Newton’s Laws of Motion 2 In tis chapter, we shall discuss the relation between the force acting on a body and its ‘motion. It was Newton who first understood this relationship and who enunciated the thee laws of motion, Dynamics, which is the study of the effect of forces acting on a body, is based on these laws. NEWTON’S LAWS Newton's laws may be stated as follows: First law: Every body remains at rest or moves with uniform velocity unless itis made to change ths state by extemal forces. Second law: I force acts on a body an produces certain acceleration, then the force {is proportional to the product of the mass ofthe body (assumed constant) and the acceleration, Also the acceleration takes place in the ditection of the force. Third law; To every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. ‘The first law disposed of a pre-Newtonian misconception that a force was required to keep a body moving. It explains why a spacecraft once free of the earth's gravitational field wilt continue to travel in a straight line with steady speed until itis affected by the pull of another planet. It is not possible to attain this state on cart, as friction or ait resistance is always acting and gradually slows down any moving body. ‘The second law involves the concept of mass. The mass ofa body is usually defined as the quantity of matter in the body. Though this is not very helpful, the idea is reasonably easy t0 grasp; that is, a small body requires less force to give ita certain acceleration than a more massive one. Thus, if | push a certain truck witha certain force, ‘an acceleration will be produced. If T push two similar trucks joined together with the same force, the acceleration will be halved as I am pushing an object twice the mass, The standard unit of mass is 1 kg (kilogram) = 1000 g (gram). The second law can be writen symbolically as follows: Pama or P = kma where P = force, m= mass, a = acceleration, k= Some constant. 504For a standard mass of 1 kg having standard unit acceleration 1 ms, the force acting will be kx 1x Le kunits If we now take the unit of force to be that which will produce an acceleration of ms? ina mass of | kg, then P = I and k= 1. This unit of force is 1 Newion (1 N). The ‘equation of motion then simplifies to Fiat eats a For large forces, the kilonewton, KN can be used (1 kN = 1000 N), “The third law means thatthe force a body exerts on another is always accompanied by ‘an equal and opposite force exerted by the second body on the first. We have used this law implicitly when we discussed reaction in the last chapter and we shall dwell om this further when we discuss connected particles. MASS AND WEIGHT {All bodies are attracted to the earth by a gravitational force. Near the surface ofthe earth, this foree produces an acceleration ¢ m sg is about 9.8, but varies slightly over the surface of the earth, A mass of m kg if free to move would fall with an acceleration 4g m s*, (Note that the tcceleration is independent of the mass of the body.) The force ‘acting on the body is thus mg N and this is the weight of the body. ‘The mass of a body is constant bu its weight is not. In fact, the weight varies with locality depending on the value of g which we noted earlier varies slightly over the surface of the earth, So the weight of a mass of 1 kg is about 9.8 N. In space where ‘g=0 or nearly s0, its weight would be zero (weightless). On the moon where g = 1.6, its ‘weight would be ebout 1.6 N though its mass is still 1 kg. Tn everyday lif, the distinction between mass and weight is bured. When we say the “weight” of a person is 50 kg, we really mean that his ‘mass’ is 50 kg, His actual weight would be 50g N (or approximately 300 N). Similarly, a packet of washing powder labelled ‘net weight: 1 kg" should actually read ‘net mass: 1 kg’. In our work the distinction will be carefully noted between mass