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Verbs in combination
In English, verbs frequently appear in
combinations containing one or more
auxiliary verbs and a nonfinite form
(infinitive or participle) of a main (lexical)
verb. For example:
Tenses …
Future …
Future-in-the-past …
Aspects …
Simple …
Progressive …
Perfect …
Perfect progressive …
Moods …
Indicative …
Subjunctive …
Imperative …
Conditional …
Modal verbs
English has the modal verbs can, could,
may, might, must, shall, should, will,
would, and also (depending on
classification adopted) ought (to), dare,
need, had (better), used (to). These do not
add -s for the third-person singular, and
they do not form infinitives or participles;
the only inflection they undergo is that to
a certain extent could, might, should and
would function as preterites (past
tenses) of can, may, shall and will
respectively.
Simple past …
Past progressive …
Past perfect …
Simple present …
The simple present or present simple is a
form that combines present tense with
"simple" (neither perfect nor progressive)
aspect. In the indicative mood it consists
of the base form of the verb, or the -s
form when the subject is third-person
singular (the verb be uses the forms am,
is, are). However, with nonauxiliary verbs
it also has a periphrastic form consisting
of do (or third-person singular does) with
the bare infinitive of the main verb — this
form is used in questions (and other
clauses requiring inversion) and
negations, and sometimes for emphasis.
For details of this, see do-support.
The principal uses of the simple present
are given below. More examples can be
found in the article Simple present.
Present progressive …
Future progressive …
The future progressive or future
continuous combines progressive aspect
with future time reference; it is formed
with the auxiliary will (or shall in the first
person; see shall and will), the bare
infinitive be, and the present participle of
the main verb. It is used mainly to
indicate that an event will be in progress
at a particular point in the future:
Future perfect …
Simple conditional …
Conditional progressive …
Conditional perfect …
The conditional perfect construction
combines conditional mood with perfect
aspect, and consists of would (or the
contraction 'd, or sometimes should in
the first person, as above), the bare
infinitive have, and the past participle of
the main verb. It is used to denote
conditional situations attributed to past
time, usually those that are or may be
contrary to fact.
Conditional sentences
A conditional sentence usually contains
two clauses: an if-clause or similar
expressing the condition (the protasis),
and a main clause expressing the
conditional circumstance (the apodosis).
In English language teaching, conditional
sentences are classified according to
type as first, second or third conditional;
there also exist "zero conditional" and
mixed conditional sentences.
Expressions of wish
Particular rules apply to the tenses and
verb forms used after the verb wish and
certain other expressions with similar
meaning.
When the verb wish governs a finite
clause, the past tense (simple past or
past progressive as appropriate) is used
when the desire expressed concerns a
present state, the past perfect (or past
perfect progressive) when it concerns a
(usually counterfactual) past state or
event, and the simple conditional with
would when it concerns a desired present
action or change of state. For example:
Indirect speech
Verbs often undergo tense changes in
indirect speech. This commonly occurs
in content clauses (typically that-clauses
and indirect questions), when governed
by a predicate of saying (thinking,
knowing, etc.) which is in the past tense
or conditional mood.
Dependent clauses
Apart from the special cases referred to
in the sections above, many other
dependent clauses use a tense that
might not logically be expected – in
particular the present tense is used when
the reference is to future time, and the
past tense is used when the reference is
to a hypothetical situation (in other
words, the form with will is replaced by
the present tense, and the form with
would by the past tense). This occurs in
condition clauses (as mentioned above),
in clauses of time and place, and in many
relative clauses:
To-infinitive …
Present participle …
Past participle …
Gerund …
Bare infinitive:
You should have left earlier. (perfect
infinitive; for similar constructions
and their meanings see English
modal verbs)
She might be revising. (progressive;
refers to an ongoing action at this
moment)
He must have been working hard.
(perfect progressive; i.e. I assume he
has been working hard)
To-infinitive:
Present participle:
Gerund:
Deverbal uses
Certain words are formed from verbs, but
are used as common nouns or
adjectives, without any of the
grammatical behavior of verbs. These
are sometimes called verbal nouns or
adjectives, but they are also called
deverbal nouns and deverbal adjectives,
to distinguish them from the truly "verbal"
forms such as gerunds and participles.
Besides its nonfinite verbal uses as a
gerund or present participle, the -ing form
of a verb is also used as a deverbal noun,
denoting an activity or occurrence in
general, or a specific action or event (or
sometimes a more distant meaning, such
as building or piping denoting an object
or system of objects). One can compare
the construction and meaning of noun
phrases formed using the -ing form as a
gerund, and of those formed using the
same -ing form as a deverbal noun.
Some points are noted below:
References
Raymond Murphy, English Grammar in
Use, 3rd edition, 2004
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