TABLE OF CONTENT

No Title Page
1 Abstract………………………………. 2
2 Introduction………………………….. 3
3 Objectives…………………………….. 4
4 Theory………………………………... 5–6
5 Material And Apparatus……………… 7–9
6 Methodology…………………………. 10 – 11
7 Data and Results……………………… 12 – 14
8 Calculations…………………………... 15 – 19
9 Discussion……………………………. 20 – 25
10 Conclusion……………………………. 26
11 Recommendations……………………. 27
12 Reference……………………………... 28
13 Appendix……………………………... 29

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 1

1.0 ABSTRACT
The experiment is carry out with the reaction of Sodium Hydroxide NaOH and Na(Ac) to
determine the effect of temperature to the conversion of the solution. This experiment was also
conducted to identify the CSTR system and investigate its operational behavior of a reaction in
it. This experiment can also help us to calculate the reactant conversion based on the
conductivity calibration curve and to verify the reaction order obtained from the hypothesis of
the experiment using graphical and analytical techniques. This experiment was conducted with
the equipment from SOLTEQ® Liquid Phased Stirred Tank Reactor (Model: BP 100). The
experiment was conducted carefully with a supervision of the professional. The solution were
reacted in the CSTR and the data was collected and tabulated. After calculated the conversion
and the rate constant. The graph of the ln k against 1/T were drawn. By the aid of Arrhenius
Equation, we can calculate the activation energy for this reaction.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 2

2.0 INTRODUCTION
The chemical reactors are something that is crucial and important in a chemical industries. It is
the most important things as it is the place for the reaction to happen. The type of reactor must be
suited with the reaction that we seek for. One of the example of the reactors is Continuous
Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR).

The Continuous Flow Stirred-tank Reactor (CSTR) are also called vat- or backmix
reactor. It is a common ideal reactor type in chemical engineering. The calculation for ideal
CSTR are always be assume perfect mixing means no accumulation. This assumption is used to
simplify engineering calculations and can be used to describe the research factors.

Others assumption that usually been made when using the CSTR are, constant density,
isothermal condition, steady state, and first order reactor. The CSTR is equip with a stirring
blade or agitator, water jacket, heat exchanger and also the water inlet and outlet. The CSTR
usually used for a homogenous reaction in a industrial processing where constant mixing is
required.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 3

3.0 OBJECTIVE
1) This experiment was conducted to study the saponification reaction between sodium
hydroxide and ethyl acetate in a continuous-stirred tank reactor (CSTR).
2) This experiment was also conducted to identify the CSTR system and investigate its
operational behavior of a reaction in it.
3) This experiment can also help us to calculate the reactant conversion based on the
conductivity calibration curve and to verify the reaction order obtained from the hypothesis
of the experiment using graphical and analytical techniques.
4) The purpose of this experiment is to determine the rate constant of saponification reaction by
using both techniques again.
5) This aim for this experiment is to make us understand the relation between the Arrhenius
Equation, the rate constant and the activation energy.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 4

4.0 THEORY
Consider the chemical reaction as below:

aA + bB cC + dD

Residence time, is the average amount of time that a particle spends in a particular
system. The residence time, is a representation of how long it takes for the concentration to
significantly change in the sediment.

Where VCSTR is the reactor volume and v0 is the total feed flow rates. The reactor volume and the
total feed flow rates for each experiment remain unchanged.

Conversion is an improved way of quantifying exactly how far has the reaction moved, or
how many moles of products are formed for every mole of A has consumed. Conversion XA is
the number of moles of A that have reacted per mole of A fed to the system.

moles of A reacted
XA 
moles of A fed

A reaction rate constant, k quantifies the rate of a chemical reaction. The reaction rate is
often found to have the form

 rA  kC A C B

Where C A and C B are the concentration of the species A and B respectively, each raised to the
powers  and  , while k is the reaction rate constant. The exponents  and  are the partial
reaction orders. In this experiment, we can calculate the reaction rate constant, k by the following
formula.

