Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Introduction
A virus is a very small pathogenic antigen that requires a host cell to replicate
to cause harm. The virus can attach itself to several kinds of living host such as plants,
animals, bacteria and archaea. Although there is some exception, virus is very specific
when it comes to appending a host. Animal virus only affects animals, same goes with
archaea, bacteria and plant viruses. One specific virus that is endemic to countries
near the equator is the dengue virus. DENV or dengue virus, is prevalent in the
Philippines and causes outbreaks throughout the country. The dengue virus, is a
mosquito-borne single strand RNA virus that comes from the genus Flavivirus (Back
& Lundkvist). The purpose of this paper is to identify the causes of the endemic
mainly tropical and the vast majority of the islands is covered by dense rainforest. The
country is a perfect breeding ground for the dengue virus carriers, which is mainly
female mosquitoes of the Aedes aegypti species. Because of the particular climate,
heavy rains and floods creates an artificial water container such as tires, jars and cans
during wet season where these particular types of mosquitoes primarily breed (Back
& Lundkvist). Dengue fever is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in
1|Page
DENGUE FEVER: A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
128 countries and almost 4 billion people at risk. The number of dengue cases
significantly from an average of less than a thousand cases globally in the 1950s to
more than 3 million cases in 2015. However, there has been a substantial under-
reporting of dengue within the health systems and to WHO, which greatly
underestimate the apparent global incidence rate estimated at about 50–100 million
practices, among others. Dengue virus (DENV) has four different serotypes and thus
a person can be infected more than once. Moreover, dengue can evolve into a more
shock syndrome, first recognized in the 1950s during dengue epidemics in the
Philippines and Thailand, which can be fatal. In the Philippines, epidemic dengue is
considered one of its eight pervasive infectious diseases. From 2008 to 2012, the
country's Department of Health (DOH) reported 585,324 dengue cases, with a case
fatality rate (CFR) of 0.55% or 3195 deaths and ranks fourth in the number of
These might become the very reason why dengue cases happened. Lack of
cleanliness, proper hygiene and weak immune system are some of the causes why
2|Page
DENGUE FEVER: A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
derived from the Swahili ki denga pepo, which means ‘seizure caused by an evil
occurs in tropical and subtropical environments. The warm, moist air is ideal for the
mosquitos that carry the virus. According to cdc.gov, a government website for
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, there are four serotypes, or closely
related viruses (dengue one, two, three, and four), which causes greater risks. It is
possible that someone can get infected with all four serotypes. Because they are
different, getting infected with one will not build up a body’s immunity to the others
(cdc.gov). Being infected with one or more of the serotypes of the virus can lead to the
dengue shock syndrome. Dengue fever is a very painful disease that has no cure but
can be treated and go away within two weeks. The other two diseases caused by this
virus are also incurable but can be life-threatening, with a mortality rate of 30%
(Beltz). Dengue fever has a multitude of symptoms that may be mistaken for another
virality is the most prevalent arboviral disease of humans, with 3.6 billion people
living in areas at risk of transmission and an estimated 390 million dengue virus
tropical belt of Asia, Latin America, and the Pacific, circulates across Africa, and has
recently caused local outbreaks in the United States and parts of EuropeDengue has
3|Page
DENGUE FEVER: A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
estimated at 15.8 disability-adjusted life years per 100,000 individuals, with major
economic, social, and political impact. Public health systems are strained by the
relentless spread of DENV and other arboviruses, such as chikungunya and Zika
(ZIKV) viruses, and discouraged by decades of failed vector control programs and
lack of interventions.
However, never before has the level of resources and commitment from
diverse researchers and stakeholders been as great, focused on increasing the basic
knowledge, potential treatments and vaccines, and new vector control strategies,
with the ultimate goal of conquering dengue. Here, we address existing tools and
current needs for dengue diagnostics and surveillance in low- and middle-income
countries (LMICs) and how these will be impacted by the introduction of dengue
insights call into question existing paradigms in the dengue field and raise many
According to Hasan S., et al. (2016), dengue is an acute viral illness caused by
RNA virus of the family Flaviviridae and spread by Aedes mosquitoes. Presenting
4|Page
DENGUE FEVER: A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
hemorrhagic fever and shock. A cute-onset high fever, muscle and joint pain,
myalgia, cutaneous rash, hemorrhagic episodes, and circulatory shock are the
however, some cases may have oral features as the only presenting manifestation.
Early and accurate diagnosis is critical to reduce mortality. Although dengue virus
infections are usually self-limiting, dengue infection has come up as a public health
challenge in the tropical and subtropical nations. This article provides a detailed
published studies on dengue research in the Philippines during the past 60 years.
studies or case series, 16% were entomologic or vector control studies, 12% were
studies on dengue virology and serologic response, 10% were socio-behavioral and
2% were modeling studies. During the last decade, dengue research in the
Philippines has increased and evolved from simple descriptive studies to those with
more complex and diverse designs. We identified several key topics where more
5|Page
DENGUE FEVER: A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
According to the latest report of the DOH Epidemiology Bureau, there were
3,610 dengue cases reported from June 16 to 22. This number brings the cases
recorded, from all over the country since January 1 to June 22, to a cumulative
total of 98,179, with 428 deaths.The reported cases for June 16 to 22 alone is
eight percent (8%) higher compared to the same period last year (3,330 cases).
