11.92 cm
A. at half load C. any load B. 10.52 cm D. 9.34 cm
B. at full load (ans) D. all of these
Solution:
25. Refrigerants that are commonly used have almost the same HP
requirements and coefficient of performance except carbon dioxides, because F
P = ­
of carbon dioxides: A

A. very low critical point C. very high critical point 4450

B. very low HP requirement per ton D. high toxicity 1035,000 =
-"-D2
4
Kents Handbook, p. 11-17, (Power Volume)
D = 0.07398 m = 7.398 cm
26. If D is the height between elevation in feet, 0 is the volume of fluid in
gallons and m is the weight of fluid in Ib per gallon. What is energy E is 33. E 1 is the water that evaporates from the cooling tower. E 2 is the water
required to raised the given volume fro1'n a lower to a higher elevation? blowdown and wastes of the cooling tower. How much make-up water will is
needed in the cooling tower?
PB -188 ME BOARD OCTOBER 2002

A. E 1 + E 2 (ans) C. E 1 X E2
B. -.S D. E 2
F2 E1

34. Which of the following operates entirely on manual operations?

A. sludge pump C. deep well pump
B. reciprocating pump (ans) D. centrifugal pump
2
35. Determine the height equivalent in meters of 50 kN/m of water.
A. 5.1 m (ans) C. 7.1 m
B. 6.1 m D. 8.1 m

Solution:
H = P
w
50
= = 5.0968 m
9.81

36. In a certain process, energy entering is 1200 kJ/kg and 60 m/s. If the
energy leaving is 1080 kJ/kg, determine the velocity at the exit?
A. 493 m/s C 685 mls
B. 567 mls D. 965 mls

Solution:

h +_1

V2 vi
1 2(1000) = h2 + 2(1000)

1200 + (60)
2
= 1080 +
vi
2(1000) 2(1000)
V2 = 493.558 m/s
37. Pumps installed in parallel. What;s the head?
A. Either h 1 or h 2 (ans)
B. the difference of the pump heads only
C. head of pump 1 only
D. sum of the pump heads

38. Moisture content of air is equal to the content of dry air at 100% relative
humidity. If further, there are moisture drop caused by:
A. condensation of some of the moistures of refrigerant
B. evaporation of some of the moistures of refrigerant
C. condensation of some of the moistures of air (ans)
D. evaporation of some of the moistures of air