Where, k is the reaction rate constant, is the outlet concentration of reactant NaOH in the
reactor, is the inlet concentration of reactant NaOH in the reactor, and is the residence
time.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 5

 Since the experiment that we had carried out is temperature dependence, we use the
Arrhenius equation. The Arrhenius equation gives the quantitative basis of the relationship
between the activation energy and the reaction rate at which a reaction proceeds. The rate
constant is then given by

From the Arrhenius equation above, we can derive a new formula to find activation
energy, E.

( )

Where, E is the activation energy ,A is the Arrhenius constant, R is theUniversal Gas Constant
which is 8.314 J/mol.K , and T is the absolute temperature.
Activation energy, E is the minimum quantity of energy that the reacting species must
possess in order to undergo a specified reaction

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 6

5.0 MATERIAL AND APPARATUS
5.1 MATERIAL
1) Ethyl Acetate
2) Sodium Hydroxide
3) Water

5.2 APPARATUS
1) Reactor (R1)
i. 4-L vessel made of borosilicate glass
ii. Internal cooling coil
iii. Cartridge type heater (1.0 kW)
iv. Stainless steel impeller
v. Ports for:
vi. Stirrer (M1)
vii. Inlet for feed vessels (B1, B2)
viii. Condenser (W2)
ix. Sensors: Conductivity (QT201) and temperature (TT301)
x. Cartridge heater (W1)
xi. Cooling coil
xii. Gas sparger

2) Stirrer (M1)
i. Laboratory drive with LCD display
ii. Power: 230VAC / 50-60 Hz / 75 W
iii. Speed range: 50 – 2000 rpm, steplessly adjustable by hand
iv. Max torque: 30 Ncm

3) Feed tanks (B1, B2)

i. 30-L cylindrical tank made of stainless steel

4) Waste tank (B3)

i. 60-L rectangular tank made of stainless steel

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 7

 5) Condenser (W2)
i. Coil heat exchanger made of stainless steel
ii. Exchange area: 0.03 m2

6) Pumps (P1, P2)

i. Centrifugal pumps
ii. Max delivery rate: 26 L/h
iii. Max delivery height: 3.5 m
iv. Power: 230VAC / 50 Hz / 20 W

7) Instrumentation
i. Flow measurement (FT101, FT102, FT103)
ii. Temperature measurement (TT301)
iii. Conductivity measurement (QT201)

Valves List :-

Tag Location Initial position

V1 Drain valve for feed tank B1 Close
V2 Inlet valve for pump P1 Close
V3 By-pass valve from P1 to tank B1 Open
V4 Needle valve for liquid flow regulating at FT101 Close
V5 Drain valve for feed tank B2 Close
V6 Inlet valve for pump P2 Close
V7 By-pass valve from P2 to tank B2 Open
V8 Needle valve for liquid flow regulating at FT102 Close
V09 Drain or sampling valve Close
V10 Drain valve for reactor R1 Close
V11 Drain valve for waste tank B3 Close

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 8

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 9
6.0 METHODOLOGY
6.1 General Start-Up Procedures
1) The following solution were prepared:
i. 30 liter of sodium hydroxide, NaOH (0.1 M)
ii. 30 liter of ethyl acetate, Et(Ac) (0.1 M)
iii. 1 liter of hydrochloric acid, HCl (0.25 M), for quenching
2) All valves were initially closed except by-pass valves V3 and V7.
3) Tank B1 were filled with the NaOH solution and feed tank B2 with the Et(Ac)
solution. Both the feed tanks were closed.
4) The power for control panel was turned on.
5) The overflow tube was adjusted to give the desired working volume in the reactor R1.
6) Valves V2 and V6 were opened.
7) The unit was ready for experiment.

6.2 General Shut-Down Procedures

1) The cooling water was allowed to continue flowing.
2) Pumps P1 and pumps P2 were switched off. Stirrer M1 was switched off.
3) The heater was switched off. The liquid in the reactor R1 must be cooled down to
room temperature.
4) Cooling water supply was closed.
5) The power for control panel was turned off.
6) Valves V1 to V8 were opened to drain all solutions from feed tanks B1 and B2.
Otherwise, valves V1 to V8 were closed to keep the solutions for subsequent
experiment.
7) Valves V10 was opened to drain any liquid from the reactor R1 into waste tank B3.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 10

6.3 Experimental Procedures
1) The general start-up procedures were performed.
2) Both pumps P1 and P2 were switched on simultaneously and valves V4 and V8 were
opened to obtain the highest possible flow rate into the reactor.
3) The reactor was filled up with both of the solution until it is just about to overflow.
4) Valves V4 and V8 were adjust to give a flow rate of 0.10 l/min at both flow meters
FT101 and FT102. The flow rate for both valves must be same. The flow rates were
recorded into a data.
5) The stirrer M1 was switched on and the speed was set at about 200 rpm.
6) The heater on the control panel was switched on. The temperature set point on the
TIC-01 was set to 40 °C. The liquid temperature was allowed to rise to the set point
and remains constant.
7) The conductivity value at QI101 was started monitoring until it does not change over
time. The experiment was run for at least 10 minutes to ensure that the reactor has
reached steady state.
8) The steady state conductivity and temperature values were recorded and the
concentration of NaOH in the reactor and extent of conversion was found out from
the calibration curve.
9) The experiment (steps 7 to 9) was repeated for different reactor temperatures by
setting the temperature set point to 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C. The flow rates of both
solutions must be maintained at 0.10 ml/min.
10) The general shut-down procedures were performed.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 11

7.0 DATA AND RESULTS
No Volume, Et(Ac) Feed NaOH Feed Total Feed Temperature, Conductivity,
VTFR Flow rate, Flow rate, Flow rate, (K) (mS)
(L) (L/min) (L/min) (L/min)
1 3 0.10 0.10 0.20 313 5.80
2 3 0.10 0.10 0.20 323 6.30
3 3 0.10 0.10 0.20 333 6.80
4 3 0.10 0.10 0.20 343 7.00
5 3 0.10 0.10 0.20 353 7.30

No Residence Conversion, Outlet Reaction Rate

Time, X Concentration, Constant,
(min) (%) (mol/L) k (L/mol.min) (K-1)
1 15.00 59.0909 0.0205 12.6115 2.5346 3.1949 x 10-3
2 15.00 48.5294 0.0257 7.4995 2.0148 3.0960 x 10-3
3 15.00 41.1765 0.0294 5.4453 1.6948 3.0030 x 10-3
4 15.00 38.2353 0.0309 4.8247 1.5737 2.9155 x 10-3
5 15.00 33.8235 0.0331 4.0708 1.4038 2.8329 x 10-3

Conversion Solution Mixtures Concentration Conductivity

0.1 M NaOH 0.1 M Na(Ac) H2 O of NaOH (M) (mS/cm)
0% 100 ml - 100 ml 0.0500 10.2
25% 75 ml 25 ml 100 ml 0.0375 7.9
50% 50 ml 50 ml 100 ml 0.0250 6.2
75% 25 ml 75 ml 100 ml 0.0125 5.1
100% - 100 ml 100 ml 0.0000 3.9

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 12

 Calibration Curve of Conductivity Vs Conversion
12

10
Conductivity (mS)

0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
Conversion, X (%)

Calibration Curve of Conductivity Vs Concentration

12

10
Conductivity(mS)

0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06
Concentration of NaOH (M)

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 13

 Graph of Conversion, X Against Reaction Temperature, T
300

250
Conversion (%)

200

150

100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Reaction Temperature ,T (K)

Graph of ln k Against 1/T

4

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
-2
ln k

-4

-6

-8

-10
1/T , (K-1)

