Post weld heat treatment

Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) is a controlled process in which a material that has been welded is
reheated to a temperature below its lower critical transformation temperature, and then it is held at
that temperature for a specified amount of time.[1] It is often referred to as being any heat treatment
performed after welding; however, within the oil, gas, petrochemical and nuclear industries, it has a
specific meaning. Industry codes, such as the ASME Pressure Vessel and Piping Codes, often require
mandatory performance of PWHT on certain materials to ensure a safe design with optimal mechanical
and metallurgical properties.[2][3]

The need for PWHT is mostly due to the residual stresses and micro-structural changes that occur after
welding has been completed.[2] During the welding process, a high temperature gradient is experienced
between the weld metal and the parent material. As the weld cools, residual stress is formed.[2] For
thicker materials, these stresses can reach an unacceptable level and exceed design stresses. Therefore,
the part is heated to a specified temperature for a given amount of time to reduce these stresses to an
acceptable level.[1] In addition to residual stresses, microstructural changes occur due to the high
temperatures induced by the welding process.[1] These changes can increase hardness of the material
and reduce toughness and ductility. The use of PWHT can help reduce any increased hardness levels and
improve toughness and ductility to levels acceptable for design.[1]

The requirements specified within various pressure vessels and piping codes are mostly due to the
chemical makeup and thickness of the material.[1] Codes such as ASME Section VIII and ASME B31.3 will
require that a specified material be post weld heat treated if it is over a given thickness.[1] Codes also
require PWHT based solely on the micro-structural make-up of the material.[1] A final consideration in
deciding the need for PWHT is based on the components' intended service, such as one with a
susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking. In such cases, PWHT is mandatory regardless of thickness