and weight and the correct units used for teach, The relation is thatthe weight \Y of a mass m (in kg) is mg (in N) ie. W = mg. ‘Asin Chapter 20, we will continue to take the approximate value of ¢= 101m s* in our ‘work. Inthe worked examples that follow, we will use —> to represent a force and —>-> to represent acceleration in our diagrams.Example 1 A force of 1N acs on a partele of mass 2 kp which is nll at rest. Flnd the resulting acceleration. Find also the velocity ofthe particle air 8 Using P= ma wehive 1520 tiving c= Hence the acceleration ic } ms". ‘The velocity ym" fter 5 sis given by vewsat =044)~25 Therefore the velocity after 5 sis 25 ms Example 2 A horizontal jorce of 05 N acts on a body of mass 0.2 kg (Fig. 24.1). There is a JSrictional force of 0.2 N opposing the frst force. What acceleration wil be produced? frien appt frea o2N o2k9 OSN patforee DSN Fig. 244 —T— ‘The resultant or net force acting is 0.5 - 0.2 = 0.3 N. ‘The acceleration a m s* will take place in the direction ofthe resultant and is given by P=ma ie, 03-02% giving a = 1.5 Hence the acceleration produced is 1.5 m s% 526Example 3 ‘Two forces 5 N and 8 N in the directions 030°and due E respectively act ona body of ‘mass 2 kg. Find the acceleration ofthe body. We first find the resultant of the two forces by drawing or calculation (Fig. 24.2), " | Fe 262 2a “The resultant force is P = 11.36 N in the direction 067.6° (8 = 22.4). ‘Then using ma, wehave 11.36 = 2a giving 68 Hence the acceleration is 5.68 m sin the direction 067.6°, Example 4 A parcel of 4 kg is suspended from a spring balance in a lift. What does the balance read if te lift is (a) moving with uniform speed, (0) accelerating upwards at 0.5 ms? (6) accelerating downwards at 0.5 ms? a ‘A spring balance consists of a strong spring with a pointer and scale attached. Using a result in Physics thatthe exten- sion of @ spring is proportional to the tension in the spring, the scale can be calibrated to show the force extending the spring, 4k 227‘We consider the forces acting on the parcel ie. its weight of 4g N acting vert- cally downwards and the tension in the spring vertically upwards, (@) Since the parcel is moving with uniform speed, there is no net force acting on it ‘Therefore T= 4g 40N hich is what the balance should read. (b) There is an upward acceleration. "This means there isa resultant force upwards and this resultant force aN. Hence the new reading on the balance (©) Similarly, when there is a downward acceleration, we have a resultant force downvards and 45-T=405) ie, 40-T=2 T=38 So the reading on the balance will then be 38 N. 7 Fia.2ha 9 aon T Fg. 245 osms aon Fig. 248 . asims? 4gn 528Example 5 A particle initialty at rest slides down from the top of a rough plane I mong inclined at an angle of 60° to the horizontal. The coefficient of friction between the plane and the pail is. Find the velociy of the partele a ihe Bottom othe pane Let m= mas of pace ing, normal action in P tional fre in N ocr a m 2. and Fig. 24.7 shows the forces acting on the particle. We resolve the weight along and ‘normal tothe plane (Fig. 24.8). Fig 247 Fig. 208 (60° 60° We then conser motion long aod nomalt the plane respectively Smee parle slides along the plane, there is acceleration (a m s*) along the plane only and no cleat onl othe pane Hence then ean fs normale pln, ars =m cos 6 ie Re bmg ‘he ftonal force Pi given by The net force down the slope i then : & img sin 60° = F = mg x 3 — dmg (gtUsing P = ma, we have (3. — 3) mg = me Gate =6.16ms% giving a ‘The velocity v m s* ofthe particle at the bottom of the plane is given by Hence the velocity of the particle atthe bottom ofthe plane is 3.51 ms", ‘Note: The method of resolving the weight in this solution should be carefully noted ‘As a general rule, all forces should be resolved into components parallel and normal to any acceleration, The equation of motion is then applied in the direction of the acceleration, the other components being in equilibrium, Exercise 24.1 (Answers on page 651.) Make g = 10 m s* where required.) 