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 14

8.0 CALCULATIONS
Sample Calculation for residence time,

No Calculations No Calculations
1 4

⁄ ⁄

2 5

⁄ ⁄

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 15

Sample Calculation for Conversion, X

Conversion Solution Mixtures Concentration Conductivity

0.1 M NaOH 0.1 M Na(Ac) H2 O of NaOH (M) (mS/cm)
0% 100 ml - 100 ml 0.0500 10.2
25% 75 ml 25 ml 100 ml 0.0375 7.9
50% 50 ml 50 ml 100 ml 0.0250 6.2
75% 25 ml 75 ml 100 ml 0.0125 5.1
100% - 100 ml 100 ml 0.0000 3.9

No Calculations No Calculations
1 4

% %

2 5

% %

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 16

Sample Calculation for Concentration, CA

Conversion Solution Mixtures Concentration Conductivity

0.1 M NaOH 0.1 M Na(Ac) H2 O of NaOH (M) (mS/cm)
0% 100 ml - 100 ml 0.0500 10.2
25% 75 ml 25 ml 100 ml 0.0375 7.9
50% 50 ml 50 ml 100 ml 0.0250 6.2
75% 25 ml 75 ml 100 ml 0.0125 5.1
100% - 100 ml 100 ml 0.0000 3.9

No Calculations
1

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 17

Sample Calculation for The Reaction Rate Constant, k

Where,
k = Reaction rate constant
= Outlet concentration of reactant NaOH in the reactor (mol/L)
= Inlet concentration of reactant NaOH in the reactor (mol/L)
= Residence Time (min)

No Calculations No Calculations
1 4

2 5

Sample Calculation of ln k and 1/T

Calculations T (K) Calculations,

ln k1 313

ln k2 323

ln k3 333

ln k4 343

ln k5 353

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 18

Sample Calculation for Activation Energy, Ea

( )

Where, E = Activation energy (J/mol)

A = Arrhenius constant
R = Universal Gas Constant (8.314 J/mol.K)
T = Absolute Temperature (K)

No Calculations
1

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 19

9.0 DISCUSSION

Calibration Curve of Conductivity Vs Conversion

12

10
9.7
Conductivity (mS)

4
3.7
2

0
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120%
Conversion, X (%)

The graph shows that the conductivity is inversely proportional with the conversion.
Conductivity decreases as the conversion increases. This graph shows the theotherical value and
relationship between conversion and conductivity. Based on the graph, we can relate
conductivity and conversion into linear equation where,

y = mx + c

Where, y = The Conductivity (mS)

x = The Conversion , X (%)
m = The gradient (slope)
c = The y-intercept

The gradient (slope) of the graph ,

The y-intercept of the graph,

Thus, the linear equation of the graph is

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 20

 Graph of Conductivity vs Conversion
10
9.2
9
8
Conductivity (mS)

7
6
5.8
5
4
3
2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 5860 70
Conversion, X(%)

The graph shows the experimental value of data taken which the conductivity recorded is
inversely proportional with the conversion. However, when we compare the graph with the
theotherical graph, we can conclude that the experimental data deviated from the theotherical
data. Thus, the linear equation for the experimental value is a bit different from the theotherical
value, where

y = mx + c

Where, y = The Conductivity (mS)

x = The Conversion , X (%)
m = The gradient (slope)
c = The y-intercept

The gradient (slope) of the graph ,

The y-intercept of the graph,

Thus, the linear equation of the graph is

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 21

 Graph of Conversion, X Against Reaction Temperature, T
300

250

200
Conversion (%)

150

100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Reaction Temperature ,T (K)

The graph shows that conversion is inversely proportional to the reaction temperature.
The conversion decreases as the reaction temperature increases. Theotherically, conversion
shoud have increase as the reaction temperature increases, however in the experiment, the data
obtained differ from the theory. From the graph , we can concluded that instead of being
consumed, the reactant actually being produced. This could happen due to reaction occurs in
backward direction. The relative corresponding equilibrium concentration have been achieved
before the data is taken. This could be the reason, why the result of the experiment differ from
the theory.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 22

 Graph of ln k Against 1/T
4

0
0 0.0005 0.001 0.0015 0.002 0.0025 0.003 0.0035
-2
ln k

-4

-6

-8

-10
1/T , (K-1)

The graph shows that ln k is directly proportional to 1/T . When ln k increases, 1/T will
increases. From the graph, we can obtained ln A which is the y-axis intercept. The linear
equation that relates ln k, 1/T and ln A is Arrhenius equation. Arrhenius equation show the
dependence of the rate constant , k of chemical reaction on the temperature, T and activation
energy, Ea.

