What is LED ?

What is LED ?
LED = Light emitting
diode that will emit
lights when it is given A light-emitting diode (LED) chip is a two-lead
electricity semiconductor light source.
It is a basic p/n-junction diode  which emits light when
activated.
 LED application
What is low power LED ?
Low power LED is used
for indication  such as
indicator lamp in
electronic equipment etc
(power is less than 0.10
watts)

What is high power LED ?

High power LED is used
for lighting purposes
(power is 1 watt & above)
 Uses multiple high
power LED inside a lamp
fixture housing can create
very high power LED
lighting
 LED material

Why LED has many

color type ?
The color of an LED
depend on the LED’s
material

Is there any LED

material that can The colour of the light (corresponding to the energy
produce white light ? of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap
NO ! of the semiconductor’s material.
 White LED
PRODUCING WHITE LIGHT LED

How to produce white

light LED ?

1. By combining Blue &

Yellow lights by
using Blue LED chip
with Phosphor
coating on top of it

2. By combining Red,
Green & Blue lights
at the same time 
by installing three
numbers of RGB
LED inside a lamp
housing & switch it
on together at the White light can be White light can be
same time produced by combining produced by combining
blue & yellow light Red, Green & Blue light
wavelength wavelength
 LED chips for high power lighting
What kind of LED chips
are used for high power
LED lighting ?

1. SMD type of LED 

we have to install LED
FLOODLIGHT
many SMD chips
LED BAYLIGHT
inside a lamp LED BULB
housing
LED
2. COB type of LED  DOWNLIGHT

There are a lot of

LED TUBE
LED chips casted LED STREETLIGHT

together inside a LED

FLOODLIGHT
COB LED  So no
need to install a lot
of COB LED inside a LED STREETLIGHT
LED BAYLIGHT

lamp housing  It
needs only 2-wires LED high power lamp with SMD LED high power lamp with COB
to power the COB LED chips  need a lot of SMD LED chip  no need a lot of SMD
LED chip inside one lamp LED chip inside one lamp
LED
 Voltage vs Current of an LED

Are various type of LED

chip need to be driven
by the same voltage ?
No  Different type of
LED chip (by color)
must be driven with
different kind of voltage

NOTE:
LED must be driven by
a DC (direct current)
electricity
 LED is given higher current

What happens if the

LED is given higher
current ?
The light output will
increase (much
brighter)
 Led temperature increase

What happen if LED is

given higher current ?
The LED material
temperature will
increase
 LED light output drops

What happens if the

LED material
temperature rises ?
The light output will
decrease after
sometime  The LED
lifetime become shorter
 LED is given higher current in long run

What happens if LED is

given higher current ?
In the long run the
LED’s luminous efficacy
will drop (become
dimmer)
 Lifetime of an LED

What happens if LED

material temperature
increase ?
The LED lifetime
become shorter

NOTE:
The environment
temperature of the
location where the LED
is installed also
affecting the LED 
The higher the
environment
temperature  the
shorter the LED lifetime
 Important parts of LED lighting

What kind of parts

inside an LED lighting
that can improve the
LED lifetime ?
1. Driver
2. Heat sink
 LED driver

What is LED driver ?

LED driver is an
electrical device which
regulates the power to
an LED or a string of
LED  So the current &
voltage output
controlled by the driver
can always matched the
electrical characteristic
of the LED

An LED driver is an electrical device which regulates the power to an LED or a

string (or strings) of LEDs.
An LED driver responds to the changing needs of the LED, or LED circuit, by
providing a constant quantity of power to the LED as its electrical properties change
with temperature. An LED driver is a self-contained power supply which has outputs
that are matched to the electrical characteristics of the LED or LEDs.
 LED heatsink

What is heat sink ?

Heat sink must be able
to dissipate heat in
three way (conduction –
Convection – Radiation)

Heat sinks are an important part of LED lighting because they provide the path for
heat to travel from the LED light source to outside elements.
Heat sinks are able to dissipate power in three ways:
• Conduction (heat transfer from a solid to a solid)
• Convection (heat transfer from a solid to a moving fluid, air in most cases)
• Or Radiation (heat transfer from two bodies at different temperatures through
thermal radiation).
 Common lighting parameter

Common lighting
parameter !