1 Ifa force of 2 N acts on a mass of 2 ke, what is the acceleration produced? 2 Ifa force of SIN acts on mass of 750 g, what acceleration results? 3 If a force of 4 kN acts on a mass of”2.2 tonne (I tonne = 10" kg), what is the acceleration inm 5? 4 If g= 1.6 m son the moon, what is the weight of a packet of tea labelled: net mass 250 g? 5 A mass of 1.5 kg has an acceleration of 0.8 ms, What foree is acting on it? 6 Ifa force of 2N acts on a mass of 1.5 kg at rest initially, what is its velocity after 6st 7A mass of 5 kg is dragged across a rough surface (frictional force equal to 3.N ‘opposing the motion) by a horizontal force of 20 N, What is the acceleration produced? 8 Two forces, 20 and 10 N, act on @ body of mass 0.5 kg at right angles to each other. ‘What is the acceleration of the mass, in magnitude and direction? 9A force of 20 Nis applied at an angle of 60° to the horizontal to a mass of 4 kg on ‘a smooth horizontal table, What is the acceleration of the mass? 10 A particle of mass 2.5 kg is moving ata steady speed of 12.m s when it meets with a fixed resistance of 10 N. How long does it take to come to reat? 530| Find the constant force which would give a body of mass 5 kg at rest a velocity of Ams! ind s, 12 Anss of 2kg is at rest on a ough horizontal table, A force of 20'N is applied to the ‘mas, the force making an angle of 30° with the table, Frictional resistance is equal to 5 N. What is the acceleration of the mass? 13 A toy engine of mass 350 g exerts a driving force of 0.1 N. With what acceleration could it climb a smooth stope of zh (ie. a slope making angle ® with the horizontal where sin @ = qh)? 14 Aman of mass 80 ke stands ina lift. What is the reaction from the floor of the lift if the lft (2) moves upwards with steady speed, (b) moves upwards with acceleration 0.5 m s%, (©) moves downwards with acceleration 0.4 m's*? 15.A car of mass 750 kg is accelerating up a slope of 6 to the horizontal where sin = qh at LS ms Ignoring any road resistance, Hd the tractive force ofthe one. 16 A tock of mass 10 is placed onan inclined plane of angle 30° 1 the horizontal ‘he coetiientofiction is OS. nd (@) the acceleration of the block down the plane, {©) the east fre pall tothe plane required to Kep the block a et, {@) the least fore parle to he plane equred o ake the Block begin to move up the plane, (a) the fone parallel othe plane requited to move the block up te plane with an acceleration of 0.5 ms 17 Atarge of mas 50 000 kgs being towed by to tugs. The so ropes make an angle fof 15" on each ide ofthe lne of motion andthe tension in each one is 1000 N. If the barge is moving with an acceleration of 002 m sd the resistance ois motion 18 Atody of mass 2k is pushed up an inclined plane of angle 30" othe horizontal by a horizontal free of 20 N If the coefficient of fiction is 1) find the acceleration of thebod 19 tod of mass 4k is pulled fom res fo speed of 5 annie of 3 seconds Gna rough horizontal srace bya Jone of 20 N which males an angle of 10 with the horizontal: Find the eoeficient of friction 20 A panicle slides down an inclined plane of angle 8 tothe horizontal, where sin ‘with acceleration 2 m s?, Calculate the coefficient of friction. 