Newton's Law of Cooling states that the temperature of a T−10=Ce−ktT−10=Ce−kt

body changes at a rate proportional to the difference in T=10+Ce−ktT=10+Ce−kt

temperature between its own temperature and the  When t = 0, T = 70°F

temperature of its surroundings. 70=10+C70=10+C

 We can therefore write C=60C=60

dTdt=−k(T−Ts)dTdt=−k(T−Ts)
 Hence,
where,
T=10+60e−ktT=10+60e−kt
T = temperature of the body at any time, t
 When t = 3 min, T = 25°F
Ts = temperature of the surroundings (also called ambient
25=10+60e−3k25=10+60e−3k
temperature)
15=60e−3k15=60e−3k
To = initial temperature of the body
1560=e−3k1560=e−3k
k = constant of proportionality
e−k=(14)1/3e−k=(14)1/3
 dTdt=−k(T−Ts)dTdt=−k(T−Ts)
 Thus,
dTT−Ts=−kdtdTT−Ts=−kdt
T=10+60(14)t/3T=10+60(14)t/3
ln(T−Ts)=−kt+lnCln⁡(T−Ts)=−kt+ln⁡C
 After 6 minutes, t = 6
ln(T−Ts)=lne−kt+lnCln⁡(T−Ts)=ln⁡e−kt+ln⁡C
T=10+60(14)2T=10+60(14)2
ln(T−To)=lnCe−ktln⁡(T−To)=ln⁡Ce−kt
T=13.75∘FT=13.75∘F           answer
T−Ts=Ce−ktT−Ts=Ce−kt
Problem 02
 when t = 0, T = To
A thermometer reading 75 degree Fahrenheit is taken out
C=To−TsC=To−Ts
where the temperature is 20 degree Fahrenheit. The
 Thus,
thermometer reading is 30 degree Fahrenheit 4 minutes
T−Ts=(To−Ts)e−ktT−Ts=(To−Ts)e−kt
T=Ts+(To−Ts)e−ktT=Ts+(To−Ts)e−kt later. Find the time (in minutes) taken for the reading to
The formula above need not be memorized, it is more useful
if you understand how we arrive to the formula. drop from 75 degree Fahrenheit to within half degree of the

Problem 01 air temperature.

dTdt=−k(T−Ts)dTdt=−k(T−Ts)
A thermometer which has been at the reading of 70°F inside
dTdt=−k(T−20)dTdt=−k(T−20)
a house is placed outside where the air temperature is 10°F.
dTT−20=−kdtdTT−20=−kdt
Three minutes later it is found that the thermometer reading
ln(T−20)=−kt+lnCln⁡(T−20)=−kt+ln⁡C
is 25°F. Find the thermometer reading after 6 minutes.
ln(T−20)=lne−kt+lnCln⁡(T−20)=ln⁡e−kt+ln⁡C

According to Newton’s Law of cooling, the time rate of change of ln(T−20)=lnCe−ktln⁡(T−20)=ln⁡Ce−kt

temperature is proportional to the temperature difference.
dTdt=−k(T−Ts)dTdt=−k(T−Ts) T−20=Ce−ktT−20=Ce−kt

dTdt=−k(T−10)dTdt=−k(T−10) T=20+Ce−ktT=20+Ce−kt

dTT−10=−kdtdTT−10=−kdt  When t = 0, T = 75°

ln(T−10)=−kt+lnCln⁡(T−10)=−kt+ln⁡C 75=20+Ce075=20+Ce0

ln(T−10)=lne−kt+lnCln⁡(T−10)=ln⁡e−kt+ln⁡C C=55C=55

ln(T−10)=lnCe−ktln⁡(T−10)=ln⁡Ce−kt  Hence,
T=20+55e−ktT=20+55e−kt decomposed. Determine how long (in years) it will take for

 When t = 4, T = 30° one-half of the original amount of radium to decompose.

dxdt=−kxdxdt=−kx
30=20+55e−4k30=20+55e−4k
x=xoe−ktx=xoe−kt
1055=e−4k1055=e−4k
 
e−k=(211)1/4e−k=(211)1/4
When t = 25 yrs., x = (100% - 1.1%)xo = 0.989xo
 Thus,
0.989xo=xoe−25k0.989xo=xoe−25k
T=20+55(211)t/4T=20+55(211)t/4
e−k=0.9891/25e−k=0.9891/25
 When T = 20.5°F
 
20.5=20+55(211)t/420.5=20+55(211)t/4
Thus,
0.555=(211)t/40.555=(211)t/4
x=0.989t/25xox=0.989t/25xo
ln0.555=ln(211)t/4ln⁡0.555=ln⁡(211)t/4
 When x = 0.5xo
ln(1110)=14tln(211)ln⁡(1110)=14tln⁡(211)
0.5xo=0.989t/25xo0.5xo=0.989t/25xo
t=4ln(1110)ln(211)t=4ln⁡(1110)ln⁡(211)
0.525=0.989t0.525=0.989t
t=11.029 minutest=11.029 minutes           answer
t=25ln0.5ln0.989t=25ln⁡0.5ln⁡0.989
From the results of chemical experimentation of substance
t=1566.65 yrst=1566.65 yrs           answer
converted into another substance, it was found that the rate
Prblem 02
of change of unconverted substance is proportional to the
A certain radioactive substance has a half-life of 38 hour.
amount of unconverted substance.
Find how long it takes for 90% of the radioactivity to be
 If x is the amount of unconverted substance, then
dxdt=−kxdxdt=−kx dissipated.
x=xoe−ktx=xoe−kt
with a condition that x = xo when t = 0.  

 dxdt=−kxdxdt=−kx When t = 38 hr, x = 0.5xo

dxx=−kdtdxx=−kdt 0.5xo=xoe−38k0.5xo=xoe−38k

lnx=−kt+lnCln⁡x=−kt+ln⁡C e−k=0.51/38e−k=0.51/38

lnx=lne−kt+lnCln⁡x=ln⁡e−kt+ln⁡C  Hence,

lnx=lnCe−ktln⁡x=ln⁡Ce−kt x=xo(0.5t/38)x=xo(0.5t/38)

x=Ce−ktx=Ce−kt  When 90% are dissipated, x = 0.1xo

 From the initial condition of x = xo when t = 0 0.1xo=xo(0.5t/38)0.1xo=xo(0.5t/38)

C=xoC=xo 0.1=0.5t/380.1=0.5t/38

 Thus, 0.138=0.5t0.138=0.5t
x=xoe−kt
t=38ln0.1ln0.5t=38ln⁡0.1ln⁡0.5
Problem 01
t=126.23 hrst=126.23 hrs           answer
Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the quantity of

radium present. Suppose it is found that in 25 years

approximately 1.1% of certain quantity of radium has