Since January, the highest number of cases came from Western Visayas (11,285),
Southern Mindanao (8,289). Meanwhile, the DOH clarified that the alleged
outbreak in the Ilocos province were confined to specific barangays only and not
the whole province. The DOH Center for Health Development Office in Region 1,
Northern Luzon, reported a total of 353 dengue cases from Ilocos Norte from
January 1 to June 29, this is 47.7% higher than the number of cases reported for
the same period in 2018. Most of the cases came from Laoag City (94), Badoc (43),
Batac City (29), Pagudpud (21), and Dingras (20). There were no deaths reported.
2019, including 456 deaths, the current dengue incidence is 85% higher than in
2018, in spite of a delayed rainy season. Whereas the Case Fatality Rate (CFR) of
6|Page
DENGUE FEVER: A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
0.43% as of 29 June 2019 is lower than in the same time period in 2018 (0.55%),
this is still significantly higher than the regional average of 0.22% in the Western
Alert on 15 July 2019, urging regional DoH offices to step up dengue surveillance,
control, and logistics support for dengue control. The National Disaster Risk
Reduction Management Council (NDRRMC), raised the code blue alert, activating
were reported through the DOH routine surveillance system, with a CFR of 0.42%.
With a median age of 12 years, the most affected age group among dengue cases is
5-9 years (30%). Similarly, the most affected age group among dengue deaths is
5-9 years (40%). The majority of dengue cases are male (55%), whereas the
majority of dengue deaths are female (53%). CFR is highest in regions V (1%),
BARMM (1%), VI (0.6%), and VII (0.7%), whereas incidence is highest in regions
enable the local government units to use their Quick Response Fund to address
the epidemic situation. Based on the DOH Dengue Surveillance Report, there are
7|Page
DENGUE FEVER: A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
146,062 cases recorded from January to July 20 this year, 98% higher than the
same period in 2018. There were 622 deaths. (Govt. of Philippines, 6 Aug 2019)
the gravity of the dengue epidemic that has so far caused 4,345 cases and 21
deaths in Davao Region from January to Aug. 5 this year. The DOH Dengue
4,254 cases; Bicol with 3,470 cases; Western Visayas with 23,330 cases; Eastern
Visayas with 7,199; Zamboanga Peninsula with 12,317 cases; and Northern
Mindanao with 11,455 cases. The morbidity rate has reached 10,502 cases
nationwide which is 71% higher than last year’s figures. In Davao Region, the
greatest number of cases is in Davao City (2,168). Other provinces also have high
number of cases: Compostela Valley with 788; Davao Oriental with 641; Davao del
Norte with 562; Davao del Sur with 151; and Davao Occidental with 35. ( Govt. of
including 720 deaths. The number of cases reported is 97% higher than in 2018,
in spite of a delayed rainy season. Case Fatality Rate (CFR) as of 27 July is 0.43%,
which is lower than in the same time period in 2018 (0.54%), but still
significantly higher than the regional average of 0.22% in the Western Pacific. The
most affected age group among dengue cases is 5-9 years (23%), with a median
age of 12 years. Similarly, the most affected age group among dengue deaths is 5-
9 years (42%). The majority of dengue cases are male (52%), whereas the
8|Page
DENGUE FEVER: A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
majority of dengue deaths are female (54%). CFR is highest in regions XI (.58%),
BARMM (.87%), and V (0.57%), whereas incidence is highest in regions VI, IV-A,
Health's blue alert in Region 8 remains in effect. Based on the data released by
DOH-8, a total of 16,526 dengue cases with 50 deaths were reported from January
1 to August 23, 2019. The majority of the cases are from the province of Leyte
with 4,262 cases and 13 deaths. Ages ranged from one-month old to 88 years old.