531CONNECTED PARTICLES Fig. 248 If acarpulls caravan (Fig. 24.9), the pull ofthe car is transmitted through the tic rod to the caravan but the caravan equally pulls the car backwards. The two pulls are the same size (7) but opposite in direction, according to Newton's Third Law. If we are considering the car, we must include the backward pull; if we consider the caravan we include the forward pull. If however, we consider the two as ane body, the two pulls cancel out as internal forces and need nat be considered, Again, if twomasses are suspended by a string over a frictionless (smooth) pulley, the siting transmits tension which pulls the mass A (Fig. 24.10) upwards when considering. ‘A, but pulls the mass B upwards when considering B. Ifthe two masses are taken as one ‘body, again the two tensions cancel out as internal forees and need not be considered, ©) Fa. 24.10 $32Example 6 A string (assumed to have no weight and not to stretch} passes over a snooth light ppulley. To the ends of the string are attacked masses of 3 kg (A) and 2 kg (2) and both (parts of the string are vertical. With what acceleration does the system move? What Is the reaction at the axle of the pulley? 7 T | ® eg Ar [0] zon ag Fig. 26.14 The system is shown in Fig. 24.11 with the weights of the masses. Let the acceleration of A be a'm s? downwards and hence B will have the same acceleration upwards, Now consider each mass and the pulley separately (Fig. 24.12). r A Tr | al [ate a ag yo Fig, 2012 Pan ‘The string transmits a tension T and the reaction at the axle of the pulley is R. a @ «i Giiy For A, since the acceleration is downwards, 33 — 7 For the pulley, since it has no acceleration vertically, R = 27 For B, since the acceleration is upwards, T - 2g = 2a 533[Now solve these equations for a, T and R. Adding () and Gi, = Sa ving fame | From (i, 22042 | 44205 26N From (i, keor 48N (Note that this is less than the total weight of the masses, SO N.) Example 7 Fg.24.13 shows tvo particles A and B each of mass 05 kg joined by alight inelastic string which passes aver a smooth fixed pulley at C. The system is held at rest with A hanging freely while Bison a rough horizontal surface. The coefficient of friction | beoween B and the surface is 04, Find the magnitude of the acceleration of each particle and the tension inthe string when the system is released. 8 7 ° Osig]a Fa. 2419 Lette acceleration of A be a m s downwards and hence B will move towards C with the same acceleration. The string transmits a tension T. Fig. 24.14 shows the forces acting on A and B. a te of r F. ° asgn r A Fig. 2614 059 saFor A, since the acceleration is downwards, 05g -T=05a @ For B, since the acceleration is towards C, T-P=05a @ where the frictional force F = wR 0.40.52) = 028 Substituting this into (I), we have T-0.2¢ 2 05a co) Now solve (i) and (ii) to obtain a and T, Adding (and (i), 03g a ie. a=3 From Gi), 02010) = 0.5(8) giving T=35 “ence the acceleration of each particle is 3m $ and the tension inthe string is 3.5 N, Example 8 Fig. 24.15 shows two particles A of mass 1 kg and B of mass 2 kg connected by a light ‘inelastic tring which passes over a smooth pulley at C. The system is held at rest with B hanging freely white A ison a rough plane inclined at 0 the horizontal where tan @ = 3. The coeficient of friction between A and the plane is 0.2. Find the magnitude of the acceleration of each particle and the tension inthe string when the system is released. Fi. 2415 A 535Lette acceleration of B be a ms"? downwards and hence A will move towards C with ‘the same acceleration. The string transmits a tension 7. Fig. 24.16 shows the forces acting on A znd B. Fig 2416 [Now consider the motion of each mass separately. For B, since the acceleration is downwards, 2g-T= 2a @ For A, since the acceleration is along AC, and the tension is opposed by the frictional force, F and the component of the weight downslope, g sin @, we have T-E +g sin) oy Resolving forces perpendicular to the plane, the normal reaction is Ragu ‘The frictional force, F is given by wR hig cos © Substiuting his into Gi), T~ (ig cos 0 + g sin ©) Gi) Now solve () and. Adding (i) and ( i) 10 obtain a and 7. 2g ~ (ug cos 0 + g sin @) =32 ie 240) [(o2a40r$ + 10(3) t nas From () 200-7 = 26:1 . retin Hence the acceleration of each particle is 4,13 m s and the tension in the string is ILTAN. 