( )

Where, E = Activation energy (J/mol)

A = Arrhenius constant
R = Universal Gas Constant (8.314 J/mol.K)
T = Absolute Temperature (K)

From the graph of ln k against 1/T , we can get the y-intercept of the graph which is ln A then
we can get the Arrhenius constant, A:-

From the graph, we estimate that:-

Thus, the Arrhenius equation for this experiment is ( )

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 23

 Based on the equation, we then, can calculated the activation energy, Ea . Each one of the
activation energy calculated were in negative value. Thus, we can conclude that the rates of
reaction decreases with the increase in temperature. This support the assumption that the reaction
is already reached the relative corresponding equilibrium concentration and reversed the reaction
in backward direction, where NaOH is actually being produced back.

The Continuous Flow Stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) or the backmix reactor, is a common
ideal reactor type in a chemical manufacturing. It is usually used to estimate the key unit
operation variables for continuous process to reach a specified output. In this reactor, he volume
input is equal to the volume of output. Thus we assume that the solution in the reactoe was well-
mixed.

In this experiment, we used the NaOH and Et(Ac) with a vary concentration by mixing
with a water. The reaction between the Sodium Hydroxide and Ethyl acetate are Saponification
process which produced Sodium Acetate and Ethyl Alcohol. This reaction are the main reaction
in the manufacturing of soap. The general equation of this reaction are

CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH → CH3COONa + C2H5OH

This reaction are known as the model reaction for second order reaction with the rate law

We used the concentration of NaOH as the solution to observe. In this experiment, we

used the increasing temperature with the interval of 10K as the manipulated variables.
Temperature are known as one of the factor that affect the rate of reaction for any reaction. We
start the experiment by using the 313K. The relation between Temperature and the conductivity
are inversely proportional to each other as the temperature of the solution increase, the
conductivity of the ionic solution is decrease. This is due to the mobility of the ionic particle in
the solution. When the temperature was increased, the atomic vibrations will increase, which will
cause more collisions of the electrons with the unreactive atoms in the solution and the reactor.
Therefore the conductivity or the specific conductance is decrease as the temperature increased.

For this experiment, we used constant residence time for the solution which is 15
minutes. The residence time is calculated by dividing the reactor volume with the total flow rate.
As we used the same reactor and the same flow rate throughout our experiment, thus our
residence time is kept constant. Therefore, our solution of NaOH and Et(Ac) can be expect
resides in the reactor for 15 minutes.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 24

 By the calculation, we can get the conversion (X), or the ratio of the feed used or the ratio
the product formed. The conversion for this saponification process in the CSTR are calculate by
extrapolating the Appendix A in the Appendix section. Each of the conversion for the different
temperature are calculated and tabulate in the table. The graph of conversion against temperature
then was constructed.

Reaction Rate Constant (k) or the kinetic constant for this saponification process can be
calculated with the formula stated in the theory. The rate constant can be calculated by using the
inlet and outlet conductivity of the reactant, NaOH and the residence time that we already
calculated before this. The sample calculation for the rate constant, k can be refer in the
calculation section above. The rate constant thus can be tabulated in the table. The reaction rate
constant, k can be seen decreasing as the temperature increased. The unit for k is L/mol.min.

Our objective is to relate the rate law with the Arrhenius Equation, .
Based on the table that we tabulated, the graph of ln Reaction Rate Constant (ln k) against 1/T
were construct. The reason for this steps are to relate it to the equation of derived Arrhenius
equation which is ( ). In this new Arrhenius equation, we can relate in the
equation with the temperature, rate of reaction constant and the activation energy.