deaths were reported through the DOH routine surveillance system, with a CFR of
0.42%. With a median age of 12 years, the most affected age group among dengue
cases is 5-9 years (23%). Similarly, the most affected age group among dengue
deaths is 5-9 years (40%). The majority of dengue cases are male (52%), whereas
the majority of dengue deaths are female (54%). Between 11 and 17 August,
13,327 cases and 40 deaths were reported, compared to 17,137 cases and 36
deaths in the preceding week, but still 40% higher than in 2018. (WHO, 2 Sep
2019)
1,107 deaths were reported through the DOH routine surveillance system, with a
CFR of 0.41%. With a median age of 12 years, the most affected age group among
9|Page
DENGUE FEVER: A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
dengue cases is 5-9 years (23%). Similarly, the most affected age group among
dengue deaths is 5-9 years (39%). The majority of dengue cases are male (52%),
whereas the majority of dengue deaths are female (53%). Between 25 and 31
August, 12,526 cases and 41 deaths were reported, compared to 13,192 cases and
38 deaths in the preceding week, but still 52% higher than in 2018. Similarly, the
weekly CFR of 0.33% in epidemiological week 35 is lower than in the same time
During week 36, 2019, a total of 13,059 dengue cases were reported
with 1,184 deaths. This is higher compared to 135,490 cases with 690 deaths
cases including 1,272 deaths reported through the DOH routine surveillance
system, with a CFR of 0.39%. During week 38, 8,856 cases and 15 deaths were
reported, compared to 9,815 cases and 37 deaths in the preceding week, but still
25% higher than in 2018. Similarly, the weekly CFR of 0.17% in epidemiological
week 38 is lower than in the same time period in 2018 (0.45%). (WHO, 4 Oct
2019)
1,342 deaths, the current dengue epidemic is the largest in the last ten years, or
since the disease has been monitored in the Philippines. (OCHA, 24 Oct 2019)
10 | P a g e
DENGUE FEVER: A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
This year, most countries in Asia and South-East Asia are reporting a large
increase in the number of detected dengue cases. The Philippines is among the
highest of these, and have reported over 371,500 cases as of November 2019.
180,072 for the same period last year (106 per cent increase). With 1,407 deaths
recorded compared to 927 for the same period last year (62 percent increase).
The case fatality rate (CFR) is 0.38 per cent, lower than 0.51 per cent in the same
period last year. There are 16 provinces which have declared state of calamity
Cotabato, Southern Leyte, Western Samar and Zamboanga Sibugay. (IFRC 26 Nov
2019)
symptoms during a mild case of dengue fever. When symptoms do occur, they
usually begin four to seven days after you are bitten by an infected mosquito.
Dengue fever causes a high fever — 104 F degrees — and at least two of the
following symptoms:Headache, Muscle, bone and joint pain, Nausea, Vomiting, Pain
11 | P a g e
DENGUE FEVER: A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
Most people recover within a week or so. In some cases, symptoms worsen
and can become life-threatening. Blood vessels often become damaged and leaky.
And the number of clot-forming cells (platelets) in your bloodstream drops. This can
cause a severe form of dengue fever, called dengue hemorrhagic fever, severe
Bleeding from your gums or nose, Blood in your urine, stools or vomit, Bleeding
under the skin, which might look like bruising, Difficult or rapid breathing, Cold or
One dengue fever vaccine, Dengvaxia, is currently approved for use in those ages 9
to 45 who live in areas with a high incidence of dengue fever. The vaccine is given in
three doses over the course of 12 months. Dengvaxia prevents dengue infections
slightly more than half the time.The vaccine is approved only for older children
dengue fever and hospitalization two years after receiving the vaccine.
The World Health Organization stresses that the vaccine is not an effective tool, on
its own, to reduce dengue fever in areas where the illness is common. Controlling
the mosquito population and human exposure is still the most critical part of
12 | P a g e
DENGUE FEVER: A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
known to be, the best way to avoid dengue fever is to avoid being bitten by
mosquitoes that carry the disease.If you are living or traveling in tropical areas
where dengue fever is common, these tips may help reduce your risk of mosquito
bites:
carry the dengue viruses are most active from dawn to dusk, but they can also
bite at night.
camping gear and bed netting. You can also buy clothing made with
permethrin already in it. For your skin, use a repellent containing at least a 10
typically live in and around houses, breeding in standing water that can collect
in such things as used automobile tires. You can help lower mosquito
populations by eliminating habitats where they lay their eggs. At least once a
week, empty and clean containers that hold standing water, such as planting
containers, animal dishes and flower vases. Keep standing water containers
13 | P a g e
DENGUE FEVER: A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
CONLUSION
In recent years, an urgent need has been appreciated for a vaccine to prevent the
morbidity and mortality from this disease in a cost-effective way. In spite of many
challenges, vaccine development has made remarkable progress, and the current
dengue vaccine pipeline is advanced, diverse, and overall promising with hope to
bring relief worldwide. Cleanliness is the best thing that people might do to
prevent this kind of virus. Everyone must instill in their minds that “prevention is
Reference:
Agrupis, K. A., Ylade, M., Aldaba, J., Lopez, A. L., &Deen, J. (2019).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0007280
Feb; 6(1): 1–6. doi: 10.4103/2231-0762.175416
14 | P a g e
DENGUE FEVER: A SERIOUS PROBLEM IN THE PHILIPPINES
(OCHA).
https://www.cram.com/essay/The-Causes-Of-Endemic-Dengue-
Virus/FKDQ6MSZHBQQ
15 | P a g e