13. Ingress protection : IP-65

 Common lighting parameter

What is total lumen ?

Total lumen is the total
amount of light comes
out of a light source (eg.
Lamp)
 Common lighting parameter

What is luminous
efficacy ?
Luminous efficacy is the
efficiency of a lamp 
we can find it by
dividing the total lumen
output of a lamp in
lumen with the power of
the lamp in watt with the
lamp  then we can
see the efficiency of the
lamp  Nowadays LED
lighting companies have
already achieve their
LED lamp luminous
efficacy up to 140
lumens/watt
 Common lighting parameter
What is pupil lumen ?
With an example shown in this
page  we can see  with our
own eyes THE BRIGHTNESS
OF THE HIGH PRESSURE
SODIUM LIGHT IS THE SAME
AS THE LED BRIGHTNESS ! 
But the lux meter shown
differently !

In fact  Our eyes work

differently at day time & night
time:
• At day time  Our eyes use
the CONES to process the
With a lux-meter  High With a lux-meter  LED lamp
light and convert it into the
pressure sodium lamp output is output is only 12 lumens shown
shape that we can see  this
28 lumens shown in the lux- in the lux-meter  BUT IN OUR
vision is called PHOTOPIC
meter EYES THE BRIGHTNESS OF
vision.
THE HIGH PRESSURE
• At night time or in the dark 
SODIUM LIGHT IS THE SAME
Our eyes use the RODS to
AS THE LED BRIGHTNESS !
process the light. Our eyes
become very sensitive and the With The S/P ratio  The correction is done 
colour that can be seen by our 1. The High pressure sodium output becomes only 20 lux
eyes have a tendency to be 2. The LED output becomes 21.6 lux
shifted to black & white colour
 this vision is called
SCOTOPIC vision.
 Common lighting parameter

What is pupil lumen ?

An S/P-ratio was
developed by Lawrence
Berkeley Laboratory 
Then by using this S/P-
ratio to correct the lumen
result of a lux meter 
we can find the lumen
lamp’s brightness as
seen by human eyes !
 Common lighting parameter

What is Correlated Color

temperature CCT ?
It is the brightness of light
measured by the color
identification
• Warm white = 2700K –
3000K
• Natural light = 3000K –
4500K
• Daylight = 4500K –
6500K
• Cool white = 6500K &
above  Above 7500K
is already BLUE
 Common lighting parameter

What is Color rendering

index CRI ?
CRI is a quantitative
measure of the ability of
a lamp to reveal the
colour of various objects
faithfully in comparison
with an ideal or
natural light source
(from the sun)  the
higher the CRI value of
a lamp  the more real
the colour of the object
we can see
 Common lighting parameter

What is beam angle ?

A beam angle is a
measurement of how
the light is distributed
out of a lamp
• The shorter the beam
angle of a lamp 
the higher the
lumen’s intensity of
the lamp
• The bigger the beam
angle of a lamp 
the lower the lumen’s
intensity of the lamp
 Common lighting parameter

What is E39 or E40

lamp threaded
connection ?
 Common lighting parameter
What is Total Harmonic
Distortion THD ?
The operation of a
ballast or a driver of a
certain type of lamp can
create harmonic
(distortion of current) at
the AC electricity
waveform  It will
create a slight problem
in the distribution
electrical cable etc.

NOTE:
Incandescent lamp is
not creating THD !
 Common lighting parameter

What is Power factor of

a lamp?
The operation of a
ballast or a driver of a
certain type of lamp can
create an additional %
of increasing power 
So the power factor of
this type of lamp is
below 1

NOTE:
Incandescent lamp
power factor = 1 !
 Common lighting parameter

What is ingress
protection IP ?
The ingress protection
classifies the degrees of
protection against both
solids and liquids in an
electrical
enclosures/housing of a
lamp.
 Common lighting parameter

RoHS stands for the Restriction of the Use of Certain

What is ROHS ? Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic
Equipment. The RoHS Directive which bans the placing
on the EU market of new electrical and electronic
equipment containing more than agreed levels of lead,
cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium,
polybrominated biphenyl (PBB) and polybrominated
diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants.