2/5/2020

EC 1762:
Data Communication and
Computer Networks

Dr. Ashutosh Datar

Professor
Department of Electronics &
Instrumentation Engineering

Data Communication,
Networks - Physical
Structures; different
topologies

1
 2/5/2020

CC0: No rights reserved.

The text, data, images, videos used in the this
presentation, have been taken from various sources
like text books, internet, public domain websites etc.
and the sources are hereby attributed in general. The
presentation is solely for academic & teaching purpose
and is purely of non-commercial nature.

ISO-OSI model(International Organization of

Standardization – Open System Interconnection model) is a
reference model conceptualizing the modular structure for
providing various functionalities.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol) is

a application model implementing the various
functionalities.
It is developed by DoD US.
It is now widely adapted networking standard.

2
 2/5/2020

TCP/IP Protocol Suite

• TCP/IP does not have an official layer structure
• But protocols imply one
– Application layer
– Transport (host to host / end to end) layer
– Internet layer
– Network access layer
– Physical layer

• Actually TCP/IP reference model has been built on its protocols

– That is why that reference model is only for TCP/IP protocol suite
– and this is why it is not so important to assign roles to each layer in
TCP/IP; understanding TCP, IP and the application protocols would be
enough

Issues to handle for Networking

• How the data is transmitted across the
network?
• How the data is formatted so that it may be
understood for it device used in transmission?
• How the right message is delivered at the
destination?

3
 2/5/2020

TCP-IP Networking
• End-to-End Node verification
• Dynamic routing

Issues to handle for Networking

• Addressing
• Routing
• Name resolution
• Flow and Error Control
• Interoperability

4
 2/5/2020

TCP/IP Network Model

• Different view – 4 layers 5 Layers!!!

– Layer 1 : Link
– Layer 2 : Network
– Layer 3 : Transport
– Layer 4 : Application

OSI: Open Systems Interconnect

OSI and Protocol Stack
OSI Model TCP/IP Hierarchy Protocols

7th
Application Layer

6th
Presentation Layer Application Layer

5th
Session Layer

4th
Transport Layer
Transport Layer

3rd
Network Layer
Network Layer

2nd
Link Layer
Link Layer
1st
Physical Layer

Link Layer : includes device driver and network interface card

Network Layer : handles the movement of packets, i.e. Routing
Transport Layer : provides a reliable flow of data between two hosts
Application Layer : handles the details of the particular application

5
 2/5/2020

OSI vs. TCP/IP

HTTP, SMTP, …

TCP, UDP

IP

12

6
 2/5/2020

Motivation and features

• The features that stood out during the research, which
led to making the TCP/IP reference model were:
• Support for a flexible architecture. Adding more
machines to a network was easy.
• The network was robust, and connections remained
intact untill the source and destination machines were
functioning.
• The overall idea was to allow one application on one
computer to talk to(send data packets) another
application running on different computer.

TCP
Transmission Control Protocol
• TCP is an alternative transport layer
protocol over IP.
• TCP provides:
– Connection-oriented
– Reliable
– Full-duplex
– Byte-Stream

7
 2/5/2020

Connection-Oriented
• Connection oriented means that a
virtual connection is established
before any user data is transferred.
• If the connection cannot be
established - the user program is
notified.
• If the connection is ever interrupted
- the user program(s) is notified.

Netprog 2002 TCP/IP

Reliable
• Reliable means that every
transmission of data is
acknowledged by the receiver.
• If the sender does not receive
acknowledgement within a
specified amount of time, the
sender retransmits the data.

Netprog 2002 TCP/IP

8
 2/5/2020

Byte Stream
• Stream means that the connection is
treated as a stream of bytes.

• The user application does not need

to package data in individual
datagrams (as with UDP).

Netprog 2002 TCP/IP

Buffering
• TCP is responsible for buffering data
and determining when it is time to
send a datagram.

• It is possible for an application to tell

TCP to send the data it has buffered
without waiting for a buffer to fill up.

Netprog 2002 TCP/IP

9
 2/5/2020

Full Duplex
• TCP provides transfer in both directions.

• To the application program these appear

as 2 unrelated data streams, although
TCP can piggyback control and data
communication by providing control
information (such as an ACK) along with
user data.