536Example 9 A car of mass 0.75 tonnesis pulling a trailer of mass 200 k along rough level ground. ‘The resistance to motion on each vehicle is 2N perky of mass Find the force exerted bythe engine and the tension inthe tow-bar, when the vehicles are (a) traveling ata constant speed, and (5) when they are accelerating at 08 ms? “The resistance to motion ofthe car = 2 x 0.75 > 1000 = 1500 N and to the trailer 400 N. (a) First we take the two as one body (Fig. 24.17(a)). @ 2003 +— 75019 LP << 500 + 400 1900 4008 ie Ae te > 19008 = 1500 oa ges oame aS eS soo rr = [>< _F © +S Fig24.17 15008) “The total resistance is 1900 N and so the force exerted by the engine F = 1900 N as thee is no acceleration. ‘To find the tension (7) inthe tow-bar we must consider either the car or the trailer separately (Fig. 24.17(b)). Itis simpler to consider the trailer. 400 N as there is no acceleration. (For the car, 1900 = T+ 1500.) (&) Taking the two as one body (Fig. 24.17(0)), F” ~ 1900 = 950 x 08 giving 1660 N. [Now taking the trailer alone, 7° — 400 = 200 x 0.8 giving T” = 337Example 10 Particies A and B of masses 3 kg and I kg respectively (Pig. 24.18(a)) hang atthe ends ‘of alight string passing over a smooth pulley. A is released from rest when it is 2 m ‘above the ground. Find (a) the common acceleration of the particles, (b) the speed of B when A reaches the ground, (c) how much higher B will ravel afterwards. (Itis assumed that B never reaches the mae, i. ff «| To el: on on oval ® Hie oe (aa an vy ' tomer ‘6 ' ° Foss ine (@) From Fig. 24.18(0), 30-T=3a T-10=a Solving the two equations gives a = $m (®) When A reaches the ground, B will have travelled 2.m with acceleration $ ms" Using v2 =u? + 2as, = 0+2%5%2= 20 P20 ms (©) The string is now slack, B continues moving upwards but with acceleration 2 downwards (Fig. 24.18(0) At the highest point reached, B's velocity is 0. Using »? =u? + 2as again, 0 = 20-2 x 10x s giving s = I B will rise a distance of 1 m after A hits the ground, sov 538Exercise 24.2) (Answers on page 652,) [Take ¢ = 10 ms* where required] A Masses of 5 kg and 3 kg are connected by a light string over a smooth pulley. Find (a) the acceleration of the masses, () the tension in the string, (©) the reaction atthe axle of the pulley. 2. A mass of 3 kg rests on a smooth horizontal table connected by a light string passing ‘over a smooth pulley atthe edge of the table to another mass of 2 kg hanging verti- cally. When the system is released from rest, with what acceleration do the masses ‘move and what is the tension in the string? 3 A body of mass 10 kg lies on a smooth inclined plane. A light string attached to this Body psses over smth ply athe top ofthe plane and supports amass of ‘hanging freely. If the inclination of the plane is 6 10 the horizontal where sin find the acceleration of the masses. 4 Masses of 4 kg and m kg are connected by a light string passing over a smooth pulley. ‘When froe to move, their acceleration is 0.5 m s*. Find the possible values of m. ‘5 Armass of 8 kg is placed on a horizontal table (ji = 0.3) connected by a light inexten. sible string placed over a smooth pulley atthe edge of the table to another mass of 4g hanging freely. Find the acceleration of the masses when released from rest. 6 A lory of mass 1000 ks pulls trailer of mass 450 kg on level ground. Resistance to motion for ether vehicle is 4 N per ky of mass. Find the tension in the towbar and the tractive force of the engine when they are (@) moving ata steady speed, (©) avceterating at 0.6 m s* 7 A car of mass 80 kg is pling a taler of mass 300 kg up a slope of angle @ ro the ‘horizontal where sin @ = afp. Resistance to motion (apart from gravity) is 1.5 N per kg of mass for each vehicle. Calculate the pull of the engine and the tension in the tow-bar when they are (2) moving with constant speed, () accelerating at 0.2.m 5%, 8 In Fig. 24.19, POR isa fixed wedge on level ground where PQ= 5 m, QR=3 mand PRG is aright angle. Particle A, of mass L.S kg, lies atthe foot of the smooth slope PQ, attached by a light string passing over the smooth pulley at Q, to the particle B cof mass 1 kg, B is released from rest when it is 2m above ground level. Find 539@) the acceleration ofthe panicles, (©) how far A will travel up the slope before coming to momentary rest C Bits 18K Fo al am ae ee Fig 2439 P R 9. A wedge has two equally rough faces each inclined at 30° to the horizontal. Masses of 5 kg and 2 kg, one on each face, are connected by a light string passing over a smooth pulley at the op of the wedge. The coefficient of friction 1 between each ‘mass and the surface of the wedge is 0.2. Find the acceleration of the masses when they are released. 10 In Fig, 24.20, the particle of mass 2.4 kg is held at rest on the rough horizontal surface [AB (he coefficient of irction is 0.5). It is connected by a light string passing over a smooth pulley at B to particle of mass 3.6 kg. The sloping face BC is smooth and ‘makes an angle of 30° vith the horizontal. Find the acceleration of the particles when. they are released. 2449 : RN 1 In Fig. 24.20, if AB is smooth and BC is rough, and the acceleration of the particles is the same as before, calculate the coefficient of friction of BC. 12 Twobodies A and B, joined by alight inextensible string ae placed on a plane which inclined othe horizontal at an angle whose tangent i 0.75 so thatthe string i taut and lies along a line of greatest slope and B is higher up the plane than A. The body ‘Ais smooth and its mass is 9 kg. The mass of B is 3 kg and the coefficient of sliding friction between B andthe plane is 0.5. The system is allowed o slide down the plan. Calculate (@) the frictional resiance to the motion of B, () the acceleration of the system, (© the tension inthe string, wo Fig24.2013 A model engine of mass 2 kg is pulling (wo trucks, each of mass 0.5 kg, on a level track. Resistance to motion of the engine is 30 N and 5 N cach for the trucks. Calculate the pull of the engine and the tension in each of the couplings when the hee are (a) moving ata steady speed, (@) accelerating at 0.1 m 5% 14 Particles A, B and C, of masses 2, | and 3 kg respectively, are connected as shown in Fig. 24.21 by two light strings passing over smooth pulleys. The surfaces on wiiich B and C move are smooth, When the particies are free to move, ealbulate (@) their acceleration, b) the tensions inthe sti ® sig 7 Fig24.21 aa 7 SUMMARY © Newton's Laws: 1. Every bouly remains at rest or moves with uniform velocity uness it i$ made to ‘change this state by extemal forces, 2 Ifa force acts on a body and producés a vertain acceleration, then the force is ‘proportional tothe product of the mass ofthe body and the acceleration. 3) To every action, thee isan equal aid opposite reaction. ‘¢ Force = mass x acceleration Pama (PinN,minkg,ainm 5%) ‘© : Unit of force is 1'N which produces an acceleration of 1m s+ on.amass of I kg, 1@ Weight = force due to gravity Wg N. (amass m in kg, g = acceleration due to gravity = 10.m 5) REVISION EXERCISE 24 (Answers on page 652.) 1 Ablock of mass 6 kg is placed on a rough plane inclined at an angle &to the horizon tal, where sin o = 0.6, The coefficient of friction between the block and the plane is (04. A force PN acts on the block in an upward direction parallel 1a line of grest- est slope of the plane, Calculate {the minimam valve of P which will prevent the block sliding down the plane, (i) the direction of mation and the acceleration of the block when P= 12, (C) sa2 A Toad of 400 kg is lifted by a cable through a vertical distance of 48 m. The load ‘moves upwards from rest witha uniform acceleration of 0.5 ms over the first 36 m. ‘and then decelerates uniformly to rest, Calculate the tension in the cable during acceleration, Gi) the maximum velocity attained by the toad, Gi) the tension in the cable during deceleration, oO 3 A body of mas 3 kg rests on a rough plane inclined at an angle of 45° to the horzon- tal, The coeficint of ection between the Body and the plane is §. The body is just evened rom sliding down the plane by afore of PN acting tomas, al a sight Anges tothe plane. Calelate the valve of P. IF the fore P is reduced 1936 N, calculate the acceleration of the boy down the plane © 4A panicle of mass 0.5 kg is projected up a line of greatest slope ofa rough plane inclined at an angle 6 0 the horizontal where sin = Given thatthe speed of projection is 6 m sand thatthe coef betwcen the particle andthe plane is f, calculate (@) the distance wavlled up the plane when the speed has fllen to 4 m s (©) the speai ofthe particle when it tums to its point of projection © 5 An engine oF mass 50 000 kg is pulling two trucks each of mass 10 000 kg along & level track at constant speed. Resistances are 50 N per 1000 kg forthe engine and 30 N per 1000 kg for each of the trucks. Calculate the tractive force exerted by the engine, }) the tension in the coupling between the engine and the first truck. the tension in the coupling between the two trucks. Calculate the corresponding forces when the train is accelerating at 0.1 ms. (C) 6 A motor-boat of mass 1500 kg is towing a watersker of mass 80 ke. The boat experiences «consent resistance off 200 N while the skir experiences a resistance of 150.N. Assuming thatthe cable remains tat and horizontal, calculate the active force exerted bythe motor and the tension inthe eable when the boat an skier are (0) traveling at constant velocity: Gi) acelerating at 3m =, © 7A particle A of mass 5 kg ties on rough horizontal abe the coeicient of fiction being 4. Ii connected by a light inextensble string which pases over a smooth pulley atthe nd of the table toa particle B of mass 4 kg which hangs frely above the ground. The system is released from rex with A aa distance of 3m fom the ese ofthe table, Find the acceleration ofthe particles FB reaches the ground after It seconds calla (@) the distasce ofA from the edge ofthe able at this instant, the subsequent deceleration ofA © it of friction 528 A particle of mass 3 kg is held at rest on a rough horizontal table, connected by a light inertensbl ring whic pases ove a small sooth pulley atte end ofthe ble to 2 pace of mass 2 kg which hangs freely. The coefficient of fition between the peice andthe table. The particles ar released from et Calulte (their acceleration, (@) the tension inthe sting, (pte ore exerted by the sing onthe pale. © 9 Fig, 24.22 shows two masses of 5 kg and 7 kg respectively connected by a light inextensible string which passes over a smoath fixed pulley. The system is released from rest and the 7 kg mass roaches the ground after 3 s. Calculate {@_ the acceleration ofthe masses while the string remains tau, Gi) the total distance moved by the 5 kg mass before it comes instantaneously to rest, assuming that it does not reach the pulley. © 7 kg Big Fig28.22 10 Two bodies, A and B, of mass 3 kg and 2 kg respectively, are connected by alight string passing over a smooth pulley. A rests on a rough plane inclined at 20° to the horizontal. When the bodies are released from rest, B moves dawnward with an acceleration of 0.5 m s#. Calculate the value of i, the coefficient of friction between ‘A and the inclined plane. oO Pig. 2423, ‘UL Partcles A and B, of masses 1 kg and 0.6 kg, are connected by a light string passing. ‘over a smooth pulley. The particles are held at rest with B 1.5 m higher than A. B is then given a speed of 2 ms downwards. Calculate (@) the acceleration of the panicles, () the time taken for B to be atthe same level as Ay (©) for how long B will be lover than A. 54312 Particle A of mass 0.8 kg is held atreston a rough horizontal surface and is connected by a light string passing over a smooth pulley atthe edge of the surface toa particle of mass 0.4 hanging ely. When iseeased the acceleration of te pics is 2 ms (2) Calculate the coefficient of friction between A and the surface. () After travelling for 3 seconds, Bis stopped. Calculate the total distance traveled by A before it comes to a stop. 13 A car of mass 600 gis palling a trier of mass 00 kg up an incline of angle @ to the horizontal where sin = fy. he resistance to mation on either vehicle is 0218 perky of mass, Calculate the diving force of the engine snd he tension inthe tow tar when the vehicles are accelerating at 0.25 m 14 Panicle A of mats 4g lies on rough plane inclined at an angle Ot the Rezo, wher sin © = 4. The coefficient of friction between A and the plane is 0. A is Connected o ance particle B of mass kgby ight sng pasting over a sot pulley atthe tp ofthe plane end B hangs fel. When the parle sr feo move, the acceleration of Bis ms. ind the posible values of. 15 tn Fig, 2424, patle Pad Q of mses 3 kg and kg respectively, ion the faces [AC and BCo he Fined wee ABC. ZA = 28 = 45° andthe coffin of ton Ge the faces AC and BC are 02 and 0 respectively. ind the acsseration of he particles when they ar fre to move. LX x, k . ig, 2828 16 Mass of 28 ks, 22 hb ae connected by igh nents, on of wh pce ove sh ed ply a shown in th gem thse ‘eed fom os ite () he meclraic of te se, Gi he eon nh ing jurning he 2.2 and 1 Kg ass, Tatras he sing ning the 22 ga | Kes break, calcul he further distance te 22K ms fal before oninglsttncouay ot ‘© 22 ke 28 ke Fig. 24.25, 1” Fig 24.28 ‘The diagram shows two particles A and B, connected by a light inextensibie string ‘which passes over a smooth fied peg. The system is held with the string taut and with ‘A and B each ata height of 009 m above a fixed horizontal plane itis then released from rest. When B reaches the plane it becomes stationary. Calculate {@) the tension inthe string while both particles are in motion, Gi) the speed ofthe particles when B reaches the plane, (Gi) the maximum height above the plane attained by 4, assuming that A does not reach the height ofthe fixed peg. © 18 Te diagram shows two bodies A and, cones by a gh nextensible suing passing over a smooth peg. The body A his ass of 8 kg adie on a ough plane inlined at an ange cto te hoizol where cos @= 2. The boy B has a mas of 2 kg and hangs freely . Fig. 24.27 (@ Te the case where the bodies are free to move and A accelerates down the plane at2ms% calculate the tension inthe string and the coefficient of friction between A and the plane, (Gi Find the smallest mass which, when attached to B, would prevent A from sliding down the plane. © 19 The diagram shows two particles, A, of mass 0-3 kg, and B, of mass 0 kg, joined by 4 light inelastic string which passes over a smooth fixed pulley at C. The system is held at fest with A on «smooth plane inclined at 30° tothe horizontal and Bon a rough. horizontal surface. The coefficient of friction berweon B and the surface is 04. Show that, when the system is released from rest, the acceleration of cach particle has a ‘magnitude of 14 ms and calculate the tension in the sting. 545ee ‘Aftr2 seconds, and before B reaches C, hits an obstacle and comes instantaneously torest, Caleulate @ the speed of B at this instant, Gi) the subsequent deceleration of B, Given that B just reaches C, find the distance of B from C at the stat of the motion © 02g Fig. 24.28 20 Acar of mas 560 pling a canvn of is 240 lng axonal od There aeconsant esses of [2 Nothonotoncr eee ka ott exer Given ht te native feof thc is 1200 cles 6b acetone ed saat D Bonus tonsa, Gl) ponef te ea sengne when he seed is 2m The car pow pals ie coavon ops Tod elned 8 the boron, whew Sin = 2. Assuming hae race foe and te rsitance wench Gale te corona tear ned se (© show a ese oe ter ee ©