With the help of Arrhenius Equation above, and the graph of ln k against 1/T, we can get
the Arrhenius constant, ln A. The ln A is a slope or the gradient from the graph of ln k against
1/T. Thus the Arrhenius constant, A is defined with the value . As Arrhenius
equation relate the rate constant, k, Temperature, T, and the activation energy, Ea Then we can
calculate the activation energy for each equation. The Activation Energy, Ea is calculated by
using the formula for each of the repeated readings. The sample calculations for Activation
Energy can be refer in the sample calculation above. The activation energy for each reading for
this saponification reaction is between to . It is relatively
about constant with a different about 0.5 kJ / mol. As we finally get the activation energy for the
saponification of NaOH and Et(Ac), our objective was achieved.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 25

10.0 CONCLUSION
From the experiment, we were able to find out the relationship between the effect of
temperature and the conversion of the reactant. The percentage of conversion is decreasing. This
was done by calculating the percentage of conversion as seen in the Sample Calculation section.
The percentage of conversion that we get was 59.0909%, 48.5294%, 41.1765%, 38.2535% and
33.8253% respectively. Thus we able to plot the graph of conversion, X against reaction
temperature, T.

Other than that, we were able to found out the reaction rate constant, k, thus we were able
to determine the value of the reaction’s activation energy. The value of the reaction rate constant
that we get was 12.6115 L/mol.min, 7.4995 L/mol.min, 5.4453 L/mol.min, 4.8247 L/mol.min,
and 4.0708 L/mol.min respectively while the value of the reaction’s activation energy that we get
was -29.6259 kJ/mol, -29.1766 kJ/mol, -29.1939 kJ/mol, -29.7253 kJ/mol and -30.0933 kJ/mol
respectively. The calculation for both reaction rate constant, k and the activation energy were
shown in the Sample Calculation section.

We can conclude that the experiment was successfully conducted since we were able to
fulfill the objective of this experiment.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 26

11.0 RECOMMENDATION
Errors can never be ignored when it comes to laboratory work. Therefore, we need to
reduce the errors that might happen as much as possible.

First of all, it is important for students to fully understand the experiment that they need
to do. Thus, they need to read the lab manual and understand it before actually doing the
experiment. This can ensure that they follow the precautions and the guidelines of the
experiment which then enabling them to get the most accurate data for the experiment.

Besides, in order for the data and results of the experiment to be more accurate and
precise, the experiment should have been done at least three times per temperature and use the
average value obtained for the calculation. As for the calculation of the data, it is vital to take the
value approximately to at least 4 decimal places. This is to ensure that the data that being
calculated is more precise and accurate.

Other than that, students should be more focus and alert on the conductivity value which
will stabilize after some time. Errors might happen when students actually take the wrong value
on the conductivity measurement (QT201) as the conductivity values are not stabilize yet. This
then could lead to errors in conversion and oulet concentration that need to be calculated based
on the value of conductivity recorded.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 27

12.0 REFERENCES
Books
1) Levenspiel O., “Chemical Reaction Engineering”, John Wiley (USA), 1972.
2) Fogler H.S. , “Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 3rd Ed.”, Prentice Hall
(USA) , 1999.
3) Smith J.M., “Chemical Engineering Kinetics”, McGraw Hill (Singapore), 1981.
4) Astarita G., “Mass Transfer With Chemical Reaction”, Elsevier, 1967.
5) Scott Fogler ,“Element of Chemical reaction Engineering”, Fourth Edition H., Pearson
International Edition, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc.

Web

1) http://www.solution.com.my/pdf/bp107(a4).pdf , retrieved on August 2015.

2) http://formatex.info/microbiology2/15821594.pdf , retrieved on August 2015.
3) http://www.metal.ntua.gr/~pkousi/e-learning/bioreactors/page_06.html , retrieved on
August 2015.

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 28

13 APPENDIX

Liquid Phased Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE REACTION IN A CSTR Page 29