Netprog 2002 TCP/IP

TCP Ports
• Interprocess communication via TCP is
achieved with the use of ports (just
like UDP).

• UDP ports have no relation to TCP

ports (different name spaces).

Netprog 2002 TCP/IP

10
 2/5/2020

Packet Encapsulation
 The data is sent down the protocol stack
 Each layer adds to the data by prepending headers

22Bytes 20Bytes 20Bytes 4Bytes

64 to 1500 Bytes

Addresses in TCP/IP

11
 2/5/2020

Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

Ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nomyRJehhnM

12
 2/5/2020

Ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nomyRJehhnM

Transport layer adds source port 80 and destination port 1777

Ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nomyRJehhnM

13
 2/5/2020

Transport layer adds source port 80 and destination port 1777

Network Layer: H1 = 144.44.44.0; H2 = 177.77.77.0
Ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nomyRJehhnM

Transport layer adds source port 80 and destination port 1777

Network Layer: H1 = 144.44.44.0; H2 = 177.77.77.0
Data Link Layer: H1 = Hardware (MAC address) of Host
R1 = Hardware (MAC address) of Router 1
Ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nomyRJehhnM

14
 2/5/2020

Transport layer adds source port 80 and destination port 1777

Network Layer: H1 = 144.44.44.0; H2 = 177.77.77.0
Data Link Layer: H1 = Hardware (MAC address) of Host
R1 = Hardware (MAC address) of Router 1
Ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nomyRJehhnM

Transport layer adds source port 80 and destination port 1777

Network Layer: H1 = 144.44.44.0; H2 = 177.77.77.0
Data Link Layer: R2 = Hardware (MAC address) of Router 2
R1 = Hardware (MAC address) of Router 1
Ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nomyRJehhnM

15
 2/5/2020

Transport layer adds source port 80 and destination port 1777

Network Layer: H1 = 144.44.44.0; H2 = 177.77.77.0
Data Link Layer: R2 = Hardware (MAC address) of Router 2
R1 = Hardware (MAC address) of Router 1
Ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nomyRJehhnM

Transport layer adds source port 80 and destination port 1777

Network Layer: H1 = 144.44.44.0; H2 = 177.77.77.0
Data Link Layer: R2 = Hardware (MAC address) of Router 2
R3 = Hardware (MAC address) of Router 3
Ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nomyRJehhnM

16
 2/5/2020

Transport layer adds source port 80 and destination port 1777

Network Layer: H1 = 144.44.44.0; H2 = 177.77.77.0
Data Link Layer: R2 = Hardware (MAC address) of Router 2
R1 = Hardware (MAC address) of Router 1
Ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nomyRJehhnM

Transport layer adds source port 80 and destination port 1777

Network Layer: H1 = 144.44.44.0; H2 = 177.77.77.0
Data Link Layer: h2 = Hardware (MAC address) of Host 2
R3 = Hardware (MAC address) of Router 3
Ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nomyRJehhnM

17
 2/5/2020

Transport layer adds source port 80 and destination port 1777

Network Layer: H1 = 144.44.44.0; H2 = 177.77.77.0
Data Link Layer: h2 = Hardware (MAC address) of Host 2
R3 = Hardware (MAC address) of Router 3
Ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nomyRJehhnM

Transport layer adds source port 80 and destination port 1777

Network Layer: H1 = 144.44.44.0; H2 = 177.77.77.0
Data Link Layer: h2 = Hardware (MAC address) of Host 2
R3 = Hardware (MAC address) of Router 3
Ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nomyRJehhnM

18
 2/5/2020

Transport layer adds source port 80 and destination port 1777

Network Layer: H1 = 144.44.44.0; H2 = 177.77.77.0
Data Link Layer: h2 = Hardware (MAC address) of Host 2
R3 = Hardware (MAC address) of Router 3
Ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nomyRJehhnM

Transport layer adds source port 80 and destination port 1777

Network Layer: H1 = 144.44.44.0; H2 = 177.77.77.0
Data Link Layer: h2 = Hardware (MAC address) of Host 2
R3 = Hardware (MAC address) of Router 3
Ref: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nomyRJehhnM

19
